Sensation And Perception Complete Test Bank Ch.5

CHAPTER 5

Sensation and Perception

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Our sensory systems convert physical stimuli into neural information with specialized cells called sensory receptor cells that convert a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses by a process called sensory transduction.
The conversion of physical stimuli into neural impulses only occurs when the stimuli reach a certain level, or threshold. The absolute threshold is the minimum level of a stimulus we can detect. The difference threshold is the smallest difference we can detect between two similar stimuli.
Our sensory systems are set up to detect change. With continuous exposure to a stimulus, adaptation occurs.
Bottom up processing begins with the physical stimuli from the environment and proceeds through to perception. In top-down processing prior knowledge is used to interpret perceptual information.

2. Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Smell, our olfactory sense, converts chemical odorants into neural signals that the brain can use. Taste, our gustatory sense, is closely intertwined with smell. Most flavours are a combination of scents with the five basic tastes we can discern: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
Taste buds in papillae on the tongue convert chemicals in our food to neural signals the brain can use. Taste receptors and smell receptors are routinely replaced, since they are more vulnerable to damage than other sensory receptors.
Information about smell goes directly from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. Areas of the brain that process smells and tastes are plastic, or changeable. Processing of smells also sometimes overlaps with emotions and memories.
Our preferred tastes change as we mature from childhood to adulthood, probably from a combination of learning and physical changes in the mouth.
True disorders of taste are rare; people more frequently lose part or all of their sense of smell. Anosmia can present safety risks and diminish pleasure in life.

3. Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

A variety of sensory receptors throughout our bodies convert touch, pressure, or temperature stimuli into neural impulses that our brains can perceive.
The sensory cortex of the brain maps touch sensations. Especially sensitive or important body parts receive disproportionately large representation in the cortex.
Pain travels to the brain via both a fast pathway and a slow pathway.
The gate control theory of pain suggests that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” so that pain information does not reach parts of the brain where it is perceived.
Medical professionals continue to search for ways to relieve people’s chronic pain. Opiate drugs that simulate natural pain-killing endorphins or enkephalins are addictive. Sometimes practitioners resort to neurosurgery, which stops a patient from receiving all touch signals.
People who have lost body parts surgically or through accidents often feel phantom sensations in the missing body part. These may be related to reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after an amputation.

4. Summarize what happens when we hear.

The frequency and amplitude of sound waves produce our perceptions of pitch and loudness of sounds.
When sounds enter the ear, they move the ear drum, which sets in motion the ossicles. The last of these, the stirrup, vibrates the oval window, setting into motion fluid in the cochlea. Hair cells on the basilar membrane in the cochlea transduce movements along the basilar membrane into neural signals the brain can interpret.
Frequency theory suggests that patterns in the firing rates of the neurons are perceived as different sounds. Place theory suggests that information from different locations along the basilar membrane is related to different qualities of sound.
Top-down processing lets us use the general loudness of sounds, as well as differences in the signals received from each ear, to determine location of a sound.
Different pitches are represented in a tonotopic map in the auditory cortex of the brain. Association areas of the cortex help us recognize familiar sounds, including speech.
As young children, we experience a sensitive period during which it is especially easy for us to learn auditory information, including language and music. Some people, particularly those exposed to pure tones during this sensitive period, develop absolute pitch.
Common hearing problems include hearing loss and deafness, as well as hearing unwanted sounds, such as tinnitus.

5. Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Rods and cones in the retina at the back of the eye change light into neural impulses. Cones provide detailed vision and help us perceive colour, while rods provide information about intensity of light.
Two different theories in combination—trichromatic theory and opponent process theory—explain a good deal of how we perceive colour.
The fovea at the centre of the retina contains only cones and provides our sharpest vision. We have a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina to carry information to the brain.
Damage to the brain can produce deficits in sensation, as well as abnormal sensory experiences.
Top-down processing is involved in much visual perception. Gestalt theorists have identified several principles by which we recognize stimuli even when visual inputs are limited. We use binocular and monocular cues for depth perception. Perceptual constancies, based on learning from previous experiences, help us to see things as stable despite constant shifts in our visual inputs. These top-down processes can be “fooled” by visual illusions.
Without adequate visual stimulation through both eyes during a critical period of life, we may not develop binocular vision, a condition known as amblyopia.
Individuals with loss of vision can use other sensory modalities to compensate for the loss of visual information. Learning Braille with touch involves the use of brain areas normally used for vision.

TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

1. Transduction is the process by which sensory receptor cells convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

2. Bottom-up processing begins with previously acquired knowledge.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

3. Olfaction and gustation emerged early in our evolutionary history.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

4. Sweet/sour is the taste associated with monosodium glutamate.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

5. Studies have shown that the piriform cortex is changeable in adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

6. All sensory systems send information through the thalamus.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

7. Various parts of your body have differing levels of sensitivity.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

8. Tactile information is first sent from touch receptors in the skin to the somatosensory cortex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

9. Research suggests that women have twice as many pain receptors in their facial skin as men.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

10. Some people are incapable of detecting pain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

11. The frequency of a sound wave is measured in Hertz.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

12. The ossicles are fluid-filled membranes in the inner ear.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

13. The auditory receptor cells are easily replaceable.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

14. To determine the importance of a sound, it is necessary to localize it in space.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

15. Approximately 1 in 1000 people in the Western world can detect absolute pitch.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

16. Under certain conditions, people can see radio waves.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

17. The blind spot created by the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye is NOT noticeable in most people.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

18. People with red-green colour blindness have a shortage of cones that respond to either greenish or reddish wavelengths.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

19. The law of good form states that we tend to group objects that are visually attractive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

20. Linear perspective occurs when parallel lines seem to diverge from one another.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

21. A musician described how he could see each musical note as a colour. This phenomenon is known as

a) sensory adaptation.

b) synesthesia.

c) difference threshold.

d) polysensory confusion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

22. Which of the following is an example of a measure taken to interrupt the process of sensation?

a) Holding your nose when walking past a dumpster to avoid smelling it.

b) Wearing headphones when running in order to listen to your favorite songs.

c) Putting your hand over your mouth when you think you are going to vomit.

d) Sucking on your finger after you cut it on a kitchen knife.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

23. The interpretation of neural signals by the brain is called

a) coding.

b) sensation.

c) perception.

d) perceptual constancy.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

24. Sensory is to perception as _______ is to coding.

a) transduction

b) perception

c) adaptation

d) gate control

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

25. How do sensation and perception differ?

a) Sensation creates neural impulses; perception converts neural impulses.

b) Sensation converts neural impulses; perception creates neural impulses.

c) Sensation constrains neural impulses; perception collects neural impulses.

d) Sensation collects neural impulses; perception constrains neural impulses.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

26. What is the relationship of stimulus transduction to stimulus coding?

a) Stimuli undergo transduction to be converted into neural impulses. These impulses then undergo coding to travel to specific parts of the brain.

b) Stimuli undergo transduction to travel through the nerves to the brain. The brain then sends a response back to the body via the coding process.

c) Stimuli undergo transduction to surpass the difference threshold. Stimuli then undergo coding to surpass the absolute threshold. Once the thresholds are surpassed, stimuli can reach the brain.

d) Stimuli undergo transduction to trigger endorphin release. These endorphins then prompt the control gate to open and carry the stimuli to the brain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

27. What is the primary difference between transduction and coding?

a) Transduction involves conversion of sensory information and coding does not.

b) Transduction involves assigning meaning to sensory information and coding does not.

c) Transduction involves receiving messages from various sensory organs and coding does not.

d) Transduction involves messages being relayed to the brain and coding does not.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

28. Chef Mercedes tastes the soup-of-the-day and exclaims, “Ugh! It tastes like turquoise!” Chef Mercedes likely has a condition known as

a) sensory habituation.

b) synesthesia.

c) visual acuity.

d) sensory integration.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

29. Transduction is the process of

a) interpreting the physical stimuli in the environment and assigning it meaning.

b) converting physical stimuli in the environment into a signal that the brain can read.

c) associating synchronous firing patterns in neurons throughout the brain.

d) attending to and consolidating some environmental stimuli and not others.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

30. The process of converting physical stimuli in the environment into a signal that the brain can read is called

a) transduction.

b) perception.

c) top-down processing.

d) sensory adaptation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

31. Which of the following must happen before coding occurs?

a) transduction

b) synaptic pruning

c) adaptation

d) bottom-up processing

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

32. The reason you are seeing this test is because the light being reflected off the test is converted to neural impulses that the brain can then understand. This process is called ___.

a) transformation

b) sensory transduction

c) sensory adaptation

d) perception

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

33. Without the transduction of the physical stimulus into a neural signal that the brain can read, technically, the physical stimulus does not exist. This is most similar to the philosophical statement:

a) A rolling stone gathers no moss.

b) A tree falling in the woods with no one to hear makes no sound.

c) Lightning never strikes the same place twice.

d) Freedom never extends to outside the mind.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

34. The philosophical question: “Does a tree falling in the woods with no one around make a sound?” would be best interpreted by a psychologist interested in sensation and perception to mean that

a) without transduction of sound waves into a neural signal, technically, there is no sound.

b) bottom-up processing does not allow conceptual knowledge to influence perception, and so there is no sound.

c) for a sound to be defined as such, it must cross absolute threshold in a human ear.

d) vibrations in air pressure are best detected by the auditory sense, rather than the olfactory, somatosensory, gustatory, or visual sense.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

35. The first step in any perceptual analysis of an environmental stimulus is

a) sensory adaptation.

b) attention.

c) transduction.

d) bottom-up processing.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

36. Technically, the first thing that happens with bottom-up processing is

a) attention.

b) perception.

c) transduction.

d) sensory adaptation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

37. Julian, Diego, and Ji-woo are having a disagreement. Julian claims that there are five senses. Diego, on the other hand, says that there are seven, and Ji-woo says there are six. Which student is right?

a) Julian

b) Diego

c) Ji-woo

d) None of them. There are, in fact, eight senses.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

38. Abigail argues that there are six senses rather than five. She says that _____ is an added sixth sense.

a) proprioception

b) synesthesia

c) ageusia

d) Abigail is incorrect, there are only five sense.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

39. When you look up at the sky and see the clouds, your eyes are engaging in the process of ___; when you think about the clouds and try to pick out recognizable shapes or object, you are engaging in the process of ___.

a) perceiving; sensing

b) sensing; perceiving

c) passive observation; active observation

d) active observation; passive observation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

40. Three people standing next to each other were witnesses to a robbery. When asked for a description of the robber, each person gave a different answer. These different interpretations most likely illustrate differences in ___________________.

a) sensation

b) perception

c) visual acuity

d) accommodation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

41. Detection is to identification as ___ is to ___.

a) sensation; transduction

b) transduction; sensation

c) sensation; perception

d) perception; sensation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

42. Sensation is to perception as ___ is to ___.

a) detection; identification

b) recall; transduction

c) top-down; bottom-up

d) absolute threshold; difference threshold

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

43. The conscious recognition and identification of a sensory stimulus is called __________.

a) sensation

b) perception

c) detection

d) habituation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

44. Petra has just identified the funky smell in her kitchen as an old peach that she threw away in the trash and then forgot. The process of having her olfactory system detect the odour is best described as

a) transduction.

b) sensation.

c) perception.

d) top-down processing.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

45. Raphael was startled when he heard something slam against his living room window. He quickly decided it was a bird and hurried out to see whether he could help it. The process of identifying what made the sound is known as

a) transduction.

b) sensation.

c) perception.

d) top-down processing.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

46. Jenny’s just noticeable difference for detecting a lemon flavour in a glass of water is much larger than Agustina’s just noticeable difference. This means that

a) Jenny is less sensitive to changes in lemon flavour than Agustina.

b) Agustina is not able to detect lemon flavour.

c) Jenny needs a lot of lemon flavour in order to notice it.

d) both females are considered supertasters for lemon.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

47. If a light bulb does NOT cast a light that can be detected, what threshold has NOT been surpassed?

a) difference

b) absolute

c) stimulus

d) transduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

48. We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) ___.

a) absolute threshold

b) difference threshold

c) sensory minimum

d) just noticeable difference

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

49. The eye doctor asks you to read the chart on the wall. What is the eye doctor trying to measure?

a) your absolute threshold

b) your just noticeable difference

c) your difference threshold

d) your amount of color blindness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

50. Jan turns on the news but is unable to hear it at the volume level five. As she continues to raise the volume, she can first detect sound at level 10. She does NOT notice any difference in volume at 11 but notices a difference at 12. She settles on a level of 14, where she can comfortably hear the news. Which of the following statements is most accurate about Jan’s hearing thresholds?

a) The change in volume level from 10 to 11 does not meet Jan’s difference threshold, though the change from 10 to 12 does. Additionally, Jan’s absolute threshold is level 10.

b) The change in volume level from 10 to 11 does not meet Jan’s absolute threshold, though the change from 10 to 12 does. Additionally, Jan’s difference threshold is level 10.

c) The change in volume level from 10 to 13 does not meet Jan’s absolute threshold, though the change from 10 to 14 does. Additionally, Jan’s difference threshold is level 14.

d) The change in volume level from 10 to 13 does not meet Jan’s difference threshold, though the change from 10 to 14 does. Additionally, Jan’s absolute threshold is level 10.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

51. While walking his dog, Adam notices that the dog suddenly stops and appears startled by a noise, although Adam has NOT heard anything. Which of the following concepts BEST explains why Adam did NOT hear the sound and his dog did?

a) There is a difference in absolute thresholds between Adam and his dog.

b) There is a variability in difference thresholds between Adam and his dog.

c) There is a variability in the principle of psychophysics between Adam and his dog.

d) There is a difference in the electrochemicals transmitting signals between Adam and his dog.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

52. Ye-jun is participating in a study in which he is presented with different unpleasant odours that he has to identify. Unfortunately, most of the odours are presented above his absolute threshold. What does this mean?

a) Ye-jun can smell most of the odours.

b) Ye-jun can only smell the strongest odours.

c) Ye-jun cannot tell the difference between any of the odours.

d) Ye-jun did not notice most of the odours.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

53. ______________ says that the response to a signal in every situation depends on an individual’s ability to differentiate between the signal and noise, and on their response criteria.

a) Difference threshold theory

b) Absolute threshold theory

c) Just noticeable difference theory

d) Signal detection theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

54. Avery is pretty sure her old car is on its last gasp, but she wants to drive it until it will not drive any more because she does not have the money to get another car right now. Avery’s partner, Kennedy, wanted Avery to stop driving the car the last time it broke down because there is a risk the car might break down again and Avery will be stuck out on near empty roads late at night without warning. Avery is not concerned, saying, “In spite of all the clunks and rattles the car makes I can what is serious because last time the engine made this constant chugging sound before the engine stopped.” In this example, what would signal detection call the clunks and rattles made by Avery’s car?

a) noise

b) signal

c) threshold information

d) a jnd

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

55. If a stimulus is at an intensity that does not reach your absolute threshold, what is the most likely result?

a) You will not be able to distinguish this stimulus from another stimulus.

b) The difference threshold is just noticeable.

c) The stimulus will go unnoticed to you.

d) You have adapted to the stimulus and no longer notice it.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

56. A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8% so that a sample of consumers will notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n) ___ threshold.

a) transduction

b) difference

c) adaptation

d) absolute

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

57. Juliana was listening to music in her room when her father called up for her to turn it down. Julianna adjusted the sound only to have her father angrily call up several minutes later to say’ “Juliana, I asked you to turn that noise down. Do it immediately!” Julianna was, in turn, angry, and shouted back, “I DID.” What has probably happened here?

a) Juliana’s father had adapted to Juliana’s music.

b) The amount Juliana adjusted the music by did not reach her father’s absolute threshold.

c) The amount Juliana adjusted the music by did not reach her father’s difference threshold.

d) Juliana’s father was unable to transduce the auditory signals from the music.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

58. Listening to a tape of white noise to help you fall asleep is an example of the principle of

a) sensory adaptation.

b) perceptual awareness.

c) subliminal perception.

d) gate control theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

59. Which sense is most prone to adaptation?

a) vision

b) audition

c) gustation

d) olfaction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knolwedge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

60. Yesterday Devon cut his hand while making dinner. Rather than stopping to apply first aid, Devon wrapped a towel around the wound and continued making dinner. Today, Devon tells you, "I don’t get it. This cut still really hurts. I’d have thought by now I’d have stopped noticing it". How would you explain this to Devon?

a) "Sensory adaptation doesn’t apply to intense stimuli like a bad cut. The pain is a sensory reminder from your body to tend to your injury. So, if you want the pain to go away, go apply some first aid to that cut".

b) "Gate-control theory proposes that only large injuries prompt the gate keeper to close the gate. A small injury like that is not going to have any impact on the gate. Your best bet is to numb it with some ice".

c) "Endorphins are your body’s own natural painkillers and might help the pain go away. Try doing a little physical activity to get your endorphins going. You could go for a run or ride your bike".

d) "Only stimuli that fall below your absolute threshold go unnoticed by your body. Unfortunately, your cut falls above your absolute threshold so you notice it. You’ll just have to wait for it to heal for the pain to stop".

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

61. Amy just arrived at her grandparent’s farm for a two-week stay. She was appalled by the strong smell of manure in the fertilizer from the surrounding fields and wondered how she would possibly be able to tolerate the smell for two weeks. However, by the end of the first day, Amy was barely aware of the odour. What is the best explanation for Amy’s reduced ability to detect this smell after one day?

a) It is below her just noticeable difference threshold.

b) perceptual set

c) sensory adaptation

d) bottom-up processing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

62. The idea that one’s home has a unique scent, apparent to others but unrecognizable to the homeowner, is an example of

a) gate-control.

b) false awareness.

c) subliminal perception.

d) sensory adaptation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

63. Eszter thinks that the perfume her boyfriend got her is cheap, because she cannot smell it after she wears it for only a few minutes. What is another possible explanation for Eszter’s inability to smell her perfume?

a) perceptual set

b) It is below her just noticeable difference.

c) bottom-up processing

d) sensory adaptation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

64. Sensory adaptation is a reduction in a response due to

a) repeated stimulation of a sensory receptor.

b) muscle fatigue.

c) habituation.

d) opponent processes.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

65. When a sensory receptor is repeatedly stimulated, it can lead to a reduction in the response. This is called

a) the just noticeable difference threshold.

b) a perceptual set.

c) fatigue.

d) sensory adaptation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

66. Which mechanism constantly helps you avoid wasting attention and time on unchanging, unimportant stimuli by "turning down the volume" on repetitive information?

a) sensory adaptation

b) habituation

c) perception

d) cognition

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

67. Without sensory adaptation, our perceptual world would be chaos. What would be the biggest problem without sensory adaptation?

a) Our sensory receptors would not be able to simultaneously transduce stimuli from multiple sensory systems.

b) Our sensitivity to stimuli that are below threshold would be less.

c) We would not have any mental resources left over to focus on potentially important environmental stimuli.

d) We would succumb to top-down processing at the expense of bottom-up processing.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

68. What is the advantage of sensory adaptation?

a) We can focus on bottom-up processing and not succumb to top-down processing.

b) We can free up mental resources to focus on potentially important environmental stimuli.

c) We can increase our sensitivity to stimuli that are below absolute threshold.

d) Our sensory receptors are able to simultaneously transduce stimuli from multiple sensory systems.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

69. Taylor is anxious about his elderly neighbour next door. She frequently has falls and once lay on her floor for almost an entire day before someone came to check on her. As a result, Taylor now watchfully listens for sounds from the apartment next door that might alert him to a problem. Based on your text’s discussion, we might predict that this level of high alert will

a) decrease Taylor’s absolute threshold for auditory detection.

b) increase Taylor’s absolute threshold for auditory detection.

c) have little or no effect on Taylor’s absolute threshold for auditory detection.

d) decrease Taylor’s difference threshold for auditory detection.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

70. In an experiment, observers first view an adapting stimulus in which small dots on a computer screen all move steadily toward the right. They then view a test stimulus in which they must determine whether a patch of dots is stationary or moving. Based on your text’s discussion, you might predict that the adapting stimulus would

a) decrease observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.

b) increase observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.

c) have little or no effect on observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.

d) decrease observers’ difference threshold for motion detection.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

71. Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?

a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation

b) so that we do not become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment

c) so that we detect potentially significant changes in what is happening in our environments

d) so that we do not become overstimulated by the environment

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

72. “Wow! I’m sorry! I didn’t recognize you out of class!” you exclaim, excusing your blank stare when your accounting professor greets you in a café. This vignette illustrates the importance of ___ in perception.

a) transduction

b) adaptation

c) bottom-up processes

d) top-down processes

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

73. Yuor ablity to raed thsi sntenece desipte its mnay mssipllengis is deu to _____________.

a) bottom-up processing

b) frame of reference

c) top-down processing

d) cognitive flexibility

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

74. We largely see what we expect to see because we create ________ based on experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

a) perceptual sets

b) mental models

c) heuristics

d) frames of reference

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

75. Which of the following concepts most belongs with top-down processing?

a) sensation

b) transduction

c) sensory adaptation

d) perceptual sets

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

76. We largely see what we expect to see because we create ________ based on experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

a) perceptual sets

b) mental models

c) heuristics

d) frames of reference

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

77. Annalisa is driving along Yonge Street in Toronto. After six green lights in a row, she blows through a red light, even though she was looking at it. Which of the following explains her error?

a) Annalisa’s perceptual set affected her interpretation of the red light.

b) Annalisa’s perceptual constancies wavered.

c) Annalisa accommodated the red light due to motion parallax.

d) Annalisa experienced conversion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

78. Which of the following statements is true?

a) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli.

b) Top-down processing always proceeds bottom-up processing in humans, but not in animals.

c) Bottom-up and top-down processing always occur sequentially.

d) Top-down processing is synonymous with sensation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

79. Tami is visiting a tribe that she has learned eats snake eyes and monkey brains for their festive events. In honour of her visit, they hold a festive dinner and serve Tami with a big bowl of colourful meats and vegetables. Tami tries the stew and gags at the thought that a chewy bit she found in her mouth was a piece of brain. Tami’s belief that the texture of her food resembles monkey brains is best described as

a) bottom-up processing.

b) sensory adaptation.

c) transduction.

d) a perceptual set.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

80. Bence is camping with his Grade 5 class and hears a ghost story about the Stick Monster in the woods. The beast is made out of sticks and it snaps children’s bones like twigs. On his way back to his tent, Bence cannot help but notice all the sticks and twigs poking at him along the narrow path. Finally, he screams with certainty that the Stick Monster has grabbed him. Bence’s belief that the Stick Monster has him is best described as

a) sensory adaptation.

b) bottom-up processing.

c) a perceptual set.

d) transduction.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

81. Hunter and Samuel are both looking at an ambiguous picture that could be interpreted as either a duck or a rabbit. Hunter was shown a series of rabbit pictures in advance of viewing the ambiguous picture; whereas Samuel was shown a series of duck pictures in advance of seeing the ambiguous picture. Based on the concept of perceptual set, what would each say was the object in the picture?

a) Hunter – rabbit; Samuel – duck

b) Hunter – duck; Samuel – rabbit

c) They would both see the same object.

d) It depends on how long they have to look at the picture.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

82. Jake told Maddie, his wife, that he would meet her for lunch at 11:30. Just before 11:30 Maddie heard a male voice say, “Hi Maddie,” and as she was turning she responded to the male voice by saying "Hi, Gorgeous." It turned out to be her boss greeting her, rather than her husband. Maddie's error in identifying the voice illustrates the effect of (a) ______________.

a) perceptual adaptation

b) extrasensory perception

c) perceptual set

d) subliminal perception

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

83. Which of the following sentences expresses bottom-up processing?

a) You see what is in front of you.

b) You see what you want to see.

c) You see what you expect to see.

d) You see what you are conditioned to see.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

84. Which of the following sentences expresses top-down processing?

a) You see what is in front of you.

b) You see physical stimuli from the environment.

c) You see what you expect to see.

d) You see what your senses allow you to see.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

85. Biological processes are to ______________ as cognitive processes are to _____________.

a) bottom-up; top-down

b) top-down; bottom-up

c) sensory accommodation; perceptual assimilation

d) sensory assimilation; perceptual accommodation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

86. You are driving to school and your favourite song comes on the radio. You immediately recognize the song and begin to sing along. What type(s) of processing allowed you to do this?

a) top-down

b) bottom-up

c) top-down and bottom-up

d) perceptual set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

87. You are walking down the hallway toward your first university class and you see an old friend from elementary school. You immediately call out to her and wave. What type(s) of processing allowed you to do this?

a) top-down

b) bottom-up

c) top-down and bottom-up

d) perceptual set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

88. Proprioceptive feedback is a combination of which senses?

a) visual, auditory, and vestibular

b) chemical, kinesthetic, and visual

c) vestibular, kinesthetic, and visual

d) somatosensory, vestibular, and kinesthetic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

89. Suppose Marlene is unable to balance, and Juan is unable to maintain his body’s posture. What sensory systems have most likely been damaged in each case?

a) Marlene damaged her chemical sense and Juan damaged his auditory sense.

b) Marlene has damaged her somatosensory system and Juan has damaged his gustatory sense.

c) Marlene has damaged her vestibular sense and Juan has damaged his kinesthetic sense.

d) Marlene has damaged her visual sense and Juan has damaged his auditory sense.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

90. Francisco has damage to his vestibular sense and Larissa has damage to her kinesthetic sense. Which of the following best describes their symptoms?

a) Francisco is unable to hear, and Larissa is unable to taste or smell.

b) Francisco is unable to stop running on his own once he starts and Larissa is unable to balance.

c) Francisco is unable to balance, and Larissa is unable to maintain her body’s posture.

d) Francisco is unable to adapt to sensory input and Larissa is unable to integrate sensory information.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

91. Lola has a pet mouse named Mickey. Which of the following statements would most accurately describe the difference between Lola and Mickey’s senses?

a) Lola relies most heavily on vision; Mickey relies on kinesthesia.

b) Lola relies most heavily on the gustation; Mickey relies on olfaction.

c) Lola relies most heavily on vision; Mickey relies on olfaction.

d) There is no difference. Both rely most heavily on vision.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

92. Malik’s dog Frodo and Malik take in information about the world in quite different ways. Which of the following statements would most accurately describe the difference between Malik and Frodo’s senses?

a) Malik sees the world, but Frodo smells it.

b) Malik tastes the world, but Frodo smells it.

c) Malik hears the world, but Frodo sees it.

d) There is no difference. Both rely most heavily on vision.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

93. Aleksander has been born a few hours ago and has spent his first moments on earth snuggled up with his mother. What is he likely able to do?

a) Show a preference for bitter flavours.

b) Turn away from a sweet flavour.

c) Tell his own mother apart from another woman based on smell alone.

d) Feel more physiologically aroused by the smell of his mother’s milk.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

94. The fact that newborns can recognize their mothers based on smell alone within a few hours after birth suggests that

a) newborns have more olfactory receptors than adults.

b) newborns have a lower absolute threshold for detecting odours than adults.

c) olfactory information is in place before birth.

d) taste preferences are innate.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

95. Martina is cooking hamburger when she suddenly finds that the smell is making her nauseous. When she checks the package, she finds that the “best before” date of the meat had expired a week before, so the meat was no longer safe to eat. What type of psychologist would find this example important to the explanation of the olfactory system?

a) cognitive

b) evolutionary

c) behavioural

d) biological

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

96. Gabrielle is recently pregnant and the sickness she feels on a daily basis prevents her from enjoying chocolate. Evolutionary psychologists would say Gabrielle is having this type of reaction because ___________________.

a) it will prevent her from gaining weight too fast

b) it will ensure she does not accidentally ingest something harmful to her fetus

c) it helps to ensure self-care

d) it signals to others she needs extra care and attention

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

97. In what hair-like structures are the sensory receptors of the olfactory system located?

a) nasal mucosa

b) papillae

c) odorants

d) cilia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

98. Olfaction is to gustation as ___ is to ___.

a) smell; taste

b) hearing; taste

c) taste; hearing

d) taste; smell

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

99. Smell is to taste as ___ is to ___.

a) somatosensory; proprioception

b) enkephalins; endorphins

c) papillae; cilia

d) olfaction; gustation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

100. The sense receptors for olfaction are located on hair-like structures called ___. They convert odorants into neural impulses, an example of a process termed ___.

a) papillae; transduction

b) papillae; perception

c) cilia; transduction

d) cilia; perception

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

101. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the responsiveness of an individual olfactory receptor?

a) A given olfactory receptor responds only to a specific airborne chemical.

b) A given olfactory receptor responds to a wide range of odorants.

c) A given olfactory receptor responds to one of four or five basic classes of odorants.

d) A given olfactory receptor responds to virtually any airborne chemical.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

102. Your text states that “continuous binding of certain odorants . . . will result in the fatigue of the olfactory receptor neurons to which they bind.” This passage should remind you of the concept of

a) tolerance.

b) adaptation.

c) habituation.

d) desensitization.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

103. Once an olfactory receptor neuron has adapted to an odor, the way it will most probably begin to respond to the same odor again is

a) to smell something else.

b) to increase the magnitude of the odor.

c) to use top-down processing and think about the odor.

d) to taste the food as it will also activate the olfactory receptors.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

104. Approximately how many taste receptors are on each taste bud?

a) 20–40

b) 50–90

c) 30–50

d) 60–100

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

105. Gustatory receptors are contained in the ___, located on the ___.

a) taste buds; cilia

b) cilia; taste buds

c) taste buds; papillae

d) papillae; taste buds

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

106. We have taste receptors for sweet, salty, sour, and

a) bitter.

b) bitter and spicy.

c) bitter and umami.

d) spicy and umami.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

107. How many basic types of taste are there?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 4, perhaps 5

d) 5, perhaps 6

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

108. Habanero peppers are among the hottest chili peppers in the world. The habanero is hot because it contains a chemical known as ________________ which activates the ________ receptors on the tongue.

a) umami; thermal

b) umami; pain

c) capsaicin; thermal

d) capsaicin; pain

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

109. Some of Arthurs favourite foods are ripe tomatoes, cheese, shellfish and cured meats. These foods all share a pleasant savory taste that is often referred to as _____, the ____ sense.

a) umami; sixth

b) umami; fifth

c) capsaicin; sixth

d) capsaicin; fifth

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

110. For which of the following tastes do we NOT have a receptor?

a) umami

b) spicy

c) sweet

d) bitter

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

111. Regarding taste receptors, which of the following statements is true?

a) Each taste receptor responds to any of the five basic tastes.

b) The diverse types of taste receptors are located on distinct parts of the tongue.

c) The diverse types of taste receptors are evenly distributed across the tongue.

d) The diverse types of taste receptors are not distributed evenly across the tongue.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

112. Rodrigo has just burnt his tongue eating hot pizza. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a) Rodrigo has done damage to the taste receptors on his tongue.

b) If Rodrigo keeps burning his tongue, he will experience a permanently decreased sense of taste.

c) Burning his tongue will not do any permanent damage as the taste receptors will regenerate.

d) It is unlikely that Rodrigo has damaged enough taste receptors that he will lose his sense of taste temporarily.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

113. Margarite woke very tired on Monday morning and was therefore anxious to drink her coffee. She took a quick swallow and burned her tongue. Her tongue was painful where it was burned, and she is having trouble tasting anything. Margarite is very concerned about this as she has tickets to a wine tasting event in a few days time. You advise her to

a) sell the tickets. The damage sustained will take weeks to repair.

b) sell the tickets. The damage is serious, and she will need to see a physician about treatment if she wants to make a full recovery.

c) not to worry. Taste buds are remarkably regenerative, and she will be back to normal by the time of the wine tasting event.

d) not to worry. Although these taste buds are dead the rest will take over.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

114. Emlyn loves to eat spicy hot food with capsaicin. He often adds hot sauce to food that he finds bland. Since you know that capsaicin activates pain receptors in the tongue how can you account for Emlyn’s taste for this type of food?

a) After the first few bites, the taste receptors adapt to the capsaicin, so they no longer respond

b) After the first few bites, the pain receptors adapt to the capsaicin, so they no longer respond.

c) The chemical structure of capsaicin only allows it to bind to the receptor for a very short time, so the pain wears off very quickly.

d) The pain impulses act in conjunction with tactile information, as well as the smell and taste of the food and the combination produces a pleasurable sensation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

115. Compared to our other sensory receptors, olfactory receptors and taste receptors show a remarkable ability to

a) transduce neural signals.

b) regenerate.

c) adapt.

d) activate our autonomic nervous system.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

116. Which receptors have a remarkable ability to regenerate and show a relatively fast turn-over rate?

a) visual receptors

b) visual and auditory receptors

c) olfactory and taste receptors

d) gustatory receptors

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

117. If an olfactory receptor were too fatigued to fire, which of the following would cause it to respond again?

a) decreasing the concentration of the odorant

b) having the odour present constantly without interruption

c) increasing the concentration of the odorant

d) taking the odour away permanently

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

118. When olfactory information reaches the olfactory nerve, it travels to which organ located beneath the frontal lobes?

a) cerebral cortex

b) olfactory bulb

c) piriform cortex

d) amygdala

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

119. Which structure serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

a) hippocampus

b) amygdala

c) insula

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

120. Olfactory information is processed in each of these brain areas EXCEPT the

a) thalamus.

b) piriform cortex.

c) hippocampus.

d) amygdala.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

121. Which of the following statements about how the brain processes smell and taste is FALSE?

a) All sensory systems have a main pathway that passes through the thalamus.

b) The olfactory bulb sends information to the amygdala and indirectly to the hippocampus.

c) Rewarding tastes are processed separately from aversive tastes.

d) Repulsive visual stimuli, as well as disgusting tastes, activates the insula.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

122. What is a key similarity between olfaction and gustation?

a) Both involve the prefrontal cortex.

b) Both involve the somatosensory cortex.

c) Both involve the frontal lobe.

d) Both involve the temporal lobe.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

123. Our sense of taste relies in part on our sense of smell because

a) both smell and taste are integrated in associated areas of the neocortex.

b) both smell and taste respond to pheromones.

c) smell and taste are our two most critical senses.

d) both smell and taste are most important in gathering information about our environment.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

124. Which of the following statements about how the brain processes smell and taste is TRUE?

a) All sensory systems have a main pathway that passes through the thalamus.

b) In the disorder ageusia humans lose the ability to differentiate different odours.

c) Rewarding tastes and aversive tastes are processed in similar brain areas.

d) The ability of smells to create memories is related to olfactory connections to the amygdala and the hippocampus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

125. Which part of the brain becomes active when we taste and see something revolting?

a) prefrontal cortex

b) insula

c) amygdala

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

126. Meg returns home from school for a weekend, but stresses over a paper she needs to write. As she eats her mother's "famous" spaghetti, the familiar smells and tastes help to relieve some of her stress. Which part of the brain is responsible for processing combined sensory information?

a) prefrontal cortex

b) gustatory cortex

c) somatosensory cortex

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

127. Each time Brynn eats cotton candy, she recalls fond memories of going to the fair when she was a little girl. She has fond memories of the fair. What process does her brain go through when she eats cotton candy?

a) Sensory cells reactive to taste and smell receptor cells, send information to Brynn's cerebral cortex. This information combines with memories that are activated by the amygdala to produce her perception of each cotton candy experience.

b) Skin cells reactive to temperature and touch combine with sensory cells responsible for texture, taste, and smell. This information is processed in the somatosensory pathway and combines with memories to produce her perception of each cotton candy experience.

c) Taste and smell receptor cells, along with skin cells reactive to temperature and touch, send information to the brain where it is processed in the thalamus before combining with memories to produce her perception of each cotton candy experience.

d) Sensory cells reactive to touch and temperature, along with taste and smell receptor cells, send information to her thalamus. This information combines with memories to produce her perception of each cotton candy experience.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

128. While imaging their brains, Dr. Baquero shows one group of participants repulsive scenes on a computer screen. A second group of participants tastes a small portion of revolting food. What should images from the participants’ brains reveal regarding cortical activity in the two groups of participants?

a) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the insula should be active among participants in the taste group.

b) The insula should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the piriform cortex should be active among participants in the taste group.

c) The insula should be active among participants in both groups.

d) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in both groups.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

129. Twenty-five-year-old Janessa, and her sixty-year old mother get into an elevator with a male passenger. Although scents do not usually affect her, Janessa is extremely bothered by the smell of the man’s aftershave, but her mother does not even seem to notice. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Janessa and her mother’s different reactions?

a) Janessa has not had the same level of exposure to aftershave as her mother. Therefore, she has not learned to like the smell.

b) Because of the age differences, Janessa has not habituated to the smell as quickly as her mother

c) Janessa may be ovulating whereas her mother’s sensitivity to odours has diminished after menopause.

d) Repulsive odours are processed in the insula which becomes less active with age. Therefore, Janessa would be more sensitive to the odour than her mother.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

130. The relationship between smell and memory reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the ___. The link between smell and emotion reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the ___.

a) amygdala; hippocampus

b) amygdala; amygdala, also

c) hippocampus; hippocampus, also

d) hippocampus; amygdala

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

131. Whenever Savannah smells fresh chocolate chip cookies baking, it reminds her of when she was a little girl and her mother used to bake cookies for her after school. Now when she smells chocolate chip cookies, she feels safe and secure. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by this example?

a) The olfactory system sends signals to the insula.

b) The olfactory system sends signals to the hippocampus.

c) The olfactory system is connected to the reward circuits in the brain.

d) The olfactory system could be considered part of a network.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

132. Thackery was on his honeymoon and was happily strolling along the fishing docks in Cuba with his partner when suddenly he was vividly reminded of the abuse he received at the hands of his father, in the fishing shed, when he was a boy. His horror and revulsion at remembering these harrowing events from his past at such a time could be accounted for by all the following EXCEPT

a) The olfactory system sends signals to the amygdala.

b) The olfactory system sends signals to the hippocampus.

c) The olfactory system is directly connected to the thalamus.

d) The olfactory system is considered part of a network.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

133. Which of the following represents the olfactory pathway from the nose to the brain?

a) olfactory receptor > thalamus > insula > cortex

b) olfactory bulb > olfactory nerve > thalamus > cortex

c) olfactory receptor > olfactory nerve > amygdala > hippocampus

d) olfactory receptor > olfactory nerve > olfactory bulb > cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

134. Which of the following accurately describes the pathway for the olfactory processing?

a) Nose – piriform cortex – olfactory bulb – thalamus – amygdala

b) Nose – Olfactory bulb – olfactory nerve – thalamus – piriform gyrus – amygdala

c) Nose – Olfactory nerve – piriform bulb – olfactory cortex – amygdala and hippocampus

d) Nose – olfactory nerve – olfactory bulb – piriform cortex and other brain areas

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

135. Annelle is a professional “perfume smeller” for a major cosmetics firm. She claims that “the nose” is a gift: Some people are just born with more sensitive olfactory mechanisms than others are. How does Annelle view the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up processes in olfaction? Is Annelle’s view of an innate olfactory talent supported by empirical research?

a) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process. Her view is supported by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is not plastic.

b) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process. Her view is discredited by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is highly plastic.

c) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process. Her view is discredited by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is not plastic.

d) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process. Her view is supported by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is highly plastic.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

136. Your text states that many of the developmental changes in taste preferences “. . . are the result of learning . . . However, . . . the gustatory system itself changes from infancy to adulthood.” The nonitalicized phrase underscores the importance of ___ processes in gustatory development. The italicized phrase points out the role of ___.

a) top-down; bottom-up processes

b) top-down; top-down processes as well

c) bottom-up; top-down processes

d) bottom-up; bottom-up processes as well

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

137. Which of the basic tastes are considered rewarding? Which are considered aversive?

a) Salty and sweet are considered rewarding. Sour and bitter are considered aversive.

b) Sweet is considered rewarding. Salty, sour, and bitter are considered aversive.

c) Sweet and sour are considered rewarding. Salty and bitter are considered aversive.

d) Sweet, sour, and salty are considered rewarding. Bitter is considered aversive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

138. Which of the following statements about how the brain processes smell and taste is TRUE?

a) All sensory systems have a main pathway that passes through the thalamus.

b) Rewarding tastes are processed separately from aversive tastes.

c) Olfactory and gustatory information are not combined in the brain.

d) Repulsive visual stimuli activate the amygdala while repulsive tastes activate the reward pathways.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

139. Revolting tastes are to the ____________ as revolting visual images are to the _____________.

a) thalamus; amygdala

b) amygdala; thalamus

c) insula; amygdala

d) insula; insula

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

140. How does the focus of the absolute threshold concept differ from that of the difference threshold concept?

a) Absolute threshold focuses on minimum stimulation levels while difference threshold focuses on changes in stimulus intensity.

b) Absolute threshold focuses on opening the pain gate while difference threshold focuses on closing it.

c) Absolute threshold focuses on subliminal perception of a stimulus while difference threshold focuses on its persuasive qualities.

d) Absolute threshold focuses on the transduction process while difference threshold focuses on the coding process.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

141. The difference between these two concepts becomes apparent when it is recognized that the __________ focuses on minimum stimulation levels, while the __________ focuses on changes in stimulus intensity.

a) absolute threshold; difference threshold

b) difference threshold; absolute threshold

c) coding; difference threshold

d) absolute threshold; coding

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

142. Darby is exposed to two odours that are below her just noticeable difference threshold. As a participant in a study, one of these odours is presented just before Darby receives a shock on her finger. What is likely to happen as a result?

a) She will be unable to detect either odour for a few days.

b) She will associate the shock with both odours.

c) She will now be able to discriminate between the two odours.

d) She will develop epileptic seizures triggered by either of the two odours.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

143. Nazir is unable to tell the difference between two odours that have very similar chemical structures. As a participant in a study, one of these odours is paired with the delivery of shock to the finger. What is likely to happen as a result?

a) Nazir will associate shock with both odours.

b) Nazir will now be able to discriminate between the two odours.

c) Nazir will be unable to detect either odour for a few days.

d) Nazir will develop epileptic seizures triggered by either of the two odours.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

144. How do we know that the chemical senses can be involved in epileptic seizures?

a) Some people smell a specific odour right before a migraine.

b) Supertasters have more migraine headaches than normal tasters.

c) The olfactory bulb is often the site of origination of epileptic seizures.

d) Specific odours can trigger seizures in some people.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

145. Jahar suffers from reflex epilepsy and experiences a seizure only after smelling roses. This suggests that

a) the olfactory pathways are crossed with multiple sensory pathways.

b) the seizure is likely initiated in the olfactory pathways.

c) Jahar will be anosmic for a few days following the seizure.

d) Jahar’s olfactory bulb is overactive and firing too many action potentials.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

146. Shuji experiences a specific odour hallucination right before he has an epileptic seizure. This suggests that

a) the seizure is likely initiated in the olfactory pathways.

b) his olfactory bulb is overactive.

c) specific odours are linked in Shuji’s memory with specific memories.

d) Shuji will suffer from anosmia for a few days following the seizure.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

147. Some people experience hallucinations before or during migraines or epileptic seizures. What are these hallucinations called? Which sensory system(s) do they involve?

a) These hallucinations are called auras and usually involve vision.

b) These hallucinations are called auras and may involve any sensory system.

c) These hallucinations are called ageusia’s and usually involve taste or smell.

d) These hallucinations are called ageusia’s and may involve any sensory system.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

148. Prior to a migraine headache, Freya experiences blind spots outlined by geometric designs in one of her visual fields. Freya’s friend Audrey also suffers from migraines, but she experiences a heavy metallic taste just prior to a headache. What are these sensory experiences called and what do they tell us about sensory system involvement?

a) These hallucinations are called auras and involve vision; Audrey probably has a more serious condition.

b) These hallucinations are called auras and may involve any sensory system.

c) These hallucinations are called auras and involve vision or taste.

d) These hallucinations are called auras and although they begin with migraines, they are a warning sign of future seizures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

149. Your text offers the hypothesis that picky eating in children may be adaptive in helping us survive. Which of the following findings would offer the strongest support for this hypothesis if it were true?

a) Children are picky eaters in a range of very different cultures around the world.

b) Children’s pickiness in their food preferences is related to their parents’ disciplinary styles.

c) In some of the world’s cultures, children are no pickier than adults in their food preferences.

d) Identical twins raised in different adoptive families are equally picky in their food preferences.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

150. What advice would you give to the mother of a four-year old who is a very picky eater?

a) It is normal for children to be picky eaters because they have so few taste buds, they only taste specific flavours.

b) It is normal for children to be picky eaters as their taste buds are not fully developed at this age.

c) It is normal for children to be picky eaters because they have a higher number of taste buds.

d) At the age of four, children prefer foods that have a sour taste. So, feed them foods that fit into that taste category.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

151. Based on your text’s discussion of the development of the sense of taste, which of the following statements is most likely true?

a) Research has confirmed the plasticity of both the piriform cortex and the insula.

b) Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of either the piriform cortex or the insula.

c) Research has established the plasticity of the insula. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the piriform cortex.

d) Research has established the plasticity of the piriform cortex. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

152. Daphne is 2. Eva is 8. Felipe is 14. Which alternative correctly identifies the basic tastes for which of these individuals have developed a preference?

a) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter

b) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet and sour

c) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet, sour, and bitter; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter

d) Daphne – sweet and sour; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

153. Aaron is a newborn. Which of the following statements is true with respect to his chemical senses?

a) Aaron prefers the odour of his mother’s milk to the odour of another woman’s milk.

b) Aaron will rapidly develop a preference for sour tastes.

c) Aaron’s ability to taste is quite poor.

d) Aaron does not yet show a preference for sweet tastes over bitter tastes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

154. Harper is one-week old. Which of the following statements is true with respect to her chemical senses?

a) Harper’s ability to differentiate tastes is poor.

b) Harper has a higher concentration of taste buds on her tongue than either of her parents.

c) Harper has a liking for sour tastes.

d) Harper does not yet show a preference for sweet tastes over bitter tastes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

155. Yusuf is three months old and has had nothing but breast milk. Today, his mother put a small sprinkle of sugar on his tongue for the first time. What is he likely to do in reaction to the sugar?

a) Turn his head away and grimace.

b) Purse his lips and open his eyes very widely.

c) Make sucking movements with his mouth.

d) Root for his mother’s breast.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

156. Pablo and Martina are brother and sister. If each is statistically like their own gender, how does Martina’s sensitivity to smell probably compare to Pablo’s?

a) Martina is less sensitive to smell than is Pablo, except during ovulation.

b) Martina is more sensitive to smell than is Pablo, except during ovulation.

c) Martina is less sensitive to smell than is Pablo, especially during ovulation.

d) Martina is more sensitive to smell than is Pablo, especially during ovulation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

157. Which of the following persons would be LEAST likely to detect different odours?

a) Jack – a 70-year-old male

b) Jill – a 26-year-old female

c) Maureen – a 65-year-old female

d) Martin – a 20-year-old male

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

158. Supertasters

a) have learned to become more sensitive to the four basic tastes.

b) make up 10% of the population.

c) can better detect a specific bitter chemical than other people can.

d) are more likely to be men than women.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

159. Ömer is a supertaster. This means that he

a) is especially averse to bitter flavours.

b) is in the top 10% of the population for taste sensitivity.

c) is most likely a very old man.

d) can regenerate his taste receptors faster than most people.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

160. Farzana easily detects and responds negatively to a specific bitter chemical. Jordi detects the chemical but has no reaction. Thaddeus does not detect the presence of the chemical. Into which categories would each of these three individuals be placed?

a) normal taster; diagnosed with ageusia; diagnosed with presence of dysgeusia.

b) enhanced taster; average taster; normal taster.

c) supertaster; medium taster; non-taster.

d) This is not a test used to differentiate people in any way.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

161. According to your text, the fact that a greater percentage of women than men are supertasters may have had adaptive significance. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to endorse this hypothesis?

a) Dr. Hahn, an evolutionary psychologist

b) Dr. Iverson, a neuropsychologist

c) Dr. Joseph, a cognitive psychologist

d) Dr. King, a behavioural psychologist

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

162. When given a bitter substance intended to categorize tasters, which of the following would be true?

a) Supertasters would find the taste to be less bitter than medium or non-tasters.

b) Medium tasters would detest the taste; supertasters would perceive the taste as a mixture of sweet and bitter.

c) Non-tasters would find the substance bitter, medium tasters do find the taste bitter but particularly offensive and supertasters would not detect the bitterness at all.

d) Non-tasters would not even notice the bitterness, medium tasters would notice it but not find it overly offensive, supertasters would find the taste repulsive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

163. Which of the following best describe relative prevalence of ageusia and anosmia?

a) Ageusia and anosmia are equally common.

b) Ageusia is rarer than anosmia.

c) Ageusia is somewhat more common than anosmia.

d) Ageusia is much more common than anosmia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

164. Oscar has suffered a viral infection in his brain and now has ageusia. This means that he

a) also has anosmia.

b) is a supertaster.

c) is unable to taste.

d) suffers from seizures that are triggered by specific tastes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

165. Jonah has suffered a viral infection in his brain and now has anosmia. This means that he

a) also has ageusia.

b) is a supertaster.

c) is unable to smell.

d) suffers from seizures that are triggered by specific tastes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

166. The inability to taste is called ___.

a) agnosia

b) ageusia

c) anosmia

d) aphasia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

167. Aziz has Alzheimer’s disease and is suffering from a diminished sense of smell. How is Alzheimer’s disease related to the olfactory system?

a) Women with Alzheimer’s disease report olfactory losses that men do not report. The cause is unknown.

b) There is no actual olfactory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease; instead, patients report loss because they cannot recall specific odours.

c) A common taste disorder associated with Alzheimer’s disease interferes with olfactory function.

d) Degeneration of olfactory receptor neurons and neurons in the olfactory brain regions are associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

168. Marissa suffered a head injury in a motor vehicle accident. As a result, she complains that she is unable to taste even though her gustatory system is intact. What is most likely Marissa’s problem?

a) Marissa taste buds are functional, but her the message is not being transmitted from the thalamus to the amygdala.

b) Marissa is suffering from ageusia.

c) Marissa has suffered damage to her olfactory system.

d) Marissa has probably sustained damage to her olfactory cilia.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

169. Which of the following statements about the gustatory system over time is FALSE?

a) A taste for bitter foods emerges in young adulthood.

b) Children have taste buds on their tongues, palates, inside their cheeks and back of their mouths.

c) Children develop a taste for sour foods around age seven.

d) The ability to taste is well-formed at birth.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

170. Which tactile receptors respond to vibrations and heavy pressure?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) Pacinian corpuscles

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

171. Henry is working on a construction site and using a jackhammer for the first time. The machine was fairly heavy and vibrated something fierce. Which sensory receptor would most likely respond to this sensation?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Pacinian corpuscles

c) Meissner’s corpuscles

d) Ruffini’s end-organs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

172. Although Rodney has the ringer on his cell phone turned off, he knows when he receives a call because he can feel the cell phone vibrate in his shirt pocket. The sensory receptors that would respond to the vibrating cell phone are the _______________.

a) Meissner’s corpuscles

b) Free-nerve endings

c) Ruffini’s end-organs

d) Pacinian corpuscles

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

173. Which tactile receptors respond to temperature?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) free nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

174. Ye-eun is baking a pie. When she reaches in to take the pie out of the oven, she burns the top of her arm. Which tactile receptors will inform Ye-eun she has been burned?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) free nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

175. Ricardo has just stubbed his toe. Which sensory receptor will send the message that he is in pain?

a) free-nerve endings

b) Pacinian corpuscles

c) Merkel’s discs

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

176. Which tactile receptors register the movement of joints?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) free nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

177. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a location?

a) free nerve endings – deep in the skin

b) Meissner’s corpuscles – near the surface of the skin

c) Pacinian corpuscles – in the hairless parts of the body

d) Ruffini’s end-organs – deep in the skin

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

178. Eduardo plays hockey for a local team. Which sensory receptors would register the movement of Eduardo’s joints as he skates down the ice?

a) Meissner’s corpuscle

b) Merkel’s disc

c) Free-nerve ending

d) Ruffini’s end-organs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

179. Which tactile receptors are found in the hairless regions of the body?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) free nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

180. Martina is in a fabric store. As she runs her fingers over different fabrics, which tactile receptors would give her information about different textures?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) free nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

181. Holly is experiencing what it is like to read Braille by closing her eyes and running her fingertips over the arrays of bumps. Which sensory receptor would most likely respond to this sensation?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Pacinian corpuscles

c) Meissner’s corpuscles

d) Ruffini’s end-organs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

182. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a function?

a) Merkel’s discs –. register light to moderate pressure

b) Ruffini’s end-organs –. transduces information about sensitive touch

c) Meissner’s corpuscles – respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

d) Pacinian corpuscles – register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

183. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a function?

a) Merkel’s discs – respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

b) Ruffini’s end-organs – register light to moderate pressure

c) Meissner’s corpuscles – transduces information about sensitive touch

d) Pacinian corpuscles – register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

184. The absolute threshold for touch is ___ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated.

a) negatively

b) positively

c) perfectly

d) not

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

185. The areas of the body more sensitive to touch have _____free nerve endings. This relationship is _____.

a) a greater number of; a negative correlation

b) a greater number of; a positive correlation

c) more sensitive; not meaningfully significant

d) more sensitive; is not statistically significant

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

186. Information about touch is processed in the ___ of the brain.

a) frontal lobe

b) motor cortex

c) somatosensory cortex

d) vestibular cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

187. Tactile input from the ___ would occupy the most cortical space in the somatosensory cortex.

a) torso

b) back

c) hands

d) feet

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

188. Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to ___ cortex in the ___ lobe.

a) motor; frontal

b) motor; parietal

c) somatosensory; frontal

d) somatosensory; parietal

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

189. If the somatosensory cortex were cut off from the rest of the body, this would cause

a) an inability to move.

b) an inability to integrate information across different senses.

c) an inability to maintain body posture and balance.

d) an inability to feel touch sensations.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

190. What would happen if the somatosensory cortex were NOT able to receive signals from the body?

a) an inability to move

b) an inability to integrate information across different senses

c) an inability to feel touch sensations

d) an inability to maintain body posture and balance

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

191. Sunita’s power went out and she reached for her flashlight. What is the first thing that would happen in her somatosensory pathway as she touched the flashlight?

a) Her thalamus relays the information to her somatosensory cortex.

b) Her spinal cord sends signals to her hand to feel for the flashlight.

c) Her receptors respond to the external tactile stimulation.

d) The information is relayed up her spinal cord.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

192. Chloe loved to stroke the soft fuzzy scalp of her new baby. What is the immediate thing happening in Chloe’s somatosensory system allowing her to enjoy this sensation?

a) Her thalamus relays the information to her somatosensory cortex.

b) Her spinal cord sends signals to her hand to feel for the flashlight.

c) Her receptors respond to the external tactile stimulation.

d) The information is relayed up her spinal cord.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

193. Relative to the location of the stimulation, tactile information is processed on the __ side of the brain; that is, it is processed ___.

a) opposite; ipsilaterally

b) opposite; contralaterally

c) same; ipsilaterally

d) same; contralaterally

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

194. Gurdeep has sustained an injury in his right somatosensory cortex in the area corresponding to his hand. What would this do to Gurdeep’s abilities?

a) He would be unable to move his left hand.

b) He would be unable to feel touch or temperature in his left hand.

c) He would be unable to move his right hand.

d) He would be unable to feel touch or temperature in his right hand.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

195. Leah fell from a climbing wall and injured her right somatosensory cortex, specifically in the area corresponding to her leg. How would this injury manifest in Leah’s daily life?

a) She would be unable to feel touch or temperature in her right leg.

b) She would be unable to move her right leg.

c) She would be unable to feel touch or temperature in her left leg.

d) She would be unable to move her left leg.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

195. Ouch! A paper cut! You jerk your hand away from the sheet just as a tiny droplet of blood appears on your finger. The cut’s pain signal travels to your brain along the ___ axons of the ___ pain pathway.

a) unmyelinated; slow

b) myelinated; slow

c) unmyelinated; fast

d) myelinated; fast

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

196. The fast pathway would most likely be used to carry pain signals in all the following examples EXCEPT

a) stubbing your toe.

b) getting frostbite.

c) burning your hand on the stove.

d) getting a paper cut.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

197. Which of the following is NOT true about the somatosensory cortex?

a) It processes information from the opposite side of the body.

b) It receives tactile information via the thalamus.

c) It does not have equal representation of all parts of the body.

d) It receives pain information from the fast and slow pathways.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

198. The slower pain pathway uses ___ axons and communicates with the ___ in the brain.

a) myelinated; amygdala

b) myelinated; hypothalamus

c) unmyelinated; amygdala

d) unmyelinated; hypothalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

199. Odelia stubbed her toe on the corner of a desk. What would be the most practical way of dealing with her pain?

a) Wait it out – endorphins will ease the pain.

b) Wait it out – according to gate theory, the pain will subside.

c) Rub it – this will cause endorphins to be released and ease the pain.

d) Rub it – according to gate theory this will prevent pain from travelling on slow pathways.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

200. Carmen and Rosalie were recently in a car accident. Carmen broke his ankle and Rosalie broke her arm. Which of the following statements most accurately describes their pain?

a) The pain message from Carmen’s ankle would travel via the fast pathway; the pain message from Rosalie’s arm would travel via the slow pathway.

b) The pain message from Carmen’s ankle would travel via the slow pathway; the pain message from Rosalie’s arm would travel via the fast pathway.

c) Carmen would report greater pain than Rosalie.

d) Rosalie would report greater pain than Carmen.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

201. Olivia has fallen and broken her leg. Although initially, she felt a very sharp pain, it has now progressed to a constant burning pain. Which of the following accurately describes the pain Olivia is experiencing?

a) Olivia’s pain messages were and continue to be travelling along the fast pathway of myelinated neurons.

b) Olivia’s pain messages were and continue to be travelling along the slow pathway of unmyelinated neurons.

c) Olivia’s pain messages were initially sent along the myelinated neurons but is now being sent along unmyelinated neurons.

d) Olivia’s pain messages were initially sent along unmyelinated neurons but is now being sent along myelinated neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

202. Pain information received via the fast pathway

a) is not possible in infants immediately following birth.

b) is disconnected from the somatosensory cortex and instead send signals to the spinal cord.

c) uses unmyelinated axons.

d) initiates a withdrawal reflex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

203. With respect to the development of the tactile senses, which of the following statements is true?

a) Although the tactile senses are highly developed at birth, there is still substantial development in these senses for many years following birth.

b) The tactile senses are almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development in these senses following birth.

c) Although the tactile senses are poorly developed at birth, the development of these senses is virtually complete by the age of 2.

d) The tactile senses are poorly developed at birth. The development of these senses continues for many years following birth.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

204. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the development of the tactile senses?

a) Tactile senses develop at a relatively early age during prenatal development.

b) Children have higher thresholds for pain than adults do.

c) After birth, the ability to recognize and respond to different somatosensory stimuli depends on brain development.

d) Children are more susceptible to being tickled than adults.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

205. Ivan is going bungie jumping and he has to wear a special harness that fits snuggly across his ribs. The problem is that his ribs are extremely ticklish, and he cannot stand having the instructor buckle him up without having a tickle fit. So, he does his best to do up his own harness and the instructor inspects the finished job. Why was Ivan able to do it himself when he was too ticklish with the instructor?

a) The instructor was trying to tickle him.

b) The tactile stimulation is surprising when the instructor is doing it.

c) Ivan’s tactile threshold is higher when the instructor is tickling him than when he tickles himself.

d) Ivan is beginning to outgrow the ticklish stage, as indicated by the fact that he can no longer tickle himself.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

206. Studies of pain thresholds suggest that which groups of individuals have a lower threshold for detecting pain?

a) women

b) children

c) men

d) older adults

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

207. How does your text explain the fact that the pain threshold is lower among women than among men? Is this a bottom-up or a top-down account?

a) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a bottom-up account.

b) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a bottom-up account.

c) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a top-down account.

d) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a top-down account.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

208. Which of the following accurately describes the pain experience of both males and females?

a) Males have a lower threshold for detecting pain than females.

b) Females have a lower threshold for detecting pain than males.

c) Males and females have similar thresholds for detecting pain.

d) Females can detect pain better than males but are better at coping with it.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

209. In an fMRI study, Dr. Marvin exposes participants to high heat. Participants rate how painful they find the heat. Which of the following hypotheses is most reasonable considering your text’s discussion?

a) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the thalamus.

b) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the thalamus.

c) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.

d) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

210. As discussed in your textbook, individual responses to painful stimulation have been supported by which of the following conclusions?

a) Participants exposed to high heat who reported pain showed thalamic changes in activity but no changes in cortical region activity whereas those who reported no pain showed changes in both thalamic and cortical region activity.

b) Participants exposed to high heat who reported pain showed changes in both thalamic activity and cortical region activity whereas those who reported no pain showed thalamic changes in activity but no changes in cortical region activity.

c) Participants exposed to high heat who reported pain had a higher number of sensory receptors in their skin than those who reported no pain.

d) Participants exposed to high heat who reported no pain had a higher number of sensory receptors in their skin than those who reported pain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

211. How has the gate control theory of pain changed in recent years?

a) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the brain itself.

b) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the spinal cord.

c) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control.

d) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

212. According to the more recent versions of the gate control theory of pain, why are some people more sensitive to pain than others?

a) Some people have more pain receptors than others.

b) The spinal cord of some people is more efficient at blocking the pain signal travelling to the brain.

c) Some people experience a greater release of endorphins in the brain.

d) There are differences in the individuals’ gating mechanisms in the brain which causes individual differences in pain thresholds.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

213. In Canada, approximately 1 in ___ people suffer from chronic pain.

a) 3

b) 6

c) 8

d) 10

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

214. Avery injured her back, and after four surgeries, she is no longer able to work due to the pain. Based on research discussed in your textbook, there is a 50 percent probability that Avery also suffers from ___.

a) cancer

b) hypochondriasis

c) depression

d) obsessive compulsive disorder

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

215. Bryant suffers from chronic pain. There is a _______% chance that Bryant also suffers from ____________

a) 25; anxiety

b) 25; depression

c) 50; anxiety

d) 50; depression

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

216. The pain-relieving chemicals naturally produced by the nervous system belong to a class of substances called ___; this class also includes ___.

a) stimulants; cocaine and amphetamine

b) depressants; alcohol and valium

c) opiates; heroin and morphine

d) opiates; alcohol and valium

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

217. Fernanda is training for the triathlon competition. After running 10 kilometers, she had to ride her bicycle 40 kilometers and now as she is completing the 2 kilometer swim. Fernanda had experienced a great deal of pain in her legs during the bicycle portion of the triathlon, but now she finds that she has no pain and can concentrate on completing the competition. Which of the following explains why Fernanda is no longer experiencing pain?

a) Fernanda has experienced a release of adrenaline.

b) Fernanda’s original pain was caused by messages travelling on the fast pathway. Now the pain is travelling on the slow pathway, so it is not as severe.

c) Fernanda has experienced a release of exogenous opiates in her nervous system.

d) Fernanda has experienced a release of endorphins and enkephalins.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

218. What endogenous chemical would be released by neurons following intense physical exertion or stress?

a) morphine

b) GABA

c) endorphins

d) serotonin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

219. Samuel was born with the inability to detect pain. Opal lost the ability to detect pain through a medical condition blocking messages from her extremities. Samuel suffers from ___. Opal suffers from ___.

a) neuropathy; neuropathy too

b) neuropathy; dysautonomia

c) dysautonomia; dysautonomia too

d) dysautonomia; neuropathy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

220. Three-year-old Devin has familial dysautonomia. This means that Devin

a) is not able to block pain sensations.

b) is not able to produce endorphins or enkephalins.

c) is not able to feel pain at all.

d) is not able to feel pain in his extremities, such as his legs and feet.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

221. Which of the following is associated with the lack of pain and temperature sensations?

a) phantom limb sensations

b) familial dysautonomia

c) gate control theory

d) enkephalins

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

222. Which of the following facts about detecting pain is FALSE?

a) Women have adapted the ability to withstand more intense pain than men, due to the need to deliver children.

b) In some areas of the body, women have twice as many pain receptors as men.

c) Distraction and breathing techniques can help individuals withstand more intense pain.

d) Pain sensations travelling along the slow pathway can be somewhat prevented by activating the fast pathway using touch.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

223. Which of the following facts about detecting pain is true?

a) Women have adapted the ability to withstand more intense pain than men, due to the need to deliver children.

b) In some areas of the body, women have twice as many pain receptors as men.

c) All pain pathways by-pass the thalamus and have direct connections with the cortex.

d) Anxiously focusing on the painful stimulus makes it feel better.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

224. Your textbook discusses why it is important for us to feel pain. Which type of psychologists would support the argument that recognizing pain is critical for preventing physical damage to the body?

a) cognitive

b) evolutionary

c) clinical

d) behavioural

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

225. Your text states that “when a body part is removed . . . somatosensory inputs from intact body parts expand to occupy those regions of the cortex.” Recall the processes of neural development described in Chapter 4. Which concepts are most clearly suggested by this passage?

a) plasticity and neurogenesis

b) plasticity and synaptogenesis

c) plasticity and neuropathy

d) neurogenesis and synaptogenesis

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

226. The processes of plasticity and synaptogenesis described in Chapter are illustrated by which of the following?

a) Charles has lost the ability to smell.

b) Mehdi was born with the inability to feel pain and therefore chewed off part of his tongue and injured his eye when young.

c) Beatriz was in a car accident that injured her back and now suffers chronic incessant pain.

d) Diana suffers from phantom limb sensation, responding to a touch on the cheek as if her hand were being touched

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

227. Kyle is experiencing extreme pain in his left arm. The only problem is that his left arm was amputated two years ago! According to Ramachandran, ___ can help decrease the pain.

a) electroconvulsive therapy

b) mirror box therapy

c) Lamaze therapy

d) meditation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

228. One treatment for phantom limb is the placement of mirrors by the individual on the same side as the missing limb. The patient is then instructed to move the intact limb. This treatment is known as ___.

a) limb reflection therapy

b) pseudo-limb replacement therapy

c) mirror box therapy

d) mirror illusion therapy

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

229. Of the following, who is MOST likely to suffer from phantom limb pain?

a) Midori, who had her leg amputated after suffering very painful bone cancer.

b) Julian, who was born missing his right hand.

c) Letisha, who always wore a wristwatch on the arm she had amputated.

d) They are all equally likely to suffer phantom limb pain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

230. Phantom limb sensations reflect NOT only the reorganization of somatosensory cortex, but also patients’ memory for sensations they experienced prior to the removal of the body part. The contribution of cortical reorganization to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a ___ influence. The contribution of memory exemplifies a ___.

a) top-down; top-down influence also

b) top-down; bottom-up influence

c) bottom-up; bottom-up influence also

d) bottom-up; top-down influence

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

231. Which of the following is a true statement??

a) Phantom limb sensation and phantom limb pain refer to the same phenomenon.

b) Phantom limb sensation and phantom limb pain refer to different phenomenon.

c) Phantom limb is not physically real but is instead psychologically created by the sufferer.

d) Phantom limb operates independent of memory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

232. Phantom limb pain exists in amputees because

a) the original wound was so severe that the pain never goes away.

b) nerve cells send conflicting messages to the brain and those signals are interpreted as pain.

c) the brain abruptly stops receiving messages from the amputated limb, which triggers a neurological "alarm".

d) amputees themselves focus so hard on their injury that pain-like signals are produced.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

233. Which of the following best describes what happens if a master classical guitarist plucks the low E string of her guitar?

a) The string causes the air to vibrate and creates a wave pattern.

b) The string heats the air around it, sending out sound waves.

c) The string cools the air around it, compressing the molecules.

d) The string vibrates faster than the higher-pitched strings.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

234. Which type of sensory information does the auditory system convert into neural impulses?

a) vibrations in the air

b) air temperature

c) chemicals in the air

d) air texture

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

235. The number of cycles a sound wave completes in a certain amount of time is referred to as the sound’s ___ and is measured in ___.

a) amplitude; Hertz

b) frequency; decibels

c) amplitude; decibels

d) frequency; Hertz

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

236. The frequency of a sound is responsible for producing ___.

a) amplitude

b) Hertz

c) pitch

d) timbre

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

237. Pitch is to loudness, as ___ is to ___.

a) frequency; decibels

b) decibels; frequency

c) timbre; amplitude

d) amplitude; timbre

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

238. Frequency is to amplitude as ___ is to ___.

a) loudness; pitch

b) pitch: hue

c) pitch; loudness

d) decibels; Hertz

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

239. Lianne is listening to a sound wave that varies in frequency from high to low. This means that the sound is

a) changing from loud to soft.

b) moving far away and coming closer again.

c) decreasing in complexity.

d) becoming lower in pitch.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

240. An example of a low-frequency sound is

a) a flute.

b) a baby crying.

c) a tuba.

d) a squeal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

241. The strength of a given sound wave cycle is the sound’s ___ and is measured in ___.

a) frequency; Hertz

b) frequency; decibels

c) amplitude; Hertz

d) amplitude; decibels

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

242. Which of the following would describe the pattern for a loud, low-pitched explosion such as a cannon firing?

a) Amplitude would be high and frequency would be low.

b) Amplitude would be high and frequency would be high.

c) Amplitude would be low and frequency would be low.

d) Amplitude would be low and frequency would be high.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

243. A sound wave of low amplitude would sound

a) very rhythmic.

b) very soft.

c) very complex.

d) very low pitched.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

244. Igor is listening to a sound wave that varies in amplitude from low to high. This means that the sound is

a) becoming higher in pitch.

b) changing from soft to loud.

c) moving far away and coming closer again.

d) increasing in complexity.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

245. In a study Dr. Enderby is systematically varying the amplitude of a sound wave and asking observers to indicate how loud the sound seems. In this study, amplitude is a(n) ___ variable. Dr. Enderby should display the results of the study using a(n) ___.

a) dependent; line graph

b) dependent; bar graph

c) independent; line graph

d) independent; bar graph

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

246. What is the technical term for the ear drum?

a) occipital membrane

b) tympanic membrane

c) rhythmic membrane

d) temporal membrane

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

247. Collectively, the three small bones in the ear are called the ___.

a) maleus

b) incus

c) ossicles

d) stapes

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

248. The ossicles are

a) a thin membrane where sound waves enter the cochlea.

b) a thin membrane in the cochlea.

c) another word for the eardrum.

d) tiny bones in the ear.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

249. Vibrations in the ________ create waves in the cochlear fluid, which deflects the basilar membrane.

a) tympanic membrane

b) oval window

c) hammer

d) cilia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

250. Which of the following ear structures is correctly paired with a description?

a) tympanic membrane – covered with auditory hair cells

b) ossicles – bones of the middle ear

c) basilar membrane – fluid-filled structure in the inner ear

d) cochlea – ear drum

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

251. The last of the three ossicles contacts which part of the ear?

a) the cochlea

b) the basilar membrane

c) the oval window

d) the tympanic membrane

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

252. Which of the following reflects the correct order of structures that sound waves must encounter for hearing?

a) tympanic membrane – oval window—ossicles—cochlea---

b) oval window – tympanic membrane – ossicles—cochlea

c) tympanic membrane – ossicles – oval window –cochlea

d) tympanic membrane -- ossicles – cochlea – oval window

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

253. After the hair cells transduce the auditory information, it travels from the cochlea to the

a) brain stem, thalamus, and then the auditory cortex.

b) thalamus, brain stem, amygdala, and then the association cortex.

c) brain stem, thalamus, amygdala, and then the auditory cortex.

d) thalamus, amygdala, auditory cortex, and then the brain stem.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

254. In the auditory pathway, what happens immediately after the oval window vibrates?

a) The tympanic membrane vibrates.

b) Waves are created in the basilar membrane that bend the hair cells.

c) Neural impulses are sent to the thalamus and auditory cortex.

d) The incus sends a signal on to the stapes.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

255. The auditory sensory receptors are

a) bipolar cells that are embedded in the cochlea.

b) bipolar cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane.

c) hair cells that are embedded in the cochlea.

d) hair cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

256. A high-pitched squeal could be distinguished from other sounds because

a) hair cells along the ossicles would be stimulated.

b) hair cells would send neural impulses to the brain at the same rate as the squeal's frequency.

c) the tympanic membrane would vibrate at the same frequency as the squeal.

d) different parts of the basilar membrane would selectively vibrate.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

257. If there is fluid in your cochlea, then you

a) probably are experiencing conduction hearing loss.

b) have tinnitus.

c) are at risk for sensorineural hearing loss.

d) are perfectly normal.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

258. Peri was watching a YouTube video and found it annoying because the audio and video were not synchronous. Why is this troubling to Peri?

a) Peri’s tonotopic map is organized to interpret information differently than it is being projected.

b) Peri’s association areas generally integrate and coordinate information from other sensory modalities. In this instance the information is not integrating.

c) The hair cells in Peri’s basilar membrane are tuned to the wrong frequency and this is causing confusion.

d) The visual image is unrelated to the amplitude of the sounds Peri is listening to, causing deflection in the tympanic membrane.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

259. Mario believes that individuals can tell the difference between certain pitches because of the stimulation of hair cells in the ear - he especially believes this to be true for high-pitched sounds. Mario believes in the

a) place theory of hearing.

b) frequency theory of hearing.

c) audition theory.

d) cochlea theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

260. Scientists are excited to have discovered a new species of primate deep in the jungle. Most surprising is that this new primate species has a basilar membrane that is two times longer than ours, and it contains twice as many hair cells. Based on these anatomical findings, what would the place theory of pitch perception assume about this primate’s auditory abilities?

a) It would have absolute pitch.

b) It would require louder sounds in order to hear them.

c) It would be able to hear better under water.

d) It would hear a wider range of frequencies than we do.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

261. Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

a) cochlea – basilar membrane – hair cells

b) cochlea – hair cells – basilar membrane

c) basilar membrane – hair cells – cochlea

d) basilar membrane – cochlea – hair cells

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

262. Which of the following sequences correctly reflects the order of events in which sound waves are converted into neural impulses in the ear, from first to last?

a) deflection of the basilar membrane – formation of wave in cochlea – vibration of the ossicles – deflection of the tympanic membrane

b) deflection of the basilar membrane – vibration of the ossicles – formation of wave in cochlea – deflection of the tympanic membrane

c) deflection of the tympanic membrane – formation of wave in cochlea –vibration of the ossicles – deflection of the basilar membrane

d) deflection of the tympanic membrane – vibration of the ossicles – formation of wave in cochlea – deflection of the basilar membrane

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

263. In the auditory pathway, what happens immediately after the hair cells bend?

a) Neural impulses are sent to the thalamus and auditory cortex.

b) Neural impulses are communicated to the auditory nerve.

c) Waves are created in the basilar membrane.

d) The oval window vibrates.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

264. Which of the following is not a brain area to which auditory information travels after it leaves the cochlea?

a) thalamus

b) brain stem

c) amygdala

d) association cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

265. Part of the primary auditory cortex is organized in a tonotopic map. The term “tonotopic map” refers to

a) a structure in the cochlea that maps out where hair cells should be.

b) a structure in the auditory cortex that maps out where sounds of different amplitudes should be.

c) representation in the auditory cortex of different sound amplitudes.

d) representation in the auditory cortex of difference sound frequencies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

266. The tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex refers to the fact that in the brain,

a) different sound locations from the environment are represented in different regions of the auditory cortex.

b) different frequencies of sound are represented in different areas of the auditory cortex.

c) different amplitudes of sound are represented in different areas of the auditory cortex.

d) different kinds of sound are represented in different regions of the auditory cortex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

267. The fact that our auditory cortex is organized tonotopically means that

a) different frequencies are specifically represented.

b) different locations of sounds are specifically represented.

c) different types of sounds are specifically represented.

d) different loudness of sound is specifically represented.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

268. Part of primary auditory cortex is organized as a ___ map of the different pitches in the sounds we hear.

a) sonotopic

b) audiotopic

c) tonotopic

d) cochleotopic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

269. Dr. Horner is conducting research on the development of the tonotopic map in the auditory cortex of rats. He repeatedly exposes both young and old rats to pure tones. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what Dr. Horner will find?

a) There will be a larger representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of the older rats.

b) There will be equal representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of both the old and young rats.

c) There will be a larger representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of the young rats.

d) Bottom-up processes can help reorganize the auditory cortex of older rats even after the sensitive period is over.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

270. Which of the following is the best source of evidence that organization in the primary auditory cortex is tonotopic, and that this organization occurs during a sensitive period in development?

a) Animals exposed to pure tones during a certain time in development show more representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex than similar exposure later in development.

b) Infants who were exposed to pure tones during the last 2 months of gestation are more likely to exhibit absolute pitch.

c) Animals raised without exposure to sound never develop the ability to hear low frequency sounds.

d) Infants show a preference for female voices over male voices, and this shapes their auditory cortex to prefer higher frequencies.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

271. When you are sitting in class listening to a lecture, it is important that you understand what your professor is saying. Which of the following statements is NOT true about language comprehension?

a) Language comprehension takes place in a brain region linked to the auditory association areas.

b) It is more difficult to comprehend speech sounds if we do not also have visual information.

c) Part of language comprehension involves top-down processing.

d) Most of language comprehension occurs in the primary auditory cortex.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

272. Which theory of audition states that different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials in our auditory nerves?

a) tonotopic

b) place

c) frequency

d) association

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

273. Sandy is hiking in the woods with a friend. She hears a low growling sound coming from her right. When she asks her friend about it, he says he hears nothing. After walking a bit further, a hawk shrieks, which startles Sandy's friend. What best explains why Sandy's friend heard the hawk, but NOT the bear?

a) both place and frequency theories of hearing

b) the place theory of hearing

c) the frequency theory of hearing

d) the auditory theory of hearing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

274. Frequency theory attempts to explain the perception of ___. Place theory attempts to explain the perception of ___.

a) loudness; loudness

b) loudness; pitch

c) pitch; pitch

d) pitch; loudness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

275. Which of the following statements best captures the relative adequacy of the frequency and place theories as accounts of sound perception?

a) Neither frequency theory nor place theory offer an adequate account of sound perception.

b) Place theory seems a better theory of sound perception than does frequency theory.

c) Frequency theory seems a better theory of sound perception than does place theory.

d) Both frequency theory and place theory offer adequate accounts of sound perception.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

276. While high frequency sounds are best explained by the ___ theory of pitch perception, low frequency sounds are best explained by the ___ theory.

a) timing in each ear; loudness in each ear

b) tonotopic; basilar

c) place; frequency

d) amplitude; place

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

277. Which term refers to the rare ability to recognize an individual note in isolation?

a) absolute pitch

b) absolute frequency

c) absolute amplitude

d) absolute sound

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

278. Ramona hypothesizes that the ability of absolute pitch conveys an adaptive advantage. Your text reports that absolute pitch is likely among speakers of tonal languages than among speakers of nontonal languages. How does this finding relate to Ramona’s hypothesis?

a) It does not; the finding is irrelevant to Ramona’s hypothesis.

b) The finding argues against Ramona’s hypothesis.

c) The finding offers moderate support for Ramona’s hypothesis.

d) The finding offers significant for Ramona’s hypothesis.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

279. In Western countries, about 1 in ___ people have absolute pitch.

a) 100

b) 1000

c) 10,000

d) 100,000

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

280. Martina is going to undergo a test to see if she has absolute pitch. This test would be looking to see if Martina can

a) detect sounds at lower intensities than the average person.

b) copy any song perfectly after hearing it only once.

c) recognize or produce any note on a musical scale.

d) dissect complex sound waves into their individual harmonies.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

281. Dr. Peterson is performing brain surgery on a patient who has absolute pitch. What could Dr. Peterson expect to find in his patient’s brain that is different from the brain of an average person?

a) This patient would have more synapses in their cortex.

b) This patient would have more auditory receptors.

c) This patient would have portions of their cortex that are thinner.

d) This patient would have action potentials that travel faster in their auditory cortex.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

282. Tone deafness is also called ___.

a) anaudia

b) asonia

c) amusia

d) atonia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

283. Mandy cannot tell the difference between tones of varying frequencies, such as the sound of her doorbell (a high-pitched ‘ding’) and the sound of her dishwasher (a low-pitched ‘ding’). She also does not enjoy listening to music the way other people do. Most likely, Mandy has a condition known as

a) nerve deafness.

b) conduction deafness.

c) amusia.

d) tinnitus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

284. Which of the following would result in conduction hearing loss?

a) Mia’s eardrum is injured during an explosion.

b) Rae’s auditory nerve is damaged during surgery.

c) Oscar listens to his music at top volume, making the house shake.

d) Avery regularly works with explosives and does not often wear ear protection.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

285. Which of the following would be the biggest problem for someone diagnosed with amusia?

a) if they had children with someone who also had amusia

b) if they had to determine the source of a sound

c) if they lived in a culture where the language is tonal

d) if it occurred later in life when the auditory pathways are set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

286. Approximately ____ of the population have amusia, which results in

a) 1%; the ability to identify notes in isolation.

b) 1%; the inability to identify notes in isolation.

c) 4%; strong musical ability – particularly vocal ability.

d) 4%; a diminished appreciation for music.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

287. The noise of the crowd in the bar fades into the background as Latriece becomes engrossed in a conversation with her date. Suddenly, she hears her name mentioned a dozen feet down the bar: her ears perk up. This example illustrates the ___ effect, a ___ influence on auditory perception.

a) cocktail party; top-down

b) cocktail party; bottom-up

c) happy-hour; top-down

d) happy-hour; bottom-up

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

288. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of the cocktail party effect?

a) Otto was listening to his phone until he heard his name being spoken by someone nearby.

b) Otto skipped dinner and went from one cocktail party to another all night.

c) Otto put headphones on his wife’s stomach and played music for his fetus.

d) Otto has a ringing in his hears after spending an evening at a cocktail party.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

289. The ability to carry on to conversation in the middle of a noisy room is called the ____________ and is an example of _______ processing.

a) selective attention; top-down

b) cocktail party effect; bottom-up

c) cocktail party effect; top-down

d) selective attention; bottom-up and top-down

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

290. What cues are used to localize sound?

a) loudness in each ear

b) timing

c) adjusting our heads

d) all the above

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

291. Hadley hears the faint sound of a police siren. As time passes, the sound of the siren gets louder. Which of the following sound cues will provide Hadley with the most useful information about the location of the police car?

a) loudness in each ear

b) general loudness

c) distance of loudness

d) timing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

292. Keziah is in the library studying when there is suddenly a loud noise. Keziah immediately turns her head to the right and sees that someone has knocked a pile of books off a table onto the floor. Which sound localization cue did Keziah use to know in which direction to look?

a) general loudness

b) loudness in each ear

c) timing

d) distance of loudness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

293. While sitting in a coffee shop, Hildebrandt is listening to a scandalous conversation at a neighbouring table. Without turning her head, which of the following sound cues will provide Hildebrandt with the MOST useful information in figuring out at which neighbouring table the conversation is taking place?

a) general loudness

b) loudness in each ear

c) timing

d) both a & b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

294. If a sound were to come from directly above your head, which sound localization cue might be most useful in helping you locate the source of the sound?

a) General loudness

b) Loudness in each ear

c) Distance of loudness

d) Adjusting your head and body position

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

295. With respect to the development of the ability to recognize sounds, which of the following statements is true?

a) Although many sounds can be recognized at birth, there is still substantial development in the ability to recognize sounds for many years following birth.

b) The ability to recognize sounds is almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development following birth.

c) Although the ability to recognize sounds is poorly developed at birth, the development of this ability is virtually complete by the age of 2.

d) The ability to recognize sounds is poorly developed at birth. The development of this ability continues for many years following birth.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

296. Dr. Tannenhaus is seeking funding to support a program to develop music skills among middle-school students in the fifth through seventh grades. You are on the committee evaluating his grant application. Which of the following pieces of feedback should you give him?

a) I would reject Dr. Tannenhaus’ proposal. The ability to acquire music skills is fixed at birth and is unlikely to be influenced by instruction or learning.

b) I would support Dr. Tannenhaus’ proposal. The program is right on target.

c) I would encourage Dr. Tannenhaus to revise the proposal, targeting the program at high-schoolers in the ninth through twelfth grades rather than middle-schoolers. Older students are more likely to have the cognitive skills necessary to benefit from the program.

d) I would encourage Dr. Tannenhaus to revise the proposal, targeting the program at preschoolers rather than middle-schoolers. The preschool years are the sensitive period in which the ability to acquire music skills is at its peak.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

297. Which of the following supports the notion of a sensitive period in the development of language and music learning?

a) Fetuses respond to loud noises with a startle reflex.

b) A newborn will demonstrate a preference for their mother’s voice to other voices.

c) Tonotopic mapping occurs in early stages of development.

d) Speech sounds are preferred over nonspeech sounds in even very young infants.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

298. Maryam has accumulated so much wax in her left ear that sounds are muffled. Maryam is experiencing

a) conduction deafness.

b) obstructive deafness.

c) nerve deafness.

d) the honeycomb effect.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

299. One month ago, Felix was scuba diving and ruptured the eardrum of his right ear. He is currently unable to hear sound in his right ear. Felix is suffering from

a) nerve deafness.

b) conduction deafness.

c) obstructive deafness.

d) transmission deafness.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

300. Research has found that, since the introduction of the ‘ear bud” earphone, the hearing ability of the average 21-year old of today is equivalent to the average 80-year old of ten years ago. This suggests that the “ear bud” might be causing

a) conduction deafness.

b) obstructive deafness.

c) amplitude deafness.

d) nerve deafness.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

301. Terran has played electric guitar for years at volumes much too loud. Unfortunately, he has permanently damaged his hair cells, and they no longer function. This means that he

a) cannot identify objects based on sound alone but can hear sounds.

b) cannot tell the difference between two tones of different frequencies but can hear sounds.

c) cannot detect where sounds are coming from but can hear sounds.

d) cannot hear anything.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

302. Regarding cochlear implants, which of the following statements is true?

a) Many deaf individuals choose to avoid cochlear implants.

b) Cochlear implants are improving only slowly.

c) Cochlear implants can enable almost every deaf person to hear sounds.

d) Most deaf individuals have embraced cochlear implants.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

303. According to your text, tinnitus affects about 1 in ___ people.

a) 50

b) 100

c) 200

d) 500

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

304. The term for the perpetual sense of a ringing in the ears is called

a) conduction deafness.

b) amusia.

c) tinnitus.

d) strabismus.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

305. The stimulus for vision is

a) thermal radiation.

b) electric radiation.

c) electromagnetic radiation.

d) photon radiation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

306. What is defined as the visible spectrum of light?

a) 100–200 nm

b) 250–350 nm

c) 400–700 nm

d) 750–950 nm

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

307. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light?

a) “The electromagnetic spectrum” is a formalized way to refer to “visible light.” They are the same thing.

b) The electromagnetic spectrum refers to a small portion of the spectrum of visible light.

c) A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light.

d) Most but not all the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

308. Transduction from light to a neural signal happens in the

a) cornea.

b) iris.

c) optic nerve.

d) photoreceptor.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

309. Theresa just walked outside into bright sunlight and her pupils constricted. What part of the eye is responsible for making this happen?

a) fovea

b) iris

c) lens

d) cornea

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

310. Visual receptors are found in the:

a) cornea.

b) retina.

c) iris.

d) optic nerve.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

311. As compared to cones, rods

a) are more sensitive to light.

b) are more densely concentrated in the fovea.

c) are more responsible for colour perception.

d) are less numerous.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

312. Antarctica scientists have just discovered the frozen body of a new animal species. Upon examination, they discover that the retina of one of the species is only comprised of rods. What could scientists hypothesize about this animal’s lifestyle?

a) It had full colour vision.

b) It did not see colour.

c) It is nocturnal.

d) both b and c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

313. If you are trying to identify an object in low light conditions, which of the following would be the best strategy?

a) Focus directly on the object so the image fall on cones in the fovea.

b) Focus just above or to the side of the object so the image falls on your rods.

c) Focus directly on the object so the image falls on the rods in the fovea.

d) Focus outside the object so the image falls on the cones in the periphery of the retina.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

314. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vision associated with rods?

a) night vision

b) poor visual acuity

c) colour vision

d) peripheral vision

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

315. Of the following, which apply to rods only?

1 – used primarily for daytime vision

2 – found in the periphery of the eye

3 – used for visual acuity

4 – used for colour vision

5 – used for detecting movement

6 – found in nocturnal animals

7 – more numerous in the retina

a) 2, 5, 6, 7

b) 1, 3, 4, 7

c) 2, 3, 5, 6

d) 1, 2, 4, 6

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

316. Of the following, which apply to cones only?

1 – used for daytime vision

2 – found in the periphery of the eye

3 – used for visual acuity

4 – used for colour vision

5 – used for detecting movement

6 – found in nocturnal animals

7 – more numerous in the retina

a) 2, 5, 6, 7

b) 1, 3, 4

c) 2, 3, 5, 6

d) 1, 4, 7

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

317. The optic nerve is composed of axons of ___.

a) bipolar cells

b) ganglion cells

c) rods and cones

d) foveal cells

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

318. The place on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

a) optic fissure.

b) visual hole.

c) visual gap.

d) blind spot.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

319. Addison lost the sight in her left eye when she was a child. Although she has excellent vision in her right eye, she notices that when an object is moving into sight on her right side, she will lose sight of it for a very brief second. How would you explain this to Addison?

a) The vision in Addison’s right eye is deteriorating.

b) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina that only has rods.

c) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the fovea.

d) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the optic disc.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

320. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the ganglion cells and the blind spot?

a) The blind spot has no photoreceptors but is very rich in ganglion cells.

b) Because the blind spot has no ganglion cells, the final stage of vision cannot occur.

c) The blind spot is the place where the axons of the ganglion cells leaves the eye.

d) The ganglion cells inhibit activity in the optic nerve which creates the blind spot.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

321. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision, from first to last?

a) pupil – retina – lens

b) lens –pupil – retina

c) retina – pupil – lens

d) pupil – lens – retina

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

322. Which of the following structures of the eye is correctly matched with its function?

a) iris – detects light

b) pupil – regulates the amount of light entering the eye

c) lens – adjusts the size of the pupil

d) rods – focus the image on the retina

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

323. In what region of the retina is vision the sharpest due to the largest concentration of cones?

a) fovea

b) optic nerve

c) saturation

d) where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

324. Faith is watching a movie and is looking straight ahead. Which of following would NOT accurately describe what she would see?

a) Objects directly in front of her would be clear.

b) She would see objects moving in from the periphery.

c) Coloured objects in the periphery would be seen in bright colours.

d) Objects in front of her would be seen most clearly in daylight.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

325. Eevi has just come out of a dark movie theatre into bright sunlight. Which of the following would best describe her visual process as she leaves the theatre?

a) The cones in her eye allow Eevi to immediately notice the bright colours in her environment.

b) The rods in her eye allow Eevi to immediately notice objects moving in her periphery.

c) Eevi’s pupils constrict to block out the bright light, allowing her eyes to adapt.

d) Eevi’s pupils dilate to allow more light in, so she can adjust to the change from the dark theatre.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

326. Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the retina and the fovea?

a) They are one and the same: The terms are synonymous.

b) The retina is part of the fovea.

c) The fovea is part of the retina.

d) Light passes through the fovea on its way to the retina.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

327. Which alternative below correctly pairs a dimension of colour with its description?

a) hue – how much light is reflected from the visual stimulus

b) hue – how much white is mixed into the colour

c) brightness – the wavelength of light that the stimulus produces

d) saturation – how much white is mixed into the colour

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

328. Which of the following would describe the wave pattern for a bright cherry-red car?

a) high amplitude; long wavelength

b) high amplitude; short wavelength

c) low amplitude; long wavelength

d) low amplitude; short wavelength

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

329. How are visual and auditory stimuli like one another?

a) Both types of stimuli are forms of energy that travel in waves.

b) Both types of stimuli are dependent upon one another for accurate perception.

c) Both types of stimuli rely on a shared set of receptors.

d) Both types of stimuli have higher absolute thresholds than other types of stimuli.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

330. According to the trichromatic theory of colour vision, humans have three different cone receptors, and yet we can detect about seven million different colours. Which of the following is the best explanation of this?

a) Each cone type is responsible for detecting many different colours.

b) Top-down processing (i.e., knowing the colour of specific objects) contributes to our perception of colours.

c) It is the combination of the signals produced by the cones that allows us to perceive so many colours.

d) The light wavelengths are perceived as different shades depending on the strength of the wavelengths.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

331. Which of the following is a major flaw in the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

a) it does not explain colour after-effects

b) mixing the three colour wavelengths does not yield the full spectrum of colours that can be perceived by humans

c) it is based on old and faulty research

d) it is based on animal studies, and we have no certainty humans see colour in the same way

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

332. The ___ theory of colour vision proposes that there are three different receptors for colour.

a) trichromatic

b) frequency

c) opponent-process

d) place

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

333. Ursula is an artist who works with three primary colours and from there, can mix any colour of the rainbow. This idea is most consistent with which theory of colour vision?

a) the opponent process theory

b) Gestalt theory

c) the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

d) colour constancy theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

334. Colour is processed in a trichromatic fashion at the level of the _______________, and an opponent-process fashion at the level of the ___________________.

a) retina; lateral geniculate nucleus

b) lateral geniculate nucleus

c) cones; optic nerve

d) optic nerve; cones

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

335. With respect to colour vision, the lateral geniculate nucleus is to the retina as ___ theory is to ___ theory.

a) opponent-process; trichromatic

b) opponent-process; frequency

c) trichromatic; opponent-process

d) place; trichromatic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

336. With respect to colour vision, opponent-process is to trichromatic as the ___ is to the ___.

a) superior colliculus; retina

b) superior colliculus; lateral geniculate nucleus

c) lateral geniculate nucleus; superior colliculus

d) lateral geniculate nucleus; retina

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

337. To what extent are colour afterimages adequately explained by trichromatic theory on the one hand, and opponent-process theory on the other?

a) Trichromatic theory offers a more satisfactory account of colour afterimages than does opponent-process theory.

b) Opponent-process theory offers a more satisfactory account of colour afterimages than does trichromatic theory.

c) Both trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory offer satisfactory accounts of colour afterimages.

d) Neither trichromatic theory nor opponent-process theory offers a satisfactory account of colour afterimages.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

338. Which of the following is consistent with the opponent processing theory of colour vision?

a) colour afterimages

b) three types of cone receptors

c) colour blindness

d) antagonistic cone receptors

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

339. According to the opponent process theory of colour vision, what would happen if you stared at a bowl of red tomatoes for a minute and then looked at an empty white plate?

a) You would see the afterimage consisting of red tomatoes.

b) You would see the afterimage consisting of green tomatoes.

c) You would see the afterimage as inverted because of the reflection in the plate.

d) You would see the afterimage consisting of black tomatoes, because this is the opposite of white.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

340. According to the opponent process theory of colour vision, why is the afterimage always the opposite colour of the image?

a) because we have three kinds of photoreceptors in the eye

b) because the antagonistic colour of a pair will overcompensate following release from inhibition

c) because receptors in the visual cortex get fatigued and rebound to the opponent colour

d) because the opposite colour is reflected off the surface while all the other colours are absorbed

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

341. The term “negative” is used to acknowledge that an afterimage

a) has fatigued the visual system to the point of ineffectiveness.

b) is a colour weakness.

c) is the opposite colour of the original image.

d) the visual signal is retained in the retina.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

342. For over a minute, Laura has been staring at an image with seemingly random areas of white-on-black. When she shifts her gaze from the original image to a white wall, she suddenly sees an image of Jesus on the wall. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

a) Photoreceptors in the retina have become fatigued.

b) Photoreceptors in the lateral geniculate nucleus have become fatigued.

c) negative afterimage

d) positive afterimage

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

343. Malika has been staring at an image of a green heart framed in blue for almost a minute. When Malika shifts her gaze to a white wall, what is she likely to see?

a) a red heart framed in yellow

b) a yellow heart framed in red

c) a green heart framed in blue

d) a red heart framed in black

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

344. What type of colour blindness is most common?

a) yellow-red

b) blue-green

c) blue-red

d) red-green

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

345. Ludvig is a 6-year-old boy who is colouring a picture of Santa Claus standing next to a Christmas tree. When he proudly presents the finished picture to his mother, she notices that he has coloured the tree red, and Santa’s outfit green. How might you explain this to Ludvig’s mother?

a) Ludvig has damage to his lateral geniculate nucleus.

b) Ludvig has a shortage of either the red or green cones.

c) Ludvig has a shortage of either the red or blue cones.

d) Ludvig has damage to his what pathway.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

346. Oliver is a 4-year-old boy who struggles to learn colour names and seems to see the world in black and white and greys. Although it is early for a diagnosis what diagnosis might we consider for Oliver?

a) Oliver is monochromatic.

b) Oliver is intellectually disabled.

c) Oliver is displaying a colour vision deficiency.

d) Oliver is dichromatic.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

347. Which of the following sequences correctly orders the structures along the visual pathway, from first to last?

a) thalamus – superior colliculus – visual cortex

b) visual cortex – thalamus – superior colliculus

c) superior colliculus – thalamus – visual cortex

d) thalamus – visual cortex – superior colliculus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

348. Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the ___ side of the cortex. Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed ___.

a) same; on the opposite side of the cortex

b) opposite; on the same side of the cortex

c) same; on the same side of the cortex as well

d) opposite; on the opposite side of the cortex as well

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

349. The pathway from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is called the ___, while the pathway from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe is called the ___.

a) temporal pathway; parietal pathway

b) anterior pathway; posterior pathway

c) what pathway; where pathway

d) ventral pathway; lateral pathway

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

350. Which of the following alternatives BEST captures the distinction between the two major visual pathways described in your text?

a) One processes object location. The other processes object identity.

b) One processes chromatic aspects of the visual scene. The other processes nonchromatic aspects of the scene.

c) One processes simple object features. The other processes complex object features.

d) One processes stationary objects in the visual scene. The other processes moving objects.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

351. ____________is to the “what” pathway as ___________ is to the “where” pathway.

a) Motion parallax; prosopagnosia

b) Prosopagnosia; motion parallax

c) Visual agnosia; hemi-neglect

d) Hemi-neglect; visual agnosia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

352. The “what” pathway terminates in the ___ lobe. The “where” pathway terminates in the ___ lobe.

a) temporal; parietal

b) parietal; temporal

c) occipital; parietal

d) temporal; occipital

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

353. Which visual object recognition disorder is correctly identified?

a) the inability to recognize faces – visual agnosia

b) the inability to recognize objects visually – prosopagnosia

c) the apparent unawareness of one side of the visual field – hemi-neglect

d) the inability to recognize faces – anosmia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

354. Chloé has had a stroke. When asked to draw a picture of a house, Chloé only drew the right side of the house. It is likely that Chloé sustained damage to the __________ lobe.

a) Frontal

b) Occipital

c) Parietal

d) Temporal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

355. Antonella has just drawn a picture of a landscape. After she is finished, her daughter notices that Antonella did NOT draw any objects or finish the scene on the left side of the drawing. Based on this it is likely that Antonella has sustained damage to the ___ pathway, leaving her with a disorder known as ___.

a) left what pathway; prosopagnosia

b) left where pathway; prosopagnosia

c) right what pathway; hemi-neglect

d) right where pathway; hemi-neglect

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

356. Wilf has suffered brain damage that causes him to ignore everything on the left side. For instance, he only eats from the right half of his plate; he only brushes his hair and teeth on the right side; and he only shaves the right half of his face. What part of the brain did Wilf most likely damage?

a) the ‘what’ pathway

b) the frontal lobe

c) the occipital lobe

d) the ‘where’ pathway

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

357. Victor suffers from prosopagnosia. With which of the following tasks would Victor have the most difficulty?

a) recognizing someone’s face in a photograph

b) understanding a written paragraph

c) understanding a spoken paragraph

d) recognizing a picture of a car in a parking lot

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

358. Luna can recognize objects by smell or touch, but NOT by sight. She has no trouble recognizing objects verbally. Esha recognizes faces only by focusing on features such as hairstyle, eyeglasses, or jewellery. Luna suffers from ___. Esha suffers from ___.

a) hemi-neglect; prosopagnosia

b) visual agnosia; hemi-neglect

c) prosopagnosia; visual agnosia

d) visual agnosia; prosopagnosia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

359. Kent has difficulty recognizing people’s faces so must rely on other physical features such as height. He does NOT recognize people he has met on several occasions from their facial characteristics, suggesting Kent may have

a) prosopagnosia.

b) amblyopia.

c) hemineglect.

d) strabismus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

360. Jericho has difficulty recognizing objects, while Sarah can only seem to draw half of an object. Which of the following is accurate?

a) Jericho has prosopagnosia; Sarah has visual agnosia.

b) Jericho has visual agnosia; Sarah has prosopagnosia.

c) Jericho has hemineglect; Sarah has visual agnosia.

d) Jericho has visual agnosia; Sarah has hemineglect.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

361. Which group of psychologists emphasized the importance of organization and patterning in enabling us to perceive whole stimuli rather than discrete parts as separate entities?

a) Freudian psychoanalysts.

b) Behaviorists.

c) Structuralists.

d) Gestalt psychologists.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

362. Early in psychology’s history, the ___ psychologists identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images.

a) structural

b) psychoanalytic

c) humanist

d) Gestalt

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

363. The basic premise upon which Gestalt psychology was founded is

a) each sensory input results in the top-down processing of the parts.

b) bottom-up processing forms the basis of true perception.

c) our perception of the whole may give us more information than simply looking at the parts separately.

d) our recognition of objects is better for complex forms than simple forms.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

364. Which Gestalt law of grouping indicates that we tend to fill in the gaps of objects, so they are perceived as whole?

a) proximity

b) similarity

c) continuity

d) closure

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

365. Which of the following is the best example of the Gestalt principle of similarity?

a) AAAABBBB

b) AA AA AA AA

c) A B A B A B A B

d) AAAA AAAA

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

366. Matilda is counting the money from her piggy bank. When she dumps it out on the table, she sees toonies, loonies, quarters, dimes, and nickels. Which Gestalt law is consistent with this example?

a) closure

b) proximity

c) similarity

d) continuity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

367. When you are untangling strings of Christmas lights, it is difficult to tell where one string ends and another begins. Which Gestalt law is consistent with this example?

a) closure

b) proximity

c) similarity

d) continuity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

368. Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined?

a) proximity – we tend to fill in small gaps in objects.

b) continuity – stimuli falling along the same plane tend to be grouped together.

c) good form – stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together.

d) closure – stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

369. The Gestalt psychologists believed that with respect to visual perception, the whole is more than the sum of its parts. By contrast, the ___ psychologists assumed that the whole is the sum of its parts.

a) functional

b) structural

c) behavioural

d) psychoanalytic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

370. Structural is to Gestalt as _____ is to _____.

a) “the whole is the sum of the parts”; “the whole is the sum of the parts”

b) “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

c) “the whole is the sum of the parts”; “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

d) “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts”; “the whole is the sum of the parts”

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

371. Which of the following terms is the best synonym for ‘disparity’?

a) distance

b) depth

c) constancy

d) difference

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

372. Jared was sitting on the patio watching a butterfly flutter around. As he watched, the butterfly flew toward him and seemed to be planning to land on his nose. As the butterfly came closer to his nose, he could feel his eyes turn inwards. The cue that is telling Jared how close the butterfly is getting to him is known as

a) retinal disparity.

b) linear perspective.

c) convergence.

d) texture gradient.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

373. Convergence is a binocular cue based on ___.

a) the brain’s ability to converge signals from both eyes into a single image

b) the feeling of a change in muscular tension required to turn the eyes inward when focusing on closer objects

c) the ability of the brain to triangulate the distance from the retina to the object

d) the detection of movement when objects are coming toward us

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

374. Anna goes to the eye doctor because she has been having trouble seeing correctly. The doctor tells her that she has a condition where her eyes are misaligned so two different images are being sent to the brain. What condition has the doctor diagnosed Anna with?

a) strabismus

b) hyperopia

c) presbyopia

d) amblyopia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

375. Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

a) interposition

b) linear perspective

c) texture gradient

d) convergence

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

376. You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves appear NOT only smaller, but also closer together than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a depth cue known as ___.

a) linear perspective

b) relative size

c) texture gradient

d) binocular disparity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

377. When a singer is on stage the singer can tell which fans are closer to the stage because their facial features are more distinct than those in distant rows. Which depth cue is the singer using?

a) texture gradient

b) interposition

c) relative size

d) clarity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

378. As Taralee looked out her window she noticed that the distant mountains looked hazy while the trees in her yard were sharp and clear. Which depth cue is Taralee using?

a) light and shadow

b) clarity

c) texture gradient

d) relative size

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

379. When walking around town, which sight would be an example of linear perspective?

a) You notice that the train tracks you pass seem to converge in the distance.

b) You notice that closer objects appear to move faster than farther objects.

c) You observe that closer objects obscure objects that are farther away.

d) You notice that objects in the distance appear to be smaller than similar objects up close.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

380. In a beginning drawing class, your instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Your instructor is referring to a monocular depth cue known as ___.

a) linear perspective

b) linear parallax

c) relative size

d) texture gradient

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

381. Ava saw her father and her dog Widget coming toward her across the apple orchard. Widget looked larger than her father, but Ava knew this meant that her father was some distance behind Widget. This example illustrates the ___ depth cue of ___.

a) monocular; texture gradient

b) binocular; retinal disparity

c) monocular; relative height

d) binocular; convergence

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

382. From the window of an office on a skyscraper’s 90^thfloor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of course, you know they are NOT toy cars; you are just a long way up. This example illustrates the ___ depth cue of ___.

a) monocular; familiar size

b) binocular; familiar size

c) monocular; texture gradient

d) binocular; texture gradient

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

383. You are shown two lines and, although they are the same length, you identify one of the lines as being shorter than the other. Which of the following are you experiencing?

a) Muller-Lyer illusion

b) Ponzo illusion

c) perceptual constancy

d) linear perspective

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

384. When you are standing at the bottom of a ladder looking up, the rungs at the bottom of the ladder look larger than the rungs at the top. This is an example of ___.

a) the Muller-Lyer illusion

b) the Ponzo illusion

c) size constancy

d) shape constancy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

385. Which of the following terms reflects our tendency to view objects as unchanging in some ways even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly changing?

a) perceptual illusion

b) perceptual constancy

c) binocular depth cue

d) monocular depth cue

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

386. The learned tendencies to perceive the environment as stable despite changes in object size, shape, color, and brightness are called

a) binocular depth cues.

b) aftereffects.

c) gestalt principles.

d) perceptual constancies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

387. Yvonne says goodnight to her boyfriend and watches him walk away. Although the retinal image of her boyfriend is getting smaller and smaller, Yvonne is not left wondering why he is suddenly shrinking. This is because Yvonne has

a) shape constancy.

b) size constancy.

c) colour constancy.

d) object permanence.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

388. Quinn watches his white cat move into the shadows. Although the retinal image of the cat’s colour changes from white to grey, Quinn is not left wondering why his cat suddenly changed colour. This is because Quinn has

a) size constancy.

b) shape constancy.

c) colour constancy.

d) perceptual set.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

389. Lara is watching the moon rise. When the moon is on the horizon it appears to be much larger than when it is higher up in the sky. This phenomenon is called the ___ and is caused by ___.

a) lunar illusion; size constancy cues

b) lunar illusion; a reduction in the size constancy effect

c) moon illusion; a reduction in the size constancy effect

d) moon illusion; size constancy cues

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

390. Regardless of the angle at which you look at a book (e.g., if it is lying flat or standing on a shelf), you still recognize it as a book. This is an example of ___.

a) size constancy

b) object constancy

c) shape constancy

d) angle constancy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

391. When in the Ames room, Tarana appears to grow larger or smaller as she walks from one side of the room to the other because ______________________.

a) retinal disparity occurs

b) accommodation cannot be determined when objects are moving

c) the shape of the room provides misleading depth cues

d) there is a lack of reference cues to judge the height of the people

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

392. Lore argues that the effect in the Ames room is the result of ___.

a) perceptual consistency

b) shape constancy

c) size constancy

d) both shape and size constancy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

393. Compared to the other senses, vision is ___ developed at birth.

a) less well

b) equally

c) more highly

d) much more highly

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

394. Vinnie is 1 month old. Uri is 3 months old. Tanisha is 9 months old. Which alternative below most accurately describes the visual development of these infants?

a) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri focuses on faces. Tanisha’s focal range is about one foot.

b) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri focuses on faces. Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult.

c) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri’s focal range is about one foot. Tanisha focuses on faces.

d) Vinnie focuses on faces. Uri’s focal range is about one foot. Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

395. If you were told that Jonathan focused on contrasts, Lukas focused on faces, and Dhia had visual acuity like that of an adult, what is the minimum age you think each of these babies would be?

a) Jonathan – newborn; Lukas –1 month; Dhia – 4 months

b) Jonathan – newborn; Lukas – 2 months; Dhia – 8 months

c) Jonathan – 4 months; Lukas – 4 months; Dhia – 12 months

d) This is insufficient information to make a judgment about age.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

396. Zoran has been diagnosed with strabismus. What are the effects of this condition?

a) Zoran cannot identify colours.

b) Zoran cannot perceive movement.

c) Zoran’s primary visual cortex is not receiving signals from his lateral geniculate nucleus.

d) Zoran’s eyes are each receiving a different image.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

397. Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between strabismus and amblyopia?

a) Strabismus can produce amblyopia.

b) Amblyopia can produce strabismus.

c) Strabismus can produce amblyopia but occasionally amblyopia can cause strabismus.

d) Strabismus and amblyopia are unrelated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

398. Approximately how many people in the Canada may be characterized as blind?

a) 38,000

b) 108,000

c) 278,000

d) 438,000

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

399. When blind people read Braille, which parts of their brains become active?

a) portions of the occipital lobe

b) portions of somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

c) portions of the occipital and temporal lobes – the “what” pathway in vision

d) portions of the occipital and parietal lobes – the “where” pathway in vision

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

400. The sense that tells us if we are moving and in which direction, we are moving is called the ___.

a) vestibular sense

b) kinesthetic sense

c) synesthetic sense

d) locomotive sense

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

401. Kinesthetic receptors are found in

a) muscles.

b) the epidermis.

c) the inner ear.

d) the dermis.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

402. Charlize is skiing with friends. Which example below best illustrates kinesthesis at work?

a) Her ability to consider where she is in relation to the skis and the slope as she moves down the mountain.

b) Her ability to detect movement with respect to gravity as she moves down the mountain.

c) Her ability to detect pressure and temperature as she moves down the mountain.

d) Her tendency to become dizzy or nauseated by motion sickness as she moves down the mountain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

403. Omar and Raya are dancing. As they sway to the music, which sense detects their body’s position in space?

a) vestibular

b) kinesthetic

c) synesthetic

d) multisthetic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

404. Lily is taking a ferry to Vancouver Island and is feeling seasick. Seasickness is caused by

a) a mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the vestibular sense.

b) a mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the eyes.

c) a mismatch between the vestibular sense and the eyes.

d) mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the synesthetic sense.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

405. Jagger is traveling on an airplane with his family. When the plane begins to experience heavy turbulence, his brain receives neural impulses from cells in his inner ear, which detect body movement. What is likely to happen?

a) His vestibular sense will become confused and he will experience dizziness or nausea.

b) His kinesthesis sense will become confused and he will experience dizziness or nausea.

c) Receptors in his muscles, joints, and tendons will cause confusion for his sense of balance.

d) His vestibular sense will become confused and he will experience pressure and pain in his inner ear.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

MATCHING QUESTION

406. Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.

Terms

A. Saturation

B. Visual Agnosia

C. Hemi-neglect

D. Amblyopia

E. Vestibular sense

F. Merkel’s discs

G. Ageusia

H. Ruffini end-organs

I. Insula

J. Olfactory bulb

K. Anosmia

L. Perceptual set

M. Bottom-up processing

N. Sensory adaptation

O. Transduction

P. Cochlea

Q. Absolute threshold

R. Hue

___

Definitions

1. Perception begins with the physical stimuli in the environment.

2. Located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

3. Related to the “what” pathway.

4. Area of the cortex that receives taste information.

5. Reduced response from repeated sensory stimuli.

6. Experience of colour based on wavelength.

7. Loss of visual abilities in weaker eye.

8. Sensory receptors that convert information about light to Medium pressure on the skin.

9. The ability to taste is lost.

10. Minimal stimulus necessary for detection.

ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION

1. M: Bottom-up processing

2. E: Vestibular sense

3. B: Visual Agnosia

4. I: Insula

5. N: Sensory adaptation

6. R: Hue

7. D: Amblyopia

8. F: Merkel’s discs

9. G: Ageusia

10. Q: Absolute threshold

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

407. The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

408. The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the ___ system.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

409. The method used by odorants to enter the nose and bind to specific receptor sites is similar to the method used by neurotransmitters binding to receptors sites on receiving neurons. Both bind in a(n) ___ fashion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

410. The human tongue is covered with bumps called ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

411. The olfactory bulb sends information to the ___, an area important for learning and memory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

412. People who have lost the ability to smell have a disorder known as ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

413. The sensory receptors that detect pain are ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

414. The fast pathway for pain uses ___ neurons so we can respond quickly to pain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

415. The chemicals produced by our bodies that have pain relieving properties are called ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

416. A rare genetic condition associated with the inability to detect pain is known as ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

417. When we describe the “loudness” of a sound, we are referring to its ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

418. The auditory sensory receptors that cover the basilar membrane in the cochlea are rows of ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

419. The muscles around the opening of the ears ___ in response to loud noises.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

420. Part of the primary auditory cortex is organized in a(n) ___ map.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

421. Another term for tone deafness is ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

422. The specialized sheet of nerve cells located in the back of the eye is called the ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

423. Dilation and constriction of the ___ is one way that the visual system adapts to light.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

424. People with a specific form of visual agnosia known as ___ CANNOT recognize faces.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

425. The term that refers to each eye experiencing a slightly different image of environmental stimuli is ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

426. Our tendency to view objects as unchanging is referred to as ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS

427. List the technical names for each of the five sensory systems.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

428. What sensory process describes why the continual presence of a stimulus results in a decreased response to that stimulus over time?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

429. What type of perceptual processing begins with physical energies that enter the body from the environment?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

430. What sense is most closely tied to taste?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

431. Name the five major taste receptors.

Difficulty; Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

432. “Hot” or spicy foods activate what component of the tongue that communicates pain?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

433. What structure that is activated by the olfactory bulb is associated with regulation of emotions and fear?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

434. Many people report that smells are evocative of past events. What two structures in the brain may be activated during these olfactory “trips down memory lane”?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

435. Why may a person develop the disorder of ageusia, the loss of the ability to taste?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

436. What term describes how tactile information on one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

437. What tactile receptors located deep in the skin respond to the movement of joints?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

438. What class of molecules includes endorphins and enkephalins?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

439. Why is insensitivity to pain dangerous?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

440. What measure do we use to describe levels of sound?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

441. Name the three ossicles.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

442. What fluid-filled structure in the inner ear contains the basilar membrane?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

443. What areas within the auditory cortex act to integrate or coordinate auditory information with signals from other sensory modalities?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

444. What irritating condition is described as “ringing in the ears”?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

445. Name the two major classes of photoreceptors.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

446. What term refers to the wavelength of light that a visual stimulus produces?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

447. What condition results in a person ignoring one side of their visual field?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

448. What term is used to describe how we determine the distance of objects from us and their spatial relationship with one another?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

449. What disorder is characterized by the inability to naturally develop coordinated movement of both eyes?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

ESSAY QUESTIONS

450. Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

451. Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

452. Why are taste and smell referred to as chemical senses?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

453. How is the consistency of food communicated to the brain?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

454. Identify an age-related disease that produces a diminished sense of smell. What does this relationship between disease and smell indicate about brain structures?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

455. Describe the pathway whereby touch receptors send information to the brain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

456. Describe the characteristics of the slow and fast pain pathways.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

457. Describe the gate control theory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

458. Decribe phantom limb sensations.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

459. Mickey Mouse has a “high-pitched” voice. What does this mean in terms of frequency?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

460. Describe the place theory of audition.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

461. Describe the cocktail party effect.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

462. Define synesthesia and provide an example.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

463. Describe three common causes of deafness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

464. Describe the difference in the type of stimuli rods and cones are used to perceive.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

465. Explain the trichromatic theory of vision.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

466. How does Gestalt inform theories of vision?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

467. What is the difference between monocular and binocular depth cues?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

468. Name three diseases that can produce blindness?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

469. An image of the Ames room illusion is shown below. Explain why the illusion leads us to perceive one individual to be larger than the other individual.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

LABELLING QUESTION

321. Indicate the two visual pathways and respective brain cortices on the following diagram.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

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Chapter 5 Sensation And Perception

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