Exam Prep Chapter 9 Water And Minerals Smith

Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition, 11e (Smith)

Chapter 9 Water and Minerals

1) Water constitutes ________ percent of body weight.

A) 10 to 20

B) 25 to 45

C) 50 to 70

D) 75 to 95

2) The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by

A) oxygen concentration.

B) glucose concentration.

C) the presence of fatty acids.

D) ion concentration.

3) The two main intracellular ions are

A) sodium and chloride.

B) phosphate and potassium.

C) potassium and sodium.

D) chloride and potassium.

4) The two main extracellular ions are

A) sodium and chloride.

B) phosphate and potassium.

C) potassium and sodium.

D) chloride and potassium.

5) Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via

A) conduction.

B) radiation.

C) respiration.

D) evaporation.

6) A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents a heat loss of approximately ________ kilocalories.

A) 200

B) 400

C) 600

D) 800

7) Adult women need how much total water intake per day?

A) 1.5 liters (6 cups)

B) 2 liters (8.5 cups)

C) 2.7 liters (11 cups)

D) 3 liters (13 cups)

8) Joe is a wrestler, and during his workouts, he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?

A) 2 to 3 cups

B) 3 to 4 cups

C) 4 to 6 cups

D) 6 to 8 cups

9) Which of the following is not true about the regulation of fluid in the body?

A) Thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness.

B) Antidiuretic hormone is released to force the kidney to conserve water.

C) There is a limit to how concentrated the kidney can make the urine.

D) Even though the kidney can effectively conserve water, insensible water losses must be replenished.

10) Adult men need how much total water intake per day?

A) 2.0 liters (8.5 cups)

B) 2.7 liters (11 cups)

C) 3.0 liters (13 cups)

D) 3.7 liters (15 cups)

11) If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions, which will happen in order to maintain balance?

A) Fluid will move into the cell.

B) Fluid will move out of the cell.

C) Ions will move into the cell.

D) Ions will move out of the cell.

12) After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink ________ cups of water over the next hour or two.

A) 1 to 2

B) 2 to 3

C) 4 to 6

D) 6 to 9

13) A rise from 98.6°F to 99.6°F results in a ________% rise in basal metabolic rate.

A) 10

B) 7

C) 5

D) 1

14) Who should be concerned about dehydration?

A) An athlete participating in a triathlon

B) An elderly man

C) A child who is ill with diarrhea

D) All of these choices are correct.

15) Inadequate hydration may increase the risk for

A) hyponatremia.

B) kidney stones.

C) hypertension.

D) hypokalemia.

16) Mucus and synovial (joint) fluid exemplify water's role as a

A) lubricant.

B) solvent.

C) transport medium.

D) participant in chemical reactions.

17) Which of the following people is likely to have the highest percentage of body water?

A) A highly trained male athlete

B) A highly trained female athlete

C) An obese woman

D) An elderly man

18) Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve

A) sodium.

B) potassium.

C) chloride.

D) phosphate.

19) Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?

A) Sweaty skin

B) High blood pressure

C) Rapid heart rate

D) Pale yellow urine

20) Which of the following foods has the lowest water content?

A) Lettuce

B) Whole grain bread

C) Tomato

D) Sirloin steak

21) Metabolic water refers to

A) rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes.

B) water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.

C) water that is conserved by the kidneys.

D) fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

22) Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing

A) gallstones.

B) calcium deposits.

C) a fever.

D) kidney stones.

23) For a healthy adult, the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to

A) feces.

B) urine.

C) perspiration.

D) lung respiration.

24) A person cannot drink too much water; the kidneys and sweat glands make water excretion quick and efficient, protecting the body from overhydration.

25) Softening of hard water may increase its ________ content.

A) sodium

B) magnesium

C) calcium

D) fluoride

26) Which government agency regulates and monitors the safety of bottled water?

A) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

C) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

D) All of these choices are correct.

27) Most bottled water has ________ fluoride content than municipal tap water.

A) a lower

B) a higher

C) the same

28) Which of the following individuals would benefit most from choosing a sports drink instead of water?

A) A student who needs to stay up late to study for an exam

B) An athlete who competes in a marathon

C) An athlete who competes in the 100-meter dash

D) An elderly adult

29) Which of the following conditions leads to the breakdown of plastic water bottles?

A) Being left in a hot car

B) Being used to hold lemonade

C) Being cleaned in the dishwasher

D) All of these conditions break down plastic.

30) The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (e.g., the cell membrane) is known as

A) osmosis.

B) diuresis.

C) osteoporosis.

D) nerve impulse transmission.

31) Potassium and phosphate are the major ________ electrolytes.

A) intracellular

B) extracellular

32) Composed primarily of water, metabolic wastes, and minerals, the body's major waste product is

A) urine.

B) sweat.

C) feces.

D) bile.

33) Active transport of ________ from the lumen of the intestine into the cells lining the intestine facilitates absorption of water from the gastrointestinal tract.

A) sodium

B) glucose

C) amino acids

D) phosphorus

34) ________ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that is responsible for regulating fluid volume in the body.

A) Aldosterone

B) Antidiuretic hormone

C) Angiotensin

D) Insulin

35) Interstitial fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid, spinal fluid, plasma, and synovial fluid are part of ________ fluid.

A) extracellular

B) intracellular

36) Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 500 mg per day or greater.

B) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.

C) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 10 mg per day or less.

D) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 200 mg per day or greater.

37) Which of the following statements is not correct when describing the role of minerals in the body?

A) They facilitate the transfer of nerve impulses.

B) They are constituents of important body compounds.

C) They provide 4 kilocalories per gram.

D) They help maintain water balance.

38) Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?

A) Minerals from plants are better absorbed than minerals from animal products.

B) Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than minerals from plants.

39) Oxalic acid, a component of fiber, can inhibit the absorption of 

A) vitamin A.

B) thiamin.

C) calcium.

D) protein.

40) Of the following minerals, the daily requirements are highest for

A) iron.

B) iodine.

C) calcium.

D) copper.

41) Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

A) Iron

B) Calcium

C) Sodium

D) Potassium

42) Excessive intake of zinc can decrease the absorption of

A) copper.

B) calcium.

C) iron.

D) vitamin C.

43) The primary site of micronutrient absorption is the

A) small intestine.

B) liver.

C) stomach.

D) large intestine.

44) Consumption of vitamin C

A) enhances absorption of iron.

B) limits absorption of iron.

C) does not affect absorption of iron.

45) Compared to whole grain products, refined grains are ________ in trace minerals.

A) lower

B) higher

C) equivalent

46) The typical American diet contains approximately ________ milligrams of sodium.

A) 700 to 1200

B) 1300 to 2200

C) 2300 to 4700

D) 5000 to 10,000

47) Of the following foods, which one is lowest in sodium?

A) Pepperoni pizza

B) Macaroni salad

C) 2% Milk

D) Grape juice

48) All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium except

A) milk and dairy products.

B) whole grains.

C) legumes.

D) fruits.

49) For a healthy individual, a high-salt diet tends to ________ urinary excretion of sodium.

A) increase

B) decrease

50) Which of the following 1-ounce portions of food would have the least amount of sodium?

A) Hamburger

B) Ham

C) Deli chicken

D) Cheese

51) The adequate intake (AI) for sodium for adults under 51 years of age is ________ milligrams per day.

A) 500

B) 1000

C) 1500

D) 2000

52) The process of nerve impulse transmission starts with the flow of ________ ions into the nerve cell.

A) potassium

B) sodium

C) chloride

D) phosphate

53) The sodium concentration of the blood is primarily regulated by the

A) kidneys.

B) small intestine.

C) large intestine.

D) spleen.

54) Which of the following population groups requires the least sodium?

A) Adults through age 50

B) Adults ages 51 to 70

C) Adults age 71 and older

D) Sodium requirements are the same for all adults.

55) About ________ of adults are sodium sensitive.

A) 10% to 15%

B) 25% to 30%

C) 45% to 50%

D) 70% to 75%

56) Which of the following meals would be suitable for a person following a low-sodium diet?

A) Chicken noodle soup, oyster crackers, and a tossed green salad with ranch dressing

B) Chicken tenders, French fries, and sliced apples from a fast food restaurant

C) A homemade chicken casserole made with canned green beans and cream of mushroom soup

D) Homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans

57) About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for

A) water.

B) sodium.

C) potassium.

D) calcium.

58) When starting a reduced-salt diet, how long will it take before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold?

A) 2 weeks

B) 8 weeks

C) 12 weeks

D) 18 weeks

59) Which of the following populations is especially sensitive to the effects of excess sodium intake on blood pressure?

A) Caucasians

B) Hispanics

C) African-Americans

D) Native-Americans

60) The major source of ________ in the American diet is processed foods.

A) sodium

B) potassium

C) calcium

D) phosphorus

61) Reducing dietary intake of sodium will ________ urine production.

A) decrease

B) increase

C) not change

62) Fluid balance is dependent on 

A) potassium.

B) iron.

C) vitamin C.

D) niacin.

63) Which of the following is a function of potassium?

A) Maintenance of night vision

B) Regulation of fluid balance

C) Neutralization of free radicals

D) Production of stomach acid

64) Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure?

A) Sodium

B) Potassium

C) Cadmium

D) Chloride

65) Potassium is found in the largest quantities in

A) milk and dairy products.

B) meats.

C) fruits and vegetables.

D) refined grains.

66) Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense source of potassium?

A) Squash

B) Skim milk

C) White bread

D) Canola oil

67) Switching from an omnivorous diet to a vegetarian diet would most likely ________ your intake of potassium.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) not affect

68) Which of the following population groups is at high risk for low blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians

B) Individuals with lactose intolerance

C) People with eating disorders

D) Physically inactive adults

69) Which of the following population groups is at risk for high blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians

B) Alcoholics

C) People with eating disorders

D) People with kidney disorders

70) Which of the following electrolytes is especially important for proper heart rhythm?

A) Sodium

B) Potassium

C) Chloride

D) Phosphate

71) The major source of chloride in the diet is

A) nuts.

B) milk.

C) cheese.

D) table salt.

72) Depletion of chloride is mostly likely to occur with excessive

A) dieting.

B) vomiting.

C) diarrhea.

D) sweating.

73) Which of the following is a function of chloride?

A) Participates in digestion

B) Neutralizes free radicals

C) Activates enzymes

D) Mineralizes bone

74) The ratio by weight of sodium to chloride in table salt is

A) 30:70.

B) 40:60.

C) 50:50.

D) 60:40.

75) Cortical bone

A) has a dense structure.

B) has a spongy structure.

C) is more likely to become fractured than trabecular bone.

D) is more rapidly remodeled than trabecular bone.

76) Trabecular bone

A) has a porous structure.

B) is the site of blood cell synthesis.

C) is more rapidly remodeled than cortical bone.

D) All of these choices are correct.

77) The mixture of calcium and phosphorus that forms the structure of bone is called

A) dentin.

B) calcium citrate.

C) calcium carbonate.

D) hydroxyapatite.

78) A good indicator of bone health is

A) bone mineral density.

B) frame size.

C) curvature of the spine.

D) blood calcium concentration.

79) Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence. Later in life, the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis.  For average, healthy men and women, gradual bone loss begins around age

A) 20.

B) 30.

C) 40.

D) 50.

80) Adequate intakes of ________ support optimal bone health.

A) calcium, vitamin D, and protein

B) vitamin E, folate, and protein

C) protein, iron, and vitamin B-6

D) sodium, phosphorus, and vitamin C

81) For the prevention of osteoporosis, strength training is

A) recommended because the stress on bones stimulates bone maintenance.

B) recommended because it decreases estrogen levels.

C) not recommended because it increases fracture risk.

D) not recommended because it increases testosterone levels.

82) Choose the factors that promote bone health.

A) Smoking, alcohol, and excessive caffeine intake

B) Healthy body weight, active lifestyle, and a balanced dietary pattern that includes bone-building nutrients

C) Female, aging, and high estrogen

D) Strength training, low estrogen levels, and low protein intake

83) As adults age, their dietary needs for calcium and vitamin D

A) increase.

B) decrease.

C) do not change.

84) Postmenopausal women are more prone to fractures than premenopausal women primarily because

A) low estrogen levels accelerate bone loss.

B) low progesterone levels accelerate bone loss.

C) older women are unable to maintain physical activity.

D) the accumulation of iron in the blood depletes bone minerals.

85) To prevent bone loss, a woman at risk for osteoporosis could

A) include weight-bearing exercise into her routine.

B) ensure adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D.

C) consult a physician about estrogen replacement.

D) All of these choices are correct.

86) In the body, 99 percent of calcium is found in

A) the liver.

B) intracellular fluid.

C) bones and teeth.

D) nerve cells.

87) Calcium absorption is increased by

A) high caffeine intake and large intakes of phytic acid.

B) foods that contain vitamin D and lactose.

C) foods high in oxalates such as sweet potatoes, collard greens, spinach, and rhubarb.

D) tannins in tea and some legumes.

88) Calcium absorption is decreased by

A) phytic acid, oxalic acid, and tannins.

B) periods of growth, such as adolescence and pregnancy.

C) the presence of lactose in the diet.

D) the acid produced by the stomach.

89) ________ should be taken with meals to enhance absorption.

A) Calcium carbonate

B) Calcium citrate

90) Blood calcium concentration is regulated at the level of the

A) bones.

B) intestines.

C) kidneys.

D) All of these choices are correct.

91) Which of the following are functions of calcium?

A) Growth, development, and maintenance of bones

B) Appetite regulation

C) Homocysteine metabolism

D) Transport of oxygen through the blood

92) Regarding use of calcium supplements, which of the following is true?

A) Supplements containing oyster shell and dolomite are safe to use if they are labeled as "purified."

B) Intakes over 500 milligrams of calcium per dose may interfere with absorption of iron and zinc.

C) For maximum absorbability, any form of calcium supplements should be taken between meals.

D) Exceeding the RDA for calcium is beneficial for bone health.

93) Which food group has the most nutrient-dense sources of calcium?

A) Vegetables

B) Protein foods

C) Dairy

D) Grains

94) Which would you expect to provide the largest amount of calcium?

A) 1 medium egg

B) 1 slice of bread

C) 1 ounce of cheese

D) 1 medium apple

95) Which mineral is present in the highest quantity in the body?

A) Boron

B) Calcium

C) Magnesium

D) Phosphorus

96) Which of the following individuals is most likely to need a calcium supplement?

A) An adolescent girl with a milk allergy

B) A 30-year-old man who follows a lactoovovegetarian diet

C) A 4-year-old girl who refuses to eat vegetables

D) An overweight man with a sedentary desk job

97) Tetany may be a sign of low blood levels of

A) fluoride.

B) phosphorus.

C) calcium.

D) vitamin D.

98) The difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis is

A) the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is not as severe as that of patients with osteoporosis.

B) the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is worse than that of patients with osteoporosis.

C) osteopenia is caused by one's heredity whereas osteoporosis is caused by one's lifestyle.

D) osteopenia can be cured whereas osteoporosis is irreversible.

99) ________ is a disease in which bone mass is lost to such a degree that fractures can occur in bones, especially the wrist, spine, and hips.

A) Osteopenia

B) Rickets

C) Osteomalacia

D) Osteoporosis

100) Which of the following nondairy milk beverages has the highest protein content?

A) Almond milk

B) Flax milk

C) Coconut milk

D) Soy milk

101) Unfortified coconut milk is not a good dairy substitute because of its high ________ content and relatively low ________ content.

A) cholesterol; phosphorus and magnesium

B) sodium; fluoride and vitamin C

C) fat; calcium and vitamin D

D) protein; carbohydrate and fat

102) Which of the following are functions of phosphorus?

A) Activation of enzymes, component of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance

B) Regulation of blood glucose, control of calcium absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D in the liver

C) Energy metabolism, destruction of pathogens, and transport of oxygen in the blood

D) Support of immune function, regulation of cell growth, and production of hormones

103) Exceeding the UL for phosphorus can lead to

A) mineralization of soft tissues, such as blood vessels and organs.

B) excessive bone growth.

C) blood clots.

D) All of these choices are correct.

104) Blood phosphorus levels are primarily regulated by the

A) intestine.

B) kidneys.

C) liver.

D) thyroid hormone.

105) Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in the American diet is

A) calcium.

B) phosphorus.

C) iron.

D) copper.

106) Which of the following food combinations would provide the most phosphorus?

A) Strawberries, orange juice, potatoes

B) Cream of wheat, enriched bread, muffin

C) Cheeseburger on whole-wheat bun, cola

D) Broccoli and cauliflower salad

107) Older women may be at risk for phosphorous deficiency if

A) they include too much dairy in their diets.

B) they live alone, eat poorly, and take calcium supplements.

C) they live alone, eat poorly, and take hormone replacement therapy.

D) they stay inside most of the day.

108) Substituting carbonated soft drinks for dairy products in the diet is a bad idea because the resulting high ________ intake combined with inadequate ________ intake leads to bone loss.

A) sodium; phosphorus

B) phosphorus; calcium

C) magnesium; sodium

D) carbon dioxide; calcium

109) What is magnesium's primary function?

A) It transports calcium in the blood.

B) It is important in hemoglobin synthesis.

C) It maintains mucus production in the digestive tract.

D) It is important for nerve and heart function.

110) Magnesium is related to vitamin D in that

A) magnesium is required for the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin.

B) magnesium increases the intestinal absorption of vitamin D.

C) magnesium is required for the activation of vitamin D in the liver.

D) All of these choices are correct.

111) Magnesium is required for

A) bone health.

B) cardiovascular health.

C) energy-yielding reactions.

D) All of these choices are correct.

112) Foods of ________ origin are the best sources of magnesium.

A) plant

B) animal

113) Magnesium deficiency causes

A) irregular heartbeat.

B) muscle pain.

C) seizures.

D) All of these are true.

114) Which of the following populations are at risk for poor magnesium status?

A) Alcoholics, people using diuretics, and people experiencing excessive vomiting and diarrhea

B) Diabetics, vegans, and people who are overweight

C) Teenagers and middle-age males

D) Individuals with autoimmune disease, young adults, and people with iron-deficiency anemia

115) ________ is a major mineral important for nerve and heart function and is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes. It is a major constituent of bone and is found in whole grains and vegetables.

A) Magnesium

B) Calcium

C) Phosphorus

D) Fluoride

116) Low levels of ________, a mineral found especially in plant foods, may be associated with poor cardiovascular health.

A) calcium

B) fluoride

C) phosphorus

D) magnesium

117) Milk is a poor source of

A) calcium and phosphorus.

B) iron and calcium.

C) iron and vitamin C.

D) vitamin A and protein.

118) The amount of iron in the body is mostly regulated by

A) excretion in the urine.

B) absorption in the small intestine.

C) synthesis in the skin.

D) metabolism in the liver.

119) Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense source of iron?

A) Skim milk

B) Apple

C) Flour tortilla

D) Beef

120) Dietary heme iron is obtained mainly from plant-based foods.

121) Which of the following statements is true about iron?

A) Iron deficiency anemia is found most commonly among young children, adolescents, and menstruating women.

B) Approximately 65% of dietary iron is absorbed.

C) An iron-deficient individual absorbs less iron than a person with good iron status.

D) Excess dietary iron is excreted readily via the kidneys.

122) Of the following foods, iron is best absorbed from

A) sirloin steak.

B) broccoli.

C) kidney beans.

D) cheese.

123) Which of the following is a source of heme iron?

A) Leafy, green vegetables

B) Seafood

C) Eggs

D) Fortified breakfast cereal

124) The only mineral that is required to be added to enriched grain products in the United States is

A) iron.

B) zinc.

C) iodine.

D) potassium.

125) During the first stage of iron deficiency,

A) red blood cells are small and low in number.

B) body stores of iron are depleted.

C) circulating iron in the blood is depleted.

D) physical symptoms of iron deficiency are apparent.

126) ________ is a genetic disorder characterized by increased iron absorption, which may lead to organ toxicity.

A) Hemochromatosis

B) Hemolysis

C) Pellagra

D) Anemia

127) In North America, iron-deficiency anemia would be least likely in a

A) 9-month-old baby boy who has recently started eating solid foods.

B) 3-year-old boy who is a picky eater.

C) 12-year-old girl who is having a growth spurt.

D) 55-year-old postmenopausal woman.

128) How many sources of nonheme iron are in a meal containing a tuna sandwich on enriched bread with milk and an apple?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

129) Worldwide, the most prevalent nutrient deficiency is of

A) zinc.

B) iodine.

C) iron.

D) copper.

130) Iron is best absorbed in its ________ form.

A) heme

B) nonheme

C) synthetic

D) coenzyme

131) Vitamin C and meat protein ________ nonheme iron absorption.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) do not change

132) Iron found as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin is called

A) heme iron.

B) nonheme iron.

133) ________ is the iron-binding protein that transports oxygen through the blood.

A) Hemosiderin

B) Hematocrit

C) Hemoglobin

D) Hemostat

134) ________ is needed for DNA synthesis, protein metabolism, wound healing, growth, development of sexual organs, and white blood cell formation.

A) Zinc

B) Selenium

C) Vitamin A

D) Vitamin E

135) Protein-rich diets—especially those that include many animal sources of protein—are high in

A) zinc.

B) beta carotene.

C) calcium.

D) vitamin E.

136) Of the following foods, which is the best source of zinc?

A) Turkey

B) Pears

C) Cheese

D) Potatoes

137) A reduced sense of taste may be a symptom of ________ deficiency.

A) zinc

B) copper

C) chromium

D) choline

138) Slow growth and delayed sexual development occur with a deficiency of

A) zinc.

B) copper.

C) molybdenum.

D) iron.

139) The selenium content of the typical North American diet is

A) inadequate, due to low intake of whole grain products.

B) inadequate, due to low intake of fruits and vegetables.

C) adequate, due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.

D) adequate, due to widespread fortification of foods with selenium.

140) Which of the following is true about selenium?

A) It is needed for hemoglobin synthesis.

B) An excess can cause hypertension.

C) It acts as a cofactor in protein metabolism.

D) It participates in antioxidant reactions.

141) Which of the following foods is highest in selenium?

A) Whole grain bread

B) Special K® cereal

C) Salmon

D) Tuna

142) Selenium is a cofactor for an enzyme called glutathione peroxidase, which is important for

A) synthesis of hydroxyapatite.

B) stomach acid production.

C) regulation of fluid status.

D) antioxidant defense systems in the body.

143) Selenium toxicity would most likely result from

A) high intakes of seafood.

B) high intakes of grain products grown on selenium-rich soil.

C) daily intake of green, leafy vegetables.

D) excessive use of dietary supplements.

144) Muscle pain, wasting, and heart damage result from a deficiency of  

A) zinc.

B) iron.

C) molybdenum.

D) selenium.

145) A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer risk is 

A) iron.

B) sodium.

C) selenium.

D) sulfur.

146) ________ is important in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. A lack of it will lead to a goiter.

A) Chromium

B) Chloride

C) Iodine

D) Fluoride

147) A severe iodine deficiency during early pregnancy may lead to ________ in the offspring.

A) scurvy

B) rickets

C) congenital hypothyroidism

D) xerophthalmia

148) A goiter may form as a consequence of an inadequate intake of

A) copper.

B) magnesium.

C) sodium.

D) iodine.

149) The RDA for iodine is 150 micrograms per day. Iodine is a(n)

A) trace mineral.

B) major mineral.

C) ultratrace mineral.

D) minor mineral.

150) People who eat large amounts of seaweed can consume toxic levels of which trace mineral?

A) Selenium

B) Iron

C) Zinc

D) Iodine

151) A major source of iodine in the North American diet is

A) seaweed.

B) sea salt.

C) table salt.

D) carbonated soft drinks.

152) Copper is most similar to ________ in terms of food sources, absorption, and functions.

A) iron

B) vitamin K

C) vitamin B-12

D) folate

153) ________ is important for blood health because it is a component of several iron-transport proteins.

A) Copper

B) Folate

C) Zinc

D) Magnesium

154) Of all the MyPlate food groups, the ________ group provides the most copper. 

A) protein

B) grains

C) vegetables

D) fruits

155) What is the name of the copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood?

A) Ceruloplasmin

B) Cysteine

C) Chaperone

D) Casein

156) The mineral that gives hardness to teeth and bones is

A) selenium.

B) zinc.

C) copper.

D) fluoride.

157) The most economical way to supply fluoride is

A) fluoride tablets.

B) topical fluoride gels.

C) fluoridation of the municipal water supply.

D) fortification of foods with fluoride.

158) Too much ________ can cause discoloration (mottling) of the teeth.

A) fluoride

B) copper

C) iron

D) selenium

159) Fluoridation of the water supply is a public health strategy to

A) improve dental health.

B) promote brain health.

C) prevent cancer.

D) lower the risk for cardiovascular disease.

160) A deficiency of ________ results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol.

A) copper

B) iodine

C) chromium

D) iron

161) Which of the following is a good chromium source?

A) Cherries

B) Whole grain

C) Enriched, refined grains

D) Drinking water

162) Which of the following is likely to cause chromium toxicity?

A) Exposure to industrial waste

B) Daily consumption of egg yolks

C) Daily consumption of Brazil nuts

D) All of these lead to chromium toxicity.

163) A suboptimal intake of chromium in individuals in the United States may be linked to

A) impaired glucose tolerance.

B) elevated calcitriol levels.

C) lowered serum cholesterol levels.

D) elevated blood pressure.

164) Manganese is important for

A) energy metabolism.

B) antioxidant enzyme function.

C) bone health.

D) All of these are functions of manganese.

165) Manganese can be toxic at high doses.

166) Risk of molybdenum toxicity risk in humans is quite low.

167) A useful strategy to reduce the risk of developing hypertension is to

A) eat plenty of protein.

B) limit the use of pepper at the table and during food preparation.

C) eat lots of prepackaged and canned foods.

D) eat a kilocalorie-controlled diet to maintain a desirable body weight.

168) Normal blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure below ________ mmHg and a diastolic pressure below ________ mmHg.

A) 100; 50

B) 120; 80

C) 140; 90

D) 180; 100

169) Elevated blood pressure has been linked to excess intake of

A) calcium and vitamin D.

B) sodium and potassium.

C) sodium and chloride.

D) magnesium and potassium.

170) Systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

A) veins when the heart is contracting.

B) veins when the heart is relaxed.

C) arteries when the heart is contracting.

D) arteries when the heart is relaxed.

171) Diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

A) veins when the heart is contracting.

B) veins when the heart is relaxed.

C) arteries when the heart is contracting.

D) arteries when the heart is relaxed.

172) Arthur's blood pressure measurement of 148/94 mmHg indicates hypertension.

173) Primary hypertension

A) is also known as the white coat syndrome.

B) has no clear-cut cause.

C) is a result of kidney disease.

D) is a result of sleep apnea.

174) Hypertension can lead to

A) cardiovascular disease.

B) kidney disease.

C) declines in brain function.

D) All of these choices are correct.

175) Obesity

A) reduces the risk for hypertension.

B) is a minor contributor to the risk for hypertension.

C) is the number one lifestyle risk factor for hypertension.

D) is not related to hypertension.

176) Up to one or two alcoholic drinks per day

A) is a reasonable alcohol intake for an adult with hypertension.

B) may reduce the risk for ischemic stroke.

C) is a reasonable alcohol intake for adults of legal drinking age.

D) All of these choices are correct.

177) The DASH diet for the reduction of hypertension

A) excludes added sugars.

B) is a vegetarian meal plan.

C) recommends 2 to 3 servings per day of low-fat dairy products.

D) encourages daily use of coconut oil.

178) Stephen's blood pressure is 135/88, and he wishes to follow the principles of the DASH diet. For most Americans, this means increasing the intake of 

A) fruits and vegetables.

B) whole milk.

C) protein.

D) enriched grain products.

179) The most effective strategy for preventing hypertension is to

A) maintain a healthy weight.

B) engage in 60 to 90 minutes of vigorous exercise on most days of the week.

C) take diuretics.

D) restrict sodium intake to 2000 milligrams per day.

180) The DASH diet recommends inclusion of ________ of nuts, seeds, or legumes.

A) 4 to 5 servings per week

B) 4 to 5 servings per day

C) 2 to 3 servings per week

D) 1 serving per day

181) Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of 

A) bones and teeth.

B) the skin.

C) hair and fingernails.

D) the central nervous system.

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A positively or negatively charged atom

B) Fluid between cells

C) Substance that increases urinary fluid excretion

D) Substances that break down into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current

E) Movement of water through a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

182) Electrolytes

183) Ion

184) Interstitial fluid

185) Osmosis

186) Diuretic

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A mineral that is required in the diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day

B) Mineral required in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day

C) A mineral present in the human diet in trace amounts but that has not been shown to be essential to human health

D) Organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body

E) The degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body

187) Trace mineral

188) Bioavailability

189) Major mineral

190) Vitamin

191) Ultratrace mineral