Consciousness Exam Prep Chapter 6 - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 6
CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
- Attention is one of the key aspects of conscious awareness. Other key cognitive activities underlying cognitive awareness include monitoring (our implicit decisions about what to attend to), memory, and planning.
- Most biological investigators believe that consciousness results from a combination of brain activities in several brain regions. Two key brain structures appear to be the cerebral cortex, which helps regulate our awareness of attentional processes, and the thalamus, which relays sensory information from various parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex for processing.
2. Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
- In addition to our conscious level of awareness, many psychologists believe there are other levels or degrees of consciousness, and distinguish conscious awareness from two other states—unconsciousness and preconsciousness.
- Cognitive psychologists have demonstrated the existence of implicit memory; that is, memory that we do not consciously reflect upon but which, nevertheless, influences our behaviour.
- Preconsciousness is a level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.
- Unconsciousness is a state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
- Freud viewed the human unconscious as an important storehouse for knowledge and experience, which although not directly accessible to our conscious awareness, still influences our behaviour.
- Although Freud’s ideas fell into disfavour for several years, in recent years, scientists have begun to re-examine the unconscious from different points of view. For example, implicit memory describes knowledge that we have and are able to apply to various tasks, without being able to recall it at will.
3. Describe people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
- Every 90 to 100 minutes when we sleep, we pass through a sleep cycle consisting of five different stages. The fifth stage of sleep, rapid eye movement, or REM sleep, is characterized by rapid and jagged brain-wave patterns and eye movements and irregularities in heart rate and breathing. Dreaming usually occurs during this phase of sleep.
- Scientists have identified brain activities that maintain the regular rhythms of life. Our move from a sustained period of wakefulness into a period of sleep during each 24-hour period is known as a circadian rhythm.
- Scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion about why people sleep, although some scientists have suggested sleep serves an evolutionarily adaptive function, keeping our ancestors away from predators that hunted at night. Others have suggested that sleep might play a role in growth, or allow us time to restore depleted chemical resources in the brain and body and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated throughout the day.
- We also do not understand why people dream. Recent theories about dreams emphasize cognitive approaches. The information-processing theory of dreams suggests that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and fix them in memory. The attention-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the mind’s attempts to give meaning to internally generated signals firing throughout the brain during deep sleep. Freud believed that dreams represent expressions of the internal desires and wishes that have been repressed and stored in the unconscious.
- Sleep deprivation can lead to feelings of fatigue, irritability, and malaise, resulting in lower productivity and a tendency to make mistakes. Loss of sleep can also affect the functioning of the immune system. The regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called insomnia. Other sleep disorders include sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and night terrors.
4. Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
- Hypnosis is a suggestible state during which people can be directed to act in unusual ways, experience unusual sensations, remember forgotten events, or forget remembered events.
- Ernest Hilgard’s theory suggests that hypnosis divides consciousness into two parts: one focused on the suggestions of the hypnotist, and the other a hidden observer. Other theorists suggest that motivated role-playing is at work in hypnosis.
- Hypnosis has been used to successfully help control pain, as well as treat anxiety, skin diseases, asthma, insomnia, stuttering, high blood pressure, warts, and other forms of infection.
5. List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
- The main classes of psychoactive drugs are depressants (substances that slow down brain activity), stimulants (substances that excite brain activity), opioids (substances that attach to brain receptors that ordinarily receive endorphins), and psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs (substances that distort sensory perceptions).
- Regular ingestion of some drugs can lead to maladaptive changes in a person’s behaviour patterns and physical responses, a pattern known as addiction. Signs of addiction can include increased tolerance, the need for larger and larger doses of a substance to get the desired effect, and symptoms of withdrawal when one discontinues the drug.
- Review the list of drugs and their effects in Table 6.2.
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Neuroimaging techniques have allowed investigators to meaningfully explore the relationship between brain activity and various states of consciousness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
2. Inattention blindness accounts for the fact that to be able to recount details of visual stimuli, we must pay attention to them first.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
3. If either the intralaminar or midline nuclei of the thalamus are broadly damaged, people lose consciousness and enter a deep coma.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
4. Jane was not thinking about her mother. However, when asked her mother’s first name Jane was easily able to retrieve the correct response, “Claire,” from memory. Freud would argue that Jane’s mother’s name was in Jane’s unconscious.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
5. Jasmine is a competitive gymnast. She is able to recall detailed statistics regarding Olympic gymnasts dating back forty years or more. A cognitive view of Jasmine’s recall ability would say that she is able to recall this information due to her implicit memory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
6. No consensus exists within the scientific community as to why sleep is necessary.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
7. The adrenal gland releases growth hormones during sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
8. The lightbulb has been identified as an invention that has negatively influenced human circadian rhythms.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
9. The adaptive theory of sleep suggests that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-preservation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
10. If children are going to wet the bed, they most commonly do so in Stage 4 of sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
11. In REM sleep behaviour disorder people experience an uncontrollable desire to fall asleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
12. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis are also likely to do what other people tell them to do when they are not hypnotized.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
13. Negative hallucinations experienced during hypnosis can be effective in pain control.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
14. Coffee is an example of a psychoactive drug.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
15. Morphine and codeine are frequently used as medical opioids.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
16. Benzodiazepines are stimulants used to treat depression.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
17. Alcohol is one in a group of drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
18. Petra is dependent on marijuana. To feel the same effect from the drug she has to use higher and higher doses. Petra has developed a tolerance for marijuana.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
19. Most people are within the legal limit to drive in Canada (0.05 - 0.08) after drinking three alcoholic drinks (e.g., one 4-oz glass of wine or one 12-oz beer) in 2 hours.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
20. Due to an increased THC content, the marijuana available today is more likely to lead to a pattern of addiction than marijuana available in the past.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
21. An organism's awareness of its internal and external states is called
a) selective attention.
b) concentration.
c) circadian rhythm
d) consciousness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
22. Consciousness is defined as
a) our ability to contemplate the future and remember the past.
b) our immediate awareness of our internal and external states.
c) our understanding of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
d) our feelings of continuity from moment to moment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
23. Based on what you know about consciousness, it can best be described as
a) falling along a continuum.
b) several discrete or highly distinct stages.
c) various stages that are indistinguishable.
d) evolving throughout one’s life span.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
24. Why did consciousness remerge as a topic of major interest in psychology in the latter part of the twentieth century?
a) the neuroscience research focus on brain activity diminished, allowing for increased study in areas such as consciousness
b) the overlap between consciousness and observable behaviour was better understood
c) important developments in neuroscience and computer technology enabled improved exploration of consciousness
d) internal thought processes were viewed as more important than physiological processes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
25. Which of the following is an example of the contents of consciousness?
a) your awareness of the blister developing as your shoe rubs your foot
b) the experience of being in Stage 4 sleep
c) experiencing an epileptic seizure
d) dreaming about your dead grandmother
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
26. Which of the following statements regarding consciousness is true?
a) Researchers in the area of consciousness focus more on the contents of consciousness than on the states of consciousness.
b) Consciousness has several states.
c) Attention and awareness are frequently dissociated.
d) Individuals must be awake to be conscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
27. Seth has suffered damage in one hemisphere to the intralaminar and midline nuclei. What are his symptoms likely to be?
a) Seth will have blindsight.
b) Seth will lose awareness of half of their bodies.
c) Seth will be in a coma.
d) Seth will have no sense of self if the left hemisphere is the one with the damage.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
28. Ms. Badeaux has suffered damage to her left midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Most likely, Ms. Badeaux will
a) lose awareness of events happening on the right side of her body.
b) have difficulty naming objects.
c) appear unaware of objects in her environment.
d) lapse into a coma.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
29. The phenomenon of people ____________ aware of objects or events that occur in a picture, video, or scene they are watching is called ___________.
a) being; unawareness
b) not being; blindsight
c) not being; inattentional blindness
d) being; gist blindness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
30. What happens to someone who has extensive damage to the intralaminar and midline nuclei?
a) They have blindsight.
b) They have inattentional blindness.
c) They have no sense of self.
d) They are in a coma.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
31. Reva is studying for her psychology midterm. Which component of conscious awareness would she be using?
a) gist
b) control
c) attention
d) vigilance
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
32. Which of the following describes the components of conscious awareness?
a) attention and gist
b) gist and awareness
c) automatic processing and attention
d) attention and awareness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
33. If a participant is shown a picture for a brief interval (30 ms), although they are not able to report the details of the picture, they are able to report the gist of what was in the picture. This suggests
a) we can focus our attention in as little as 30 ms.
b) our visual memory system is much faster than consciousness.
c) we can be somewhat conscious of something even if we cannot focus attention on it.
d) we only pay attention to things that are important to us.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
34. As part of a research study, Gina is shown a photograph of a family having a picnic on a beach for a period of 30 milliseconds and then asked to describe the contents of the photograph. Which of the following is Gina most likely to report?
a) She will be able to give a general estimate of the age of the children in the photograph.
b) She will not be able to describe details, but she will be able to report that it was a beach scene.
c) She will be able to describe the photograph in a lot of detail.
d) She will not be able to report any information about the photograph, as she would need to see it for at least 50 milliseconds.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
35. Although research has not been able to pinpoint the exact location of ___ in the brain, two regions that are especially important are the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
a) a theory of mind
b) consciousness
c) rational thought
d) sense of self
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
36. According to Kolb and Whishaw, how much of our brain is constantly active when we are awake?
a) We only use a very small percentage of our brains, roughly 10%.
b) We use half of our brain for automatic processes and 10% of our brain for conscious processes.
c) We use 10% of our brain for automatic processes and half of our brain for conscious processes.
d) Most of the neurons in our brain are active.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
37. Which neuroscientist is most closely associated with split-brain studies? What did these studies demonstrate regarding consciousness?
a) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the left hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
b) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the right hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
c) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the left hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
d) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the right hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
38. Eight-month old Lilly is taking part in a research study. After secretly dabbing red makeup on Lilly’s nose, the researcher sits her in front of a mirror. What will be Lilly’s reaction?
a) Lilly will reach out and touch the nose of her reflection.
b) Lilly will touch her own nose.
c) Lilly will not notice her reflection.
d) Lilly will notice her reflection but will not react to the red makeup at all.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
39. Eighteen-month-old Jackson is participating in the mirror and rouge test. Results indicate that Edward has a sense of self. Which classic behaviour would Jackson have shown for this conclusion to be drawn?
a) Jackson would have touched the “baby” in the mirror’s red nose.
b) Jackson would have reached to his own nose when the “baby” nose was red.
c) Jackson would have pointed to the “baby” in the mirror and said “Jackson!”
d) Jackson would have ignored the application of rouge entirely.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
40. One-year old Zoe is participating in an experiment that is testing whether she has a sense of self. What is the likely procedure in this study?
a) She is given motor instructions and scored based on how well she completes the instructions.
b) She and another child are shown the hiding place of some cookies; then, only Zoe watches the cookies get hidden in a different location, and then Zoe is asked where the other child will look for the cookies when they return.
c) She is secretly dabbed on her nose with a spot of red and then shown her image in a mirror.
d) She is shown a scale model of a room that contains a hidden doll and then taken to the real room and scored according to whether she can find the doll.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
41. Xander is one-year old and participating in an experiment in which a spot of red was secretly applied to his nose. After that, he was shown his reflection in a mirror. What do you expect Xander’s reaction to be?
a) He will wipe his own nose.
b) He will wipe the nose of the baby in the mirror.
c) He will look behind the mirror for the other baby.
d) He will not be able to perceive an image in a mirror under his depth perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
42. When a kitten is presented with their own image in a mirror, the kitten will often look behind the mirror for the “other cat”. Which of the following arguments does this support?
a) Kittens obviously have consciousness because they know it is just a mirror.
b) Kittens do not have consciousness because they look behind the mirror.
c) Kittens have a self-concept because they look for the “other cat.”
d) Kittens do not have a self-concept because they do not recognize the image as their own.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
43. Based on your text’s discussion of the development of consciousness during infancy, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) The development of the self-concept depends on the development of consciousness.
b) The development of the self-concept precedes the development of consciousness.
c) The development of the self-concept follows the development of consciousness.
d) The development of the self-concept occurs simultaneously with the development of consciousness.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
44. Dr. Barton believes that infants develop full consciousness at around 22 months of age. Dr. Barton would also believe
a) young infants have a rudimentary sense of self-consciousness because without it, babies could not develop any concepts at all.
b) young infants possess a complete sense of self-consciousness which allows cognitive development to occur, and this leads to full consciousness.
c) consciousness is rooted in language and representation; therefore, infants develop full consciousness at the time they develop language.
d) consciousness is innate and allows infants to develop all other abilities as well as a sense of self.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
45. Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following alternatives best reflects a current controversy among theorists examining the development of consciousness in infancy?
a) whether it is possible to investigate the self-concept among very young infants
b) whether the development of a self-concept precedes or follows the development of consciousness
c) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of language
d) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of a self-concept
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
46. Thomas is an anaesthesiologist interested in where consciousness is located in the brain. He knows that when someone is undergoing surgery, the anaesthetic removes their consciousness but leaves intact their automatic body activities. The latest research suggests that this response to anaesthetic may be accomplished by affecting
a) the neural networks in the brain.
b) the peripheral nervous system.
c) the microtubules in our neurons.
d) the “what pathway”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
47. Grayson is a graduate student in psychology and is interested in studying how the brain produces consciousness. What part of the brain is the latest research focusing on to investigate this question?
a) the neural networks in the brain
b) the peripheral nervous system
c) the microtubules in our neurons
d) the “what pathway”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
48. What are the core component skills of consciousness?
a) perception, quantification, and spatial processing
b) attention, representation, and intentional behaviours
c) preconscious, unconscious, and consciousness
d) awareness, rationalization, and deduction
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
49. Studies of inattentional blindness show that
a) we do not need to attend to something in order to be conscious of it.
b) to be conscious of something we need to attend to it.
c) attention to the non-dominant hemisphere can result in awareness.
d) attention can overcome perceptual deficits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
50. The big message to take away about consciousness with regards to the findings of people with blindsight is that
a) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by the same brain area.
b) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by the same brain area.
c) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by different brain areas.
d) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by different brain areas.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
51. In what way is blindsight and inattentional blindness the same?
a) In both cases, the individual will report not seeing something that is in their visual field.
b) In both cases, the individual will have suffered neurological damage.
c) In both cases, the individual will have a learning disability.
d) In both cases, the individual can overcome their deficit with better use of attention.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
52. Which of the following statements best expresses the importance of blindsight for our understanding of consciousness?
a) Blindsight reveals the role of the thalamic nuclei in consciousness.
b) Blindsight indicates the different contributions to consciousness of the right and left hemispheres.
c) Blindsight suggests that consciousness is different from awareness.
d) Blindsight underscores the contribution to consciousness of parallel processing in multiple neural networks.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
53. Graeme was blinded after he suffered damage to his visual cortex in a motor vehicle accident. Despite this, when his son throws a ball to him, he is often able to catch it. Graeme has ___________.
a) inattentional blindness
b) preconscious blindness
c) unconscious awareness
d) blindsight
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
54. Willum has been diagnosed with blindsight because of damage to his visual cortex and is trying to navigate his way down a street that contains lampposts and people walking on the sidewalk. How will Willum do at this task?
a) He will report that he cannot see anything, and he will bump into the lampposts and people.
b) He will report that he can see everything, but he will bump into the lampposts and people.
c) He will report that he cannot see anything, and he will bump into stationary objects only, such as lampposts, but not moving objects, like walking people.
d) He will report that he cannot see anything, and he will navigate correctly around the lampposts and people.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
55. Barry is watching the football game on television. He is so absorbed in the game that he does not notice his roommate walk through the room wearing a Halloween mask. Barry has just experienced ____________.
a) unconscious awareness
b) blindsight
c) preconscious awareness
d) inattentional blindness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
56. Which of the following is an example of inattentional blindness?
a) Gael was not thinking about his address but when asked was easily able to recall it.
b) Siya entered a restaurant and immediately thought of her grandmother due to the similar food odours.
c) Jucinda was in an accident and experienced damage to her visual cortex. Now, even though she is unaware of visual objects in her path she can still avoid them.
d) Grayson was deeply involved in a cell phone conversation while driving and failed to notice the light ahead was red and drove through it.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
57. Anna’s husband is about to walk the dogs but cannot find the leashes. Knowing she was the last to walk the dogs, he asks her where she put them. Anna thinks back to when she came back inside with the dogs, how it was raining so she had to put the umbrella away. And then she remembers – the leashes are with the umbrella. At what level of awareness was this information for Anna, prior to her husband’s question?
a) unconscious
b) preconscious
c) implicit memory
d) conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
58. Kianna loves pizza, especially Hawaiian. Her best friend Emilie loves pepperoni. Kianna is on the phone ordering pizza for herself when Emilie texts her to say she is coming over for supper. Kianna needs to immediately bring into her awareness the type of pizza Emilie likes so she can order it. What level of consciousness is being used by Kianna to store the information about Emilie’s favorite type of pizza?
a) preconscious
b) unconscious
c) subconscious
d) conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
59. Kiara’s partner arrives home from work and asks her how her day was. She says that she had lunch with Katie from work, and that they went to this new place that had amazing grilled cheese sandwiches. At what level of awareness was Kiara’s partner’s lunch information, prior to her Kiara’s question?
a) unconscious
b) preconscious
c) implicit memory
d) consciousness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
60. Which of the following is an example of preconscious behaviour?
a) talking to your friend
b) walking
c) sleeping
d) listening to a class lecture
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
61. Information of which you are currently unaware but which you can recall quite easily is said to be in the ___.
a) unconscious
b) subliminal mind
c) subconscious
d) preconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
62. How are the preconscious and unconscious different?
a) With the preconscious, information can be readily available; with the unconscious, information is not readily available.
b) The preconscious develops with a sense of self; the unconscious is innate.
c) The unconscious is implicit memory; the preconscious is explicit memory.
d) With the preconscious, information is repressed; with the unconscious, information contains wishes and fears.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
63. Readily accessible is to ____________ as not readily accessible is to __________.
a) unconscious; subconscious
b) subconscious; unconscious
c) preconscious; subconscious
d) preconscious; unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
64. Freud suggested that most of one’s personal knowledge is contained in the ___.
a) conscious mind
b) subconscious
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
65. How has the status of the concept of the unconscious changed through psychology’s history since Freud’s time?
a) It has not, really: Psychologists have continued to embrace the notion of the unconscious since the time of Freud.
b) Psychologists have generally rejected the concept of the unconscious ever since Freud’s death.
c) In recent decades, many psychologists have rediscovered the concept of the unconscious.
d) In recent years, an increasing number of psychologists have rejected the notion of the unconscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
66. According to Freud, one of the key functions of the _________ was to house ________ thoughts and memories that are too painful for consciousness.
a) preconscious; subconscious
b) subconscious; repressed
c) unconscious; repressed
d) preconscious; regressed
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
67. Which of the following is true regarding Freud’s views of the unconscious?
a) There is extensive empirical evidence for Freud’s conceptualization of the unconscious.
b) Freud’s idea of repression has a sound scientific basis.
c) There is support for the idea that too much repression can lead to psychological disorders such as anxiety.
d) There is no unequivocal empirical support for Freud’s views of the unconscious.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
68. Which of the following reflects Freud’s belief about accessing unconscious material?
a) He believed we could access the unconscious material through explicit memories.
b) He believed we could access the unconscious material through implicit memories.
c) He believed we could access the unconscious material through our expression of anxiety.
d) He believed we could access the unconscious material through Freudian slips.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
69. Rachel is talking to her brother about the day their father abandoned the family, roughly 15 years ago. She was 10 at the time and her brother was 8, but her brother remembers all the details and she does not remember anything. What would Freud say happened to Rachel’s memory of her dad leaving?
a) She was too young to have recall of such a traumatic event.
b) She projected her memory to her preconscious.
c) She repressed the memory to her unconscious.
d) She suffered hysterical amnesia due to this early childhood trauma.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
70. Nolan grew up in a very abusive home with an alcoholic father. He never discussed his abusive childhood with anyone and seems to have forgotten the abuse even happened. According to Freud, what would likely be the effect of this experience on Nolan?
a) Nolan will never be able to develop healthy relationships.
b) Nolan will be withdrawn and not have many friends.
c) Nolan will have nightmares.
d) Nolan will develop a psychological disorder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
71. Dr. Green is a contemporary psychodynamic psychologist. Her colleague, Dr. Kagawa, is a cognitive psychologist. How does each of these psychologists view the function of unconscious thought?
a) Dr. Green views unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts. Dr. Kagawa sees it as part of everyday information processing.
b) Dr. Green views unconscious thought as part of everyday information processing. Dr. Kagawa sees it as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts.
c) Both Dr. Green and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts.
d) Both Dr. Green and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious mechanisms as part of everyday information processing.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
72. Your textbook reviews the findings of a study investigating how fire chiefs make decisions in potentially life threatening circumstances. What was the main finding?
a) Fire chiefs relied almost entirely on explicit memory as implicit memories are not accessible.
b) Fire chiefs used only automatic thoughts to guide behaviour.
c) Fire chiefs use intuitive thought processes in decision making.
d) Fire chiefs consider a range of scenarios and carefully consider pros and cons.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
73. A Freudian slip is best defined as
a) a memory that has no verbal content that influences mood and behaviour.
b) a repressed idea that inadvertently enters consciousness.
c) an emotionally charged event that keeps recurring in the person’s mind.
d) a mistake that caused you so much embarrassment that you repressed it.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
74. Which of the following is an example of a Freudian slip?
a) an art history student who spends a great deal of time in front of any painting with naked subjects
b) a biology student who explains the life cycle of the ‘orgasm’ instead of ‘organism’ to an attractive study partner
c) a chemistry professor who starts every lecture with the Adele’s song ‘Set Fire to the Rain’ followed by the lighting of a Bunsen burner
d) a professor who only accepts male graduate students to her women’s study sections
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
75. Mia is meeting her ex’s new girlfriend, Alicia, for the first time. She smiles at the woman and, although she intends to say, “I’m glad to meet you”, she says, “I’m mad to meet you”. How would Freud interpret Mia’s mistake?
a) He would suggest she does not like Alicia and made a Freudian error.
b) He would suggest she probably made a speech error, and it has no real underlying meaning.
c) He would suggest she is unconsciously jealous of Alicia and expressed it through a Freudian slip.
d) He would suggest that, because of a conflict between her conscious and unconscious states of mind, she made a Freudian error.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
76. How is the cognitive view of the unconscious different from Freud’s view?
a) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as a major contributor to decision making; Freud sees it as a main determinant of personality.
b) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the foundation for all memories; Freud sees it as the main information processor.
c) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as part of daily functioning; Freud sees it as a vast storehouse for painful memories.
d) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the storehouse for all memories; Freud sees it as a storehouse of implicit memories only.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
77. What is the modern view about the unconscious versus Freud’s view?
a) Freud was right, the unconscious is where we keep all our sexual and aggressive urges and memories.
b) There is no such thing as the unconscious.
c) The preconscious exists, but the unconscious only applies to patients who are in a coma.
d) Unconscious functioning does occur.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
78. Memories that we cannot recall deliberately but that we use to perform tasks are termed ___.
a) tacit
b) implicit
c) intrinsic
d) internal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
79. “Once you learn to ride a bike, you never forget.” This saying suggests that riding a bicycle is stored as a/an ___ memory.
a) conscious
b) unconscious
c) explicit
d) implicit
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
80. Khawla has a job for the summer stuffing flyers into envelopes. As she is stuffing the envelopes, she is singing along to a song on the radio. Khawla is able to do both of these things simultaneously because of _______________ memory.
a) explicit
b) implicit
c) unconscious
d) conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
81. Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?
a) a repressed memory of a childhood trauma
b) where you put your wallet
c) playing the guitar
d) recalling the last time you washed your car
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
82. Which of the following is an example of an explicit memory?
a) playing the guitar
b) recalling how to walk on stilts after twenty years of not using them
c) a repressed memory of a childhood trauma
d) recalling the last time you saw your grandmother
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
83. Hayden is learning to drive. Ida is an experienced driver. Ida drives Hayden to his written drivers’ test. Hayden relies on ___ memory to supply answers to the questions on the written drivers’ test. To successfully negotiate the light traffic on the way home, Ida depends on ___.
a) implicit; implicit memory, too
b) implicit; explicit memory
c) explicit; implicit memory
d) explicit; explicit memory, too
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
84. Joseph is teaching his three-year old son, Mason to button up his shirt. For Joseph, buttoning a shirt would be a(n) ____________ memory. For Mason, buttoning a shirt would be a(n) ____________ memory.
a) unconscious; conscious
b) explicit; implicit
c) implicit; explicit
d) explicit; explicit
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
85. Which theory of sleep argues that sleep allows the body to restore depleted resources and eliminate any accumulated waste?
a) adaptive theory
b) information-processing theory
c) restorative theory
d) activation-synthesis theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
86. According to the restorative theory, why do we require sleep?
a) because we are no longer socially active
b) because it allows our brain and body to replenish depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes
c) because our visual systems are adapted for optimal use in daylight
d) because we do not have as much to remember
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
87. Based on the evidence provided to support the restorative theory of sleep, which of these statements is a valid conclusion?
a) A lack of sleep might lead to an inability to heal.
b) A lack of sleep might lead to a harmful increase in growth hormone.
c) A lack of sleep might lead to memory loss and a drop in IQ over time.
d) A lack of sleep might lead to deterioration in physical or mental health.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
88. Research shows that the biological need for sleep changes over time. Which theory does this fact support?
a) adaptation/protection theory
b) repair/restoration theory
c) growth theory
d) learning/memory theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
89. When Beth becomes a mother for the first time, she is surprised at how much her newborn sleeps. While she is getting by on very little sleep, her baby sleeps most of the day. The differences in their sleep patterns would support which theory of sleep?
a) growth theory
b) adaptive theory
c) restorative theory
d) learning theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
90. Sleep deprivation is a serious issue among university students. Therefore, it is not surprising that sleep-deprived friends Chloe, Abd, Luiza, and Maximillian all experience flus and colds during the final exam period, in spite of having spent no time together. Which of the following theories would best explain this?
a) immunology theory of sleep
b) adaptive theory of sleep
c) growth theory of sleep
d) restorative theory of sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
91. Dr. Reid is a sleep-deprived professor. Which of the following predictions is most likely to occur?
a) She will get sick during final exam week.
b) She will begin having nightmares when she sleeps.
c) She will rapidly lose weight, despite eating more food.
d) She will start taking psychoactive drugs to induce sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
92. Which theory of sleep argues that sleep serves the purpose of self-preservation from predators that are more active at night?
a) adaptive theory
b) restorative theory
c) information-processing theory
d) activation-synthesis model
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
93. Gabriel and Léa are hiking through the mountains. Knowing that there are likely to be bears along their route, they decide to hike during the day and set up their camp to sleep at night. Which theory of sleep does Gabriel and Léa’s behaviour support?
a) predatory protection theory
b) adaptive theory
c) restorative theory
d) growth theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
94. What is the difference between the adaptive theory of sleep and the restorative theory of sleep?
a) The adaptive theory argues that sleep is necessary for our immune system and the restorative theory believes that sleep is necessary for our brain.
b) The adaptive theory suggests that sleep is important for social bonding and the restorative theory proposes that sleep is important for our physical health.
c) The adaptive theory says that different sleep needs have evolved in different species and the restorative theory says that sleep allows the brain and body to recuperate from the day.
d) The adaptive theory believes that sleep patterns change as we age and the restorative theory argues that sleep is essential for maintaining memories.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
95. The adaptive theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n) ___ psychologist. The restorative theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n) ___ psychologist.
a) evolutionary; behavioural
b) evolutionary; cognitive
c) evolutionary; neuroscientific
d) neuroscientific; evolutionary
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
96. Sleep theorists Jasmine and Ava are discussing the purpose of sleep. Jasmine says that humans sleep at night because it is safer for them to work and go about their lives during daylight hours. Ava says that sleep serves as a recovery period before the next day begins. Jasmine and Ava adhere to which theories, respectively?
a) Jasmine is an adaptive theorist; Ava is a restorative theorist.
b) Jasmine is a restorative theorist; Ava is an adaptive theorist.
c) Jasmine is an adaptive theorist; Ava is a growth theorist.
d) Jasmine is a growth theorist; Ava is a restorative theorist.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
97. The pattern of sleep-wake cycles that fluctuates relatively predictably over the course of a 24-hour period is called
a) the sleep-wake rhythms.
b) the circadian rhythm.
c) the REM-NREM patterns.
d) activation-synthesis pattern.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
98. Which of the following is another term for ‘circadian rhythm’ mentioned in your text?
a) sleep-wake rhythms
b) biological clock
c) REM-NREM patterns
d) activation-synthesis pattern
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
99. What disorder is associated with excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between one’s sleep-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of others?
a) narcolepsy
b) jet lag
c) circadian rhythm
d) shift work
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
100. Pam is a nurse who works one week of day shifts and then one week of night shifts. Lately she finds she is feeling very despondent and depressed?
a) Working different shifts has upset Pam's circadian rhythm causing her to feel depressed.
b) Pam is sleep-deprived which is causing her to feel depressed.
c) Pam’s circadian rhythms have grown accustomed to the lack of sleep, but it has altered her mood state.
d) The change in routine has temporarily disrupted Pam’s ability to release melatonin, a disruption that causes depression.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
101. Jet lag results from disruptions in
a) REM sleep.
b) information processing.
c) circadian rhythms.
d) concentration.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
102. Each of the following physiological variations reflects a circadian rhythm EXCEPT
a) blood pressure fluctuations.
b) hormone secretion cycles.
c) variations in pain sensitivity.
d) the menstrual cycle.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
103. People often report they feel sluggish and sleepy in the early afternoon. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
a) The circadian rhythm resets itself at this time of day.
b) Body temperature reaches its peak at this time of day.
c) Body temperature lowers at this time of day.
d) The body is releasing growth hormones.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
104. Individuals who experience excessive sleepiness due to a mismatch between their own sleep-wake patterns and the sleep-wake schedules of others in their environment have
a) hypersomnolence.
b) circadian rhythm sleep disorder.
c) narcolepsy.
d) excessive daytime sleepiness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
105. Which of the following statements about circadian rhythms is true?
a) Circadian rhythms are fully dependent on cycles of daylight.
b) Younger people peak earlier in the day than older people.
c) When temperature goes down people feel more fatigued.
d) Growth hormones are only released when people are awake.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
106. Ijeoma is a 21-year old woman. Originally from Nigeria, she has been living in Canada for the past 10 years. Whose sleep-wake rhythm would Ijeoma’s most likely resemble?
a) other 21-year old women
b) other 21-year olds from Nigeria
c) other females in general
d) one or both of her parents
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
107. Waya is moving to Yellowknife where there are months in the winter without daylight. Which of the following best describes what will happen to Waya’s sleep cycle during the period of darkness?
a) Waya will sleep more because his body will release more melatonin.
b) Waya will sleep less because his body will release less melatonin.
c) Waya will sleep less because his body will release more melatonin
d) Waya’s sleep pattern will not change as long as he is exposed to sufficient hours of artificial light.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
108. Imagine that you are deprived of natural light for an extended period. Based on your text’s discussion, what might happen to the length of your body’s “day?”
a) It would shorten to about 23 hours.
b) It would remain at about 24 hours.
c) It would lengthen to about 25 hours.
d) It would lengthen to about 26 hours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
109. Hyuna lived in an underground shelter for four days during a severe hurricane. When she was in the shelter, her body’s “day” shifted to ___ hours, but once she could emerge from the shelter her day shifted to ___ hours.
a) 26; 23
b) 23; 26
c) 25; 24
d) 25; 23
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
110. When a tornado destroyed her house, Christina was saved because she sought shelter in her basement. But it was three days before rescuers were able to clear the rubble and remove her from her basement. Without access to environmental shifts in sunlight and darkness, Christina’s day was likely _______________, and when she was rescued her day likely _______________.
a) shortened to 23 hours; extended to 25 hours
b) shortened to 23 hours; returned to normal
c) extended to 25 hours; shortened to 23 hours
d) extended to 25 hours; returned to normal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
111. Andrea gets up early every morning to tidy the house and cook supper before she goes to work. Tahlia stays up late at night to do the same chores. Based on this, which of the following is most likely to be true about Andrea and Tahlia’s sleep patterns?
a) Andrea is an owl and Tahlia is a lark.
b) Andrea is a lark and Tahlia is an owl.
c) Both Andrea and Tahlia would be owls.
d) Both Andrea and Tahlia would be larks.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
112. Dr. Van de Berg finds that of a sample of pairs of identical twins raised together, 80% were either both “owls” or both “larks.” Dr. Van de Berg then investigates pairs of identical twins raised in different families, and pairs of fraternal twins raised either together or in different families. He again records the percentage of pairs of twins raised who were either both “owls” or both “larks.” Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following best approximates the pattern of results he should find?
a) identical apart – 60%; fraternal together – 40%; fraternal apart – 20%
b) identical apart – 80%; fraternal together – 80%; fraternal apart – 80%
c) identical apart – 75%; fraternal together – 65%; fraternal apart – 60%
d) identical apart – 65%; fraternal together – 75%; fraternal apart – 60%
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
113. Rio gets up early every morning, goes to the gym, cleans her apartment, and does her homework before going to her noon class. Yui sleeps until almost eleven o’clock every day, and then begins the same activities as Rio but goes to bed much later than Rio. In this example, Rio would be considered a(n) __________ and Yui would be considered a(n) ___________________.
a) owl; lark
b) lark; owl
c) lark; lark
d) owl; owl
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
114. How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?
a) 1 hour
b) 90 minutes
c) 2 hours
d) several hours
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
115. Your text states that there are changes in activity in such brain areas as the reticular formation and the pons during sleep, but that “researchers have not established that changes in the activity of these areas cause us to sleep.” Based on these statements and on your knowledge of research methods in psychology, what type of research has most likely been conducted on the role of brain activity during sleep?
a) experimental research
b) correlational research
c) case study research
d) survey research
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
116. Researchers have identified changes in activity in the reticular formation and the pons during sleep but claim that this finding cannot be interpreted as causal. Based on the information provided in your text, as well as on what you know about research methodology, why do you think this is the case?
a) Although this research is experimental, the findings are not significant.
b) This research is correlational.
c) Most of the findings to date have come from case studies.
d) Imaging studies are not reliable in this area.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
117. Which of the following areas is active during sleep?
a) cerebellum
b) reticular formation
c) amygdala
d) hypothalamus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
118. What structure in the hypothalamus coordinates the function of the pineal gland producing melatonin?
a) substantia nigra
b) suprachiasmatic nucleus
c) red nucleus
d) pons
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
119. Circadian rhythms are regulated by the ___ nucleus in the hypothalamus.
a) suprachiasmatic
b) intralaminar
c) ventromedial
d) lateral geniculate
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
120. Doug has been experiencing sleep disturbances for the past six months and is told by his physician that he may have abnormal circadian rhythms. However, to confirm this, testing will need to be conducted on his
a) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
b) spinal cord.
c) cerebellum.
d) cerebral cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
121. How does melatonin affect the body?
a) As melatonin levels increase, alertness decreases.
b) As melatonin levels increase, alertness also increases.
c) As melatonin levels decrease, alertness decreases.
d) Our body temperature rises as alertness decreases.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
122. The secretion of melatonin is ultimately regulated by a group of neurons in the ___.
a) amygdala
b) hypothalamus
c) hippocampus
d) thalamus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
123. Which of the following alternatives best represents the sequence of events by which melatonin is secreted in the blood?
a) suprachiasmatic nucleus – pineal gland – melatonin
b) pineal gland – suprachiasmatic nucleus – melatonin
c) suprachiasmatic nucleus + pineal gland – melatonin
d) suprachiasmatic nucleus – pituitary gland – melatonin
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
124. Madhia was dozing off to sleep when suddenly she heard a loud crash. She jumped out of bed to find the source of the noise but found nothing out of the ordinary. Which of the following most appropriately explains the noise Madhia heard?
a) Madhia was in REM sleep and was dreaming.
b) Madhia was in Stage 1 sleep and was dreaming.
c) Madhiawas in pre-sleep and experienced a hypnagogic hallucination.
d) Madhia was in Stage 1 sleep and experienced a hypnagogic hallucination.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
125. Shortly after Tadeo goes to bed, he feels like his body is floating in space. Tadeo is experiencing the phenomenon known as a _______________.
a) myoclonic hallucination
b) hypnotic hallucination
c) myoclonic delusions
d) hypnagogic hallucinations
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
126. Isaac was drifting off to asleep when his legs suddenly jerked causing him to wake up. It is likely that Isaac experienced a ___ as part of ___.
a) hypnagogic hallucination; Stage 1 sleep
b) myoclonic jerk; REM sleep
c) hypnagogic hallucination; REM sleep
d) myoclonic jerk; pre-sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
127. Just as Peyton was drifting off to sleep, she felt like she was falling off a cliff and then experienced a sharp muscular spasm in her arm that woke her up. Peyton’s feeling of falling was likely a __________ and the muscle spasm was a __________.
a) myoclonic hallucination; myoclonic jerk
b) hypnagogic hallucination; apagogic jerk
c) myoclonic hallucination; hypnagogic jerk
d) hypnagogic hallucination; myoclonic jerk
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
128. Which of the following sequences reflects the successive brain wave patterns sleepers display as they fall asleep and enter progressively deeper sleep stages?
a) theta – alpha – delta
b) alpha – delta – theta
c) alpha – beta – theta
d) alpha – theta – delta
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
129. Which sequence accurately illustrates brain wave changes during sleep?
a) alpha waves > theta waves > sleep spindles and mixed EEG > delta waves > rapid, jagged brainwaves
b) delta waves > sleep spindles > alpha waves > delta waves > rapid, jagged brainwaves
c) beta waves > theta waves > sleep spindles > mixed EEG waves > delta waves
d) theta waves > sleep spindles > delta waves > alpha waves > beta waves
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
130. As sleepers enter deeper sleep stages, their brain waves
a) increase in complexity.
b) decrease in amplitude.
c) decrease in frequency.
d) increase in frequency.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
131. Brief periods of ‘spiky’ brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ___ sleep.
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 4
d) REM
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
132. A husband and wife, Parker, and Rae, undergo a sleep study. At midnight, they are woken up. The researcher notes that the husband’s pulse rate is high and his recorded brain waves are high and frequent. The wife’s brain wave recording shows spindles and mixed activity. How would you categorize their sleep stages?
a) Parker is in REM sleep; Rae is in Stage 2.
b) Parker is in Stage 4; Rae is in REM sleep.
c) Parker is in Stage 3; Rae is in Stage 4.
d) Parker is in Stage 4; Rae is in Stage 3.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
133. Which stage of sleep is correctly matched with its corresponding brain wave?
a) REM sleep = rapid, jagged waves
b) Stage 1 sleep = alpha waves prominent
c) drowsy = high frequency sleep spindles
d) Stage 2 sleep = beta waves
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
134. Collectively, Stage 3 sleep and Stage 4 sleep are termed ___ sleep.
a) hypnagogic
b) deep
c) REM
d) myoclonic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
135. To do your best on a test you need REM sleep. Why is REM sleep important for learning?
a) The amount of growth hormone released during REM sleep is directly related to one's ability to learn.
b) The maintenance of connections in the brain is directly related to the amount of REM sleep.
c) The amount of REM sleep decreases significantly after periods of intense learning.
d) REM sleep plays an important role in the consolidation of memories for newly learned material.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
136. Based on the evidence about the REM stage of sleep, which of these statements is a valid conclusion?
a) Chronic lack of REM sleep might have a direct relationship with underdevelopment of the body.
b) Chronic lack of REM sleep might lead to a harmful increase in growth hormone.
c) Chronic lack of REM sleep might have a direct relationship with lower test performance, including IQ tests.
d) Chronic lack of REM sleep might lead to an inability to remember recently learned material.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
137. Which stage of sleep is characterized by progressively more delta waves?
a) Stage 3
b) Stage 1
c) Presleep
d) REM sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
138. Imagine a young girl who is asleep in her room. Suddenly, she sits upright and starts screaming. When her mother tries to wake her to comfort her, she is unable to do so. She hugs her child to try to calm her down and notices she has been sweating profusely. Which stage of sleep is this child most likely experiencing?
a) REM
b) stage 1
c) stage 2
d) stage 4
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
139. Which of the following statements about sleep is false?
a) Newborns spend about 8 hours a day in REM sleep.
b) Narcoleptics immediately enter REM sleep and wake refreshed.
c) Sleep deprivation does not decrease performance for interesting tasks.
d) The hypnagogic state is most likely to occur in Stage 3 or 4 sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
140. Logan is in Stage 4 sleep. Which of the following would Logan NOT be experiencing?
a) His heart rate will have dropped to its lowest level.
b) His blood pressure will have dropped.
c) His muscles will be somewhat tense.
d) If he is prone to sleep walking, he will do so here.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
141. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep refers to which stage(s) of sleep?
a) stage 1
b) stages 1 and 2
c) stages 1, 2 and 3
d) stages 1, 2, 3 and 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
142. REM sleep is paradoxical because
a) the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
b) the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive.
c) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
d) both the brain and the body are inactive.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
143. It is during rapid eye movement that most people experience_____________.
a) hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep walking
b) non-narrative dreaming and terror
c) reverse hypnosis and breathing irregularities
d) paradoxical sleep and story-like dreams
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
144. Maggie is in the stage of sleep where, although her body is very still, her eyes are moving back and forth very quickly. If someone were to wake Maggie up, what would she probably report?
a) that she had not actually been sleeping
b) that she had a headache
c) that she had been dreaming
d) that she had no memory of dreaming
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
145. Amber and Maverick’s new baby, Olivia, is breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed lids. Amber asks you if this means the baby is waking up. Based on what you know about sleep cycles, your best answer would be _________________________.
a) Yes, the baby appears to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep.
b) Yes, the baby appears to be coming out of non-REM sleep.
c) No, the baby is in Stage 3 or 4 sleep.
d) No, the baby is most likely in the REM sleep stage
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
146. Following several nights of studying for the bar exam, Jill notices that she is now having significantly more dreams than usual. This supports which theory of sleep?
a) restorative theory
b) growth theory
c) memory consolidation theory
d) adaptive theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
147. Assuming you agree with the consolidation theory, which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
a) Kyoko, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
b) Heng, who was awakened from a deep sleep
c) Josephine, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
d) There will be no difference in performance between these people.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
148. Assuming you disagree with the consolidation theory, which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
a) Jin-Yong, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
b) Manual, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
c) Joelle, who is taking an antidepressant
d) There will be no difference in performance between these people.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
149. Which piece of evidence below is correctly tagged with its relevance to the consolidation theory of the function of REM sleep?
a) People who learn a task right before bed poorly perform the next day if REM sleep is interrupted – discredits consolidation theory.
b) People with lesions to the pons have little trouble with learning and memory – discredits consolidation theory.
c) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – supports consolidation theory.
d) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – irrelevant to consolidation theory.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
150. Which piece of evidence below is correctly tagged with its relevance to the consolidation theory of the function of REM sleep?
a) People who learn a task right before bed poorly perform the next day if REM sleep is interrupted – supports consolidation theory.
b) People with lesions to the pons have little trouble with learning and memory – supports consolidation theory.
c) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – supports consolidation theory.
d) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – irrelevant to consolidation theory.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
151. Anastasia woke up and remembered that she was running from something in a dream. According to Freudian theory, what type of content constitutes the dream image she can recall?
a) retrograde
b) biological
c) manifest
d) latent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
152. Durango was very angry with his stepmother, and wished she were dead. That night Durango dreamed that he pushed her off a cliff. According to Freud, the latent content of Durango's dream would be ___________________, while the manifest content would be ___________________.
a) pushing her off the cliff; wishing she were dead
b) wishing she were dead; pushing her off the cliff
c) pushing her off the cliff; angry feelings
d) angry feelings; wishing she were dead
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
153. Eleanor dreams that she is naked in public. Eleanor’s psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a fear of exposure. Each of the following statements is true, EXCEPT
a) being naked in public is a symbol.
b) being naked in public is the latent content of Esther’s dream.
c) being naked in public is the manifest content of Esther’s dream.
d) fear of exposure is the latent content of Esther’s dream.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
154. A man has a dream about falling down a long flight of stairs, bouncing against the walls and tumbling and somersaulting as he fell. According to the psychoanalytic view of dreaming, what would be the latent content of this dream?
a) the act of falling
b) fear of failing
c) bouncing and somersaulting
d) the stairs
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
155 Imagine you had a dream last night in which you were taking a trip to a faraway country. According to Freud’s view of dreams, which of the following would most likely be the latent content of the dream?
a) death
b) the faraway country
c) nighttime
d) the trip
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
156. Ezra abuses cocaine. After 7 days of abstinence, he dreams that he buys cocaine only to find that it is not real. Research shows that “using” dreams are associated with a decreased probability of relapse (Hajek & Belcher, 1991). This result supports the idea that dreams reflect an attempt to work out current concerns – that is, it supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
a) information-processing
b) activation-synthesis
c) object relations
d) Freudian
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
157. Reese needs to prepare a class presentation on dream theories. Ironically, due to stress caused by the project, she begins to dream about showing up for the presentation unprepared and naked. Reese recognizes these dreams as supporting which theory?
a) information-processing theory of dreams
b) activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams
c) Freudian theory of dreams
d) latent content of dreams
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
158. What do the three dream theories all have in common?
a) They all consider our life experiences.
b) They all perceive dreams as an outlet for our hidden desires.
c) They all recognize the importance of cognitive information processing.
d) They all emphasize the importance of neurons in dreaming.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
159. Khushi started a new job last week. Although she thinks she will enjoy the job, she is struggling to learn all the new information and tasks that will make her proficient in her position. Last night she dreamed that her new boss humiliated her in front of her co-workers for making mistakes. If you were to interpret this dream as Khushi’s mind attempting to sort out and give order to the stressful challenges of her new job, you would most likely agree with the ______.
a) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
b) Freudian dream theory
c) cognitive theory of dreaming
d) information-processing theory of dreams
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
160. Many famous discoveries, such as insulin, are reported to be based in part on dreams. This provides support for which theory of dreams?
a) information-processing
b) activation-synthesis
c) Freudian
d) wish-fulfillment
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
161. The activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that
a) dreams originate in the brain due to random stimulation of brain cells within REM sleep.
b) dreams are meaningless responses to random stimuli collected throughout the day.
c) dreams are activated by the brain's cataloguing of everyday experiences and thoughts.
d) dreams are the synthesis of the day's unconscious desires and conscious learning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
162. Nadia dreamed that she was repeatedly putting coins in a vending machine without getting any product. When she relays the dream to her roommate Hilde, Hilde tells her she must be feeling frustrated about something in her life and the vending machine represents whatever is frustrating her. Nadia, however, replies that she believes it is simply random neural activity in her brain. Based on this, Nadia supports the ___ theory while Hilde supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
a) information-processing; activation-synthesis
b) activation-synthesis; information-processing
c) activation-synthesis; Freudian
d) Freudian; activation-synthesis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
163. Elzbieta is three-months into a much wanted pregnancy. She has had two previous miscarriages around this time. She keeps dreaming that her teeth are falling out. When she relays the dreams to her partner, Marke, he tells that losing her teeth must be symbolizing her concern about having another miscarriage. Elzbieta, however, replies that she believes it is simply random neural activity in her brain. Based on this, Elzbieta supports the ___ theory while Marke supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
a) information-processing; activation-synthesis
b) activation-synthesis; information-processing
c) activation-synthesis; Freudian
d) Freudian; activation-synthesis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
164. According to Hobson and McCarley’s ___ theory, dreams begin in random neural activity.
a) information-processing
b) psychoanalytic
c) object relations
d) activation-synthesis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
165. In what way are the information-processing theory of dreams and the activation-synthesis model of dreams similar?
a) They both assume that dreaming evolved in most species as an adaptation for problem solving.
b) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of organizing some form of input.
c) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of eliminating waste and restoring resources.
d) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of staying active during a long night of inactivity.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
166. _______________ states that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells, whereas the _______________ suggests dreams serve to help us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts.
a) Biological; learning
b) Information-processing theory; Freudian dream theory
c) Activation-synthesis model; information processing theory
d) Information processing theory; activation-synthesis model
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
167. Dreams in which one recognizes in the dream that one is dreaming are called ___.
a) myoclonic dreams
b) lucid dreams
c) daydreams
d) hypnagogic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
168. Camille is in the middle of a dream where she is being chased by a dog. Although she initially feels frightened, she then realizes she is dreaming, turns around, and firmly tells the dog to go home. What term best describes Camille’s dream?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) focal dream
d) lucid dream
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
169. Mable is dreaming that a vampire is chasing her through a thick forest filled with twisted roots and spikey vines. She feels afraid, and realizing that this is only a dream, she invents a trap door under one of the roots and climbs through it. On the other side, she turns the land into candy land. What kind of dream did Mable have?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) latent dream
d) lucid dream
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
170. Proponents of which dream theory are least likely to view lucid dreaming an as especially important phenomenon?
a) information-processing theory
b) object relations theory
c) Freudian dream theory
d) activation-synthesis theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
171. The theory of dreams that would BEST explain lucid dreams would be
a) information-processing theory.
b) Freudian dream theory.
c) activation synthesis model.
d) object relations theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
172. For the last three weeks, nine-year-old Jared has regularly dreamed that his mother is killed in an accident. He wakes up extremely upset and has become so anxious he does not want her to leave the house. Jared is suffering from ___.
a) night terrors
b) nightmare disorder
c) insomnia
d) sleep-stress disorder
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
173. For the past month, Muhammad has dreamed that he is trapped in a burning building. He wakes up extremely upset and finds he is constantly checking the stove and worrying about a fire starting in his home. Muhammad is experiencing
a) night terrors.
b) a nightmare.
c) insomnia.
d) nightmare disorder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
174. Each day, 6-week old Ewa spends about ___ hours in REM sleep. Ewa’s parents spend around ___ hours in REM sleep each day.
a) 8; 4
b) 8; 2
c) 4; 4
d) 4; 2
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
175. Sixty-year-old Kathleen has her seven-year-old and one-year-old granddaughters staying overnight with her. Which of the following accurately reflect the sleep patterns for Kathleen and her granddaughters?
a) Kathleen will spend more time in REM than either of her grandchildren.
b) Kathleen will spend the same amount of time in REM as her seven-year granddaughter, but less than the one-year old.
c) Kathleen will spend less time in REM than her seven-year old granddaughter, but the same amount as the one-year old
d) The one-year old will spend the most time in REM sleep. Kathleen will spend the least amount of time in REM sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
176. To which neural development process does REM sleep contribute to in infancy?
a) synaptic pruning
b) synaptogenesis
c) programmed cell death
d) neurogenesis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
177. Jude is 7 years old. Jeremiah is 21 years old. Which of the following most accurately describes their sleep patterns?
a) Jude spends more time in REM sleep than Jeremiah.
b) Jeremiah spends more time in REM sleep than Jude.
c) Jude sleeps for a longer time and spends more time in REM than Jeremiah.
d) Jude and Jeremiah would spend the same amount of time in REM.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
178. Six-month-old Tara, six-year-old Marcia, fifteen-year-old Leigh, and sixty-year-old Charlie are participating in a sleep study. With regard to the amount of time each participant spends in REM sleep, which of the following would reflect the order from most to least?
a) Charlie – Leigh – Marcia – Tara
b) Tara – Marcia – Leigh – Charlie
c) Tara – Marcia – Leigh and Charlie would spend the same amount of time in REM
d) Tara – Marcia and Leigh would spend the same amount of time in REM - Charlie
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
179. Mackenzie is a healthy 20-year-old student who, when she was awakened suddenly asserts that she did NOT dream. Which of the following is most accurate about Mackenzie’s assertion?
a) Mackenzie was awakened in the NREM cycle and although she had fleeting images, does not remember her dream.
b) Mackenzie is lying because she is embarrassed by the content of her dreams.
c) Mackenzie has a psychological disorder that causes her to repress her dreams.
d) Mackenzie does not reach REM sleep and therefore never dreams.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
180. A team of researchers examines the time spent in REM sleep and in each of the NREM stages among a large sample of adults ranging in age from infants to 85 year old adults. The researchers compute three correlation coefficients: Correlation A, between participant age and total time spent in NREM stages 1 and 2; Correlation B, between participant age and total time spent in REM sleep; and, finally, Correlation C, between participant age and total time spent in NREM stages 3 and 4. Of these correlations, which should be the weakest? Which should be the strongest?
a) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
b) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
c) Correlation C should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
d) Correlation A should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
181. A team of researchers examines the time spent in REM sleep and in each of the NREM stages among a large sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old. The researchers compute three correlation coefficients: Correlation A, between participant age and total time spent in NREM stages 1 and 2; Correlation B, between participant age and total time spent in REM sleep; and, finally, Correlation C, between participant age and total time spent in NREM stages 3 and 4. Of these correlations, which should be the weakest? Which should be the strongest?
a) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
b) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
c) Correlation C should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
d) Correlation A should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
182. Our sleep patterns change as we age. Which of the following is accurate regarding these changes?
a) The amount of REM sleep increases as we age and the amount of NREM sleep decreases.
b) Newborns sleep roughly 12 hours per day, with 10 of those sleep hours being in REM.
c) The largest decrease in REM and NREM sleep occurs in the first 3 years of life.
d) Although the amount of REM and NREM sleep both decrease as we age, there is much more decrease in NREM than REM.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
183. Amber checks on her son, Kayden, as he is sleeping. She notices his breathing is fast and shallow, yet his body appears very relaxed and immobile. Kayden is most likely in a state of ________ sleep.
a) REM
b) NREM
c) stage 4
d) stage 1
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
184. Nagesh, a new mother from Kenya, always keeps her baby with her. Leda is a new mother from Canada who puts her baby down in a separate area for regular naps. Which of the following best describes the likely sleep pattern of the two babies?
a) Nagesh’s baby would sleep for longer periods of time than Leda’s baby.
b) Nagesh’s baby sleeps for shorter periods of time than Leda’s baby.
c) Nagesh’s baby initially sleeps for shorter periods of time but by the age of 2, would sleep the same amount of time as Leda’s baby.
d) Both babies sleep the same amount of time.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
185. Brooke is dreaming that a zombie is chasing her through a deserted city filled with broken glass and piles of rubble. She feels terrified and realizes that she is alone, when suddenly more zombies come out from some buildings. She screams in fear, unable to move, and finds herself in her bed panting and sweating. What kind of dream did Brooke have?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) latent dream
d) lucid dream
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
186. ___________ is/are to REM as ____________is/are to non-REM.
a) Narcolepsy; sleep apnea
b) Sleep apnea; narcolepsy
c) Nightmares; night terrors
d) Night terrors; nightmares
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
187. Ian is a seven-year-old boy who occasionally screams in the middle of the night. During these episodes, Ian talks incoherently and will NOT wake up. Which sleep disorder is Ian likely experiencing?
a) a sleep terror
b) a narcoleptic episode
c) a nightmare
d) a sleep stressor
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
188. Which of the following questions regarding sleep is FALSE?
a) Adolescent sleep patterns are altered by the increased social and academic pressures they are subject to.
b) Left unhindered most people would sleep for nine or ten hours a day.
c) Sleep loss can lower the effectiveness of the immune system.
d) Adults wake more frequently than children but find it easier to go back to sleep than children do.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
189. Robin is in her last year of university and after studying for her final exams, she continues with intensive studying for the GRE. She has also just come down with a bad cold. What is the most likely explanation of Robin's cold?
a) sleep deprivation hindering the effectiveness of her body’s immune system
b) sleep deprivation accelerating her body’s metabolism thereby depleting all her body's resources
c) sleep deprivation disrupting her internal clock that signals regular immune function
d) sleep deprivation requires her to use increased mental effort required for her exams. This depletes her body's immune resources
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
190. Lauren, a competitive gymnast, took a flight from Halifax to Vancouver for a national competition. Which statement below best explains why her coach recommended that she take a nap the day after the flight?
a) Flying across time zones can disrupt regular circadian rhythms.
b) Flying across time zones can result in longer delta waves during Stage 4 sleep.
c) Flying across time zones can affect sleep quality in the REM stage.
d) Flying across time zones can cause an increase in stress, which can disrupt regular NREM patterns.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
191. Easton is conducting a clinical research study on circadian rhythms, paying particular attention to the correlation between levels of alertness and changes in body temperature. What is he most likely to observe?
a) Core body temperature and alertness show similar patterns throughout the course of a 24-hour period.
b) Core body temperature rises in the afternoon while alertness dips.
c) Core body temperature dips in the evening while alertness rises.
d) Core body temperature and alertness show unrelated behavior throughout the course of a 24-hour period.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
192. Diane is undergoing an overnight sleep study as part of an experimental research grant. What are the researchers most likely to find?
a) Diane’s body temperature drops as her level of alertness declines.
b) Diane’s body temperature rises as her level of alertness declines.
c) Diane’s body temperature remains the same throughout various levels of alertness.
d) Diane’s body temperature rapidly fluctuates regardless of her level of alertness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
193. How do the effects of sleep deprivation on the performance of complex logical tasks compare to the effects of sleep deprivation on simple, monotonous tasks?
a) Sleep deprivation impairs performance on complex tasks than it does performance on simple, monotonous tasks.
b) The effects of sleep deprivation on the performance of complex tasks are like its effects on the performance of simple, monotonous tasks. However, participants’ interest in complex tasks may inoculate their performance against the effects of unexpected events or distractions.
c) Participants’ interest in complex tasks may compensate for their sleep deprivation. Unexpected events or distractions, though, may seriously impair their performance.
d) Participants’ interest in complex tasks may compensate for their sleep deprivation and may also inoculate their performance against the effects of unexpected events or distractions.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
194. Enzo and Lévi both stayed up late studying although both must work the next morning. While Enzo works on an assembly line, Lévi is a junior accountant at a large firm. Which one of these is most likely to make mistakes at work?
a) Enzo
b) Lévi
c) Enzo and Lévi are equally as likely to make mistakes.
d) Neither Enzo nor Lévi are likely to make mistakes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
195. Gunnar is sleep deprived. He was out all night at a buddy’s bachelor party and now he is showing up for work. His job entails checking that each pack of crackers that comes by on this assembly line has 10 crackers in it and that none of them are broken. How do you predict Gunnar will do at his job today?
a) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because it is a well-practiced task.
b) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because the task is so important to him.
c) He will be affected by sleep deprivation because the task is boring and monotonous.
d) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because the task does not require physical strength.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
196. What is insomnia?
a) sudden and irresistible onset of sleep
b) recurring nightmares or repetitive dreams
c) difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
d) disturbances like sleepwalking or sleep talking
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
197. Which figure below best approximates the proportion of people afflicted by insomnia?
a) 15%
b) 25%
c) 35%
d) 45%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
198. Tatiana has a great deal of trouble falling asleep at night. While her roommate is consistently asleep within 10 minutes of light’s out, Tatiana often lays there for hours until she falls asleep. What sleep disorder could Tatiana have?
a) narcolepsy
b) sleep apnea
c) REM rebound
d) insomnia
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
199. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding insomnia?
a) Many cases of insomnia are triggered by day-to-day stressors.
b) Insomnia is more common among the elderly.
c) Some people suffer from insomnia because they worry about not being able to sleep.
d) Sleepwalking is also considered to be a form of insomnia because it disrupts sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
200. Ginny is awakened at midnight by the sound of the front door slamming shut. When she investigates, she finds her son Brian walking down the driveway. Although she tries to talk to him, he is verbally unresponsive and continues walking. This is most likely because Brian is
a) sleepwalking.
b) in REM sleep.
c) having an episode of narcolepsy.
d) suffering from sleep apnea.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
201. Francine is sleepy all day; she is unaware, though, that she wakes briefly several hundred times each night. She is likely suffering from ___, one of the sleep disturbances described in your text.
a) night terror disorder
b) insomnia
c) sleep apnea
d) narcolepsy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
202. A friend of yours is known for his loud snoring. He complains of being tired all the time, even when he has slept for a full eight hours. Which sleep disorder is he most likely to have?
a) sleepwalking
b) narcolepsy
c) night terrors
d) sleep apnea
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
203. Why is sleep apnea considered one of the most serious sleep disorders?
a) It is likely to lead to suffocation during sleep.
b) It can lead to cardiac arrest, and fatigue-related accidents.
c) Its sudden onset during waking hours can cause fatal accidents.
d) It affects more people than any other sleep disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
204. Which sleep disorder seems to result from muscles of the throat becoming too relaxed or from the brain's ceasing to send signals to the diaphragm?
a) sleepwalking
b) narcolepsy
c) sleep apnea
d) night terrors
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
205. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about sleep apnea?
a) It is characterized by periods up to 30 seconds without breathing during sleep.
b) Melatonin injections appear to improve symptoms.
c) It is a suspected factor in snoring, high blood pressure, and heart attack.
d) It is accompanied by repeated awakenings, gasping for breath, and daytime sleepiness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
206. Which sleep disturbance is correctly matched with its description?
a) sleep apnea – difficulty sleeping
b) narcolepsy – sudden sleep during waking consciousness
c) insomnia – difficulty breathing during sleep
d) night terror disorder – frequent disruptive nightmares
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
207. Justin has had a sleep-wake disorder for several years. He falls asleep suddenly, even when he is actively engaged in an activity or conversation. Justin most likely has
a) narcolepsy.
b) sleep apnea.
c) NREM sleep arousal disorder.
d) insomnia.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
208. Kristi notices that each time she sits down and listens to a presentation, she falls asleep. She also had the frightening experience of falling asleep while driving, indicating that she may be suffering from
a) narcolepsy.
b) insomnia.
c) sleep apnea.
d) NREM sleep arousal disorder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
209. Which of the following sequences correctly arranges three major sleep disorders described in your text from most to least common?
a) insomnia – narcolepsy – sleep apnea
b) sleep apnea – insomnia – narcolepsy
c) narcolepsy – insomnia – sleep apnea
d) insomnia – sleep apnea – narcolepsy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
210. Last night Alexey sat up in bed and screamed uncontrollably, seemingly in a state of panic. The next morning, Alexey did not remember the episode at all. Most likely Alexey was experiencing
a) night terrors.
b) a nightmare.
c) a delusion.
d) narcolepsy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
211. Anika falls into REM sleep even when in the middle of arguing with her sister or while watching an exciting movie. Each sleep episode lasts at least 15 minutes and she when she awakes, she feels refreshed. Anika has probably been diagnosed with
a) night terrors.
b) a nightmare.
c) a delusion.
d) narcolepsy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
212. Ryder comes home from work exhausted and immediately falls asleep. After sleeping for an hour, his heart rate increases although his muscles relax. This indicates that he is in what sleep stage?
a) REM
b) NREM
c) Stage 1
d) Stage 2
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
213. Fourteen-year-old Mia often lays awake for hours after getting into bed, long after she would like to be asleep. In the morning she struggles to wake up. Mia suffers from anxiety, daytime sleepiness, and depression. Mia might be diagnosed with
a) narcolepsy
b) delayed sleep phase syndrome
c) advanced sleep phase syndrome
d) excessive daytime sleepiness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
214. Which of the following sleep disorders is most accurately matched to its description?
a) narcolepsy – falling asleep early in the evening against a person’s wishes
b) delayed sleep phase syndrome – long lag in a person’s ability to fall asleep
c) advanced sleep phase syndrome – feeling drowsy or chronically tired even after a good night sleep
d) excessive daytime sleepiness - an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
215. As Kirk falls asleep, he begins to feel pins and needles in his legs and has an uncontrollable urge to move them. Kirk might be diagnosed with
a) restless legs syndrome.
b) REM sleep behaviour disorder
c) periodic limb movement of sleep.
d) somnambulism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
216. Once Astrid’s partner falls asleep, she moves about the bed vigorously, thrashing and kicking. Astrid’s partner may have
a) restless legs syndrome.
b) REM sleep behaviour disorder
c) periodic limb movement of sleep.
d) somnambulism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
217. Night terrors occur during ___ sleep.
a) hypnagogic
b) stages 1 or 2
c) stages 3 or 4
d) REM
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
218. An altered state of consciousness in which a person is very susceptible to suggestions is called
a) meditation.
b) REM sleep.
c) hypnosis.
d) intoxicated.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
219. Hypnosis is best defined as
a) a stage of sleep associated with jagged brainwaves, an increased heart rate, and visual hallucinations.
b) an altered state of consciousness in which a person is very susceptible to suggestions.
c) a technique designed to turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward one’s inner world.
d) a waking state of consciousness in which fantasies occur and we are not fully conscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
220. Tanner is sitting in the audience when an uncontrollable urge to stand up and sing ‘Oh Canada’ after the person on stage said the word ‘thank you’. He does not understand why he is singing, but the audience is finding his song to be hilarious. Most likely, Tanner is
a) dreaming.
b) meditating.
c) under the influence of LSD.
d) responding to a hypnotist’s suggestions.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
221. Aya went to a hypnotist show in Las Vegas and was called up on stage. On her way to the stage, Aya was concerned that the hypnotist might make her quack like a duck, which she did not want to do. What is the likely outcome for Aya?
a) The hypnotist could "make" Aya do anything he wanted.
b) The hypnotist could "make” Aya quack like a duck.
c) The hypnotist could “make” Aya quack like a duck because quacking like a duck is not immoral
d) The hypnotist could not "make” Aya quack like a duck if he is not willing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
222. What percentage of the population is highly susceptible to hypnosis?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 25
d) Everyone is susceptible.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
223. What percentage of the population are considered not to be hypnotizable?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 25
d) Everyone is hypnotizable.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
224. Which type of person would be most susceptible to hypnosis?
a) a teenager
b) a child
c) a person in pain
d) someone who’s parents are not hypnotizable
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
225. Which type of person would be least susceptible to hypnosis?
a) a child
b) someone who’s parents are not hypnotizable
c) someone who tends to be especially suggestible
d) someone who is open and trusting
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
226. Dr. Neriani examines the hypnotic suggestibility of children in three age groups: 5- to 7-year-olds, 9- to 11-year-olds, and 13- to 15-year-olds. Should Dr. Neriani use a t-test or an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze her results? Based on your text’s discussion, what should she find?
a) Dr. Neriani should use an ANOVA. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility among the groups.
b) Dr. Neriani should use an ANOVA. She should find that the older children are less suggestible than the younger children.
c) Dr. Neriani should use a t-test. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility among the groups.
d) Dr. Neriani should use a t-test. She should find that the older children are less suggestible than the younger children.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
227. Dr. Botha examines the hypnotic suggestibility of individuals in three age groups: 3-7 year old children, 13-17 year old adolescents, and 23-27 year old adults. Should Dr. Botha use a t-test or an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze her results? Based on your text’s discussion, what should she find?
a) Dr. Botha should use an ANOVA. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility among the groups.
b) Dr. Botha should use an ANOVA. She should find that the children are more suggestible than the adolescents and adults.
c) Dr. Botha should use a t-test. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility among the groups.
d) Dr. Botha should use a t-test. She should find that the adolescents are more suggestible than the younger children or the older adults.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
228. Rochelle was recently hypnotized to lose weight. If Rochelle experiences reduced feelings of hunger, as was suggested to her during hypnosis, this would be an example of a
a) hypnotic suggestion.
b) hypnotic hallucination.
c) positive hallucination.
d) posthypnotic response.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
229. “Quit smoking now!” “Lose weight in 14 days!” To what extent has hypnosis aided individuals in these endeavours?
a) Hypnosis has successfully aided individuals both in long-term smoking cessation and in weight loss.
b) Hypnosis has failed to help people either to lose weight or to quit smoking over the long term.
c) Hypnosis has successfully aided individuals in long-term smoking cessation. However, it has not helped people lose weight.
d) Hypnosis has helped some people quit smoking. It has also helped people lose weight.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
230. Lila is at a hypnotist show and enjoying it from the audience when suddenly she finds herself standing on her chair after the hypnotist touched his nose. Although everyone is looking at her and laughing, Lila does not know why she is suddenly standing on her chair. This is an example of a
a) posthypnotic hallucination.
b) positive amnesia.
c) hyperalert hypnotic trance.
d) posthypnotic response.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
231. While under hypnosis, Alvaro was told that he would no longer crave cigarettes. Later, although he does not crave cigarettes, Alvaro does not remember the hypnotist suggesting. Alvaro is experiencing a
a) negative posthypnotic response.
b) positive posthypnotic response.
c) posthypnotic amnesia.
d) posthypnotic repression.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
232. Which of the following is accurate about posthypnotic amnesia?
a) Most people remember nothing about the hypnotist’s suggestion when directed not to.
b) Hypnotized people only remember the learned material after the predetermined signal appears.
c) Even though people claim they do not remember the hypnotic suggestion, research suggests they actually remember everything.
d) The degree to which the earlier information is forgotten varies from not remembering anything to remembering quite a bit.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
233. Carter is being arrested for the murder of his wife. In his defense, he claims that he was hypnotized into doing it. What is wrong with Carter’s story?
a) Nobody could carry out such a complex act and remain hypnotized.
b) No one could stay hypnotized for as long as it would take to murder someone.
c) No one can be induced into doing something against their will when hypnotized.
d) When hypnotized, people walk around unaware and would therefore be incapable of murder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
234. What is the difference between a positive hypnotic hallucination and a negative hypnotic hallucination?
a) A positive hallucination makes you perceive something pleasant, and a negative hallucination makes you perceive something unpleasant.
b) A positive hallucination makes you perceive something that is not there and a negative hallucination makes you not perceive something that is really there.
c) A positive hallucination will be remembered posthypnotically and a negative hallucination will not be remembered posthypnotically.
d) A positive hallucination involves the performance of a response and a negative hallucination involves the inhibition of a response.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
235. While a positive hallucination ___, a negative hallucination ___.
a) makes you perceive something pleasant; makes you perceive something unpleasant
b) makes you perceive something that is not there; makes you not perceive something that is there
c) will be remembered posthypnotically; will not be remembered posthypnotically
d) induces the performance of a response; inhibits the performance of a response
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
236. Addison has undergone hypnosis as a method to manage chronic back pain. In this example, the effect of reduced pain is due to
a) positive hypnosis.
b) a positive hypnotic hallucination.
c) negative hypnosis.
d) a negative hypnotic hallucination.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
237. Which of the following is an example of a negative hypnotic hallucination?
a) Janine no longer feels the pain from her whiplash injury.
b) Elijah sees a huge snake on the hypnotist’s stage when no snake is present.
c) Esperanza thinks the hypnotist is her favourite movie actor.
d) Desiree feels like someone is tickling her even though nobody is touching her.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
238. How have psychologists applied hypnotic hallucinations to control pain? Have these efforts been successful?
a) Positive hallucinations have been used to focus the individual on pleasant objects or events. These efforts have been successful.
b) Positive hallucinations have been used to focus the individual on pleasant objects or events. Overall, these efforts have not been successful.
c) Negative hallucinations have been used to direct the individual to ignore the pain. These efforts have been successful.
d) Negative hallucinations have been used to direct the individual to ignore the pain. Overall, these efforts have not been successful.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
239. In a neuroimaging study, participants are exposed to a painful stimulus. A negative hypnotic hallucination is then suggested. The neuroimaging data should reveal that
a) participants are both processing the painful stimulus and aware of the pain.
b) participants are neither processing the painful stimulus, nor aware of the pain.
c) participants are processing the painful stimulus but are unaware of the pain.
d) participants’ processing of the painful stimulus is heightened because of the negative hallucination.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
240. Which of the following disorders is hypnosis most helpful in treating?
a) depression
b) alcoholism
c) anxiety
d) narcolepsy
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
241. While the social/cognitive process theory argues that ___, the dissociation theory believes that ___.
a) hypnosis is the result of motivated participants acting out roles; hypnosis is a genuine phenomenon
b) the hidden observer operates consciously; the hidden observer operates unconsciously
c) a network of brain areas is responsible for hypnosis; a specific area of the brain is responsible for hypnosis
d) social and cognitive processes are dissociated during hypnosis; conscious and unconscious processes are dissociated during hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
242. What is the difference between the divided consciousness theory and the social/cognitive process theory?
a) The hidden observer operates unconsciously in the divided consciousness theory and consciously in the social/cognitive process theory.
b) The social/cognitive process theory postulates a dissociation between social and cognitive processes; the divided consciousness theory postulates a dissociation between consciousness and unconsciousness.
c) The divided consciousness theory argues that hypnosis is a genuine phenomenon; the social/cognitive process theory argues that hypnosis is the result of motivated participants acting out roles.
d) The social/cognitive process theory focuses on the brain areas responsible for consciousness; the divided consciousness theory focuses on changes in brain states with changes in consciousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
243. Mo Chou has been hypnotized. The hypnotist places Mo Chou’s hand in a bucket of ice water and tells her she will not feel any pain. She was also told that, if she did feel pain, she could signal this by raising the other hand. When she was awakened, Mo Chou reported that she had not felt any pain, even though she had raised her other hand a number of times while her hand was in the ice water. How would the divided consciousness theory explain this?
a) Mo Chou’s consciousness has dissociated. While the hidden observer part was tuned into the hypnotist’s suggestions, the other part was still able to feel the pain.
b) Mo Chou’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part was tuned into the hypnotist’s suggestions, the hidden observer part was still able to feel the pain.
c) Mo Chou’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part is highly motivated to obey the hypnotist’s instructions, the other part cannot ignore the pain.
d) Mo Chou’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part is able to ignore the pain, the other part is motivated to remain somewhat conscious and therefore, recognizes the pain.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
244. Dr. Schumacher is a psychodynamic psychologist. Dr. Turner is a mainstream experimental psychologist. To what extent is each of these psychologists likely to endorse Hilgard’s divided consciousness theory of hypnosis?
a) Dr. Schumacher is more likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory than is Dr. Turner.
b) Dr. Turner is more likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory than is Dr. Schumacher.
c) Both of these psychologists are equally likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory.
d) Neither of these psychologists is likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
245. Hypnotists will often instruct their clients to forget information learned during hypnosis. The fact that some people will remember quite a bit of what occurs during the hypnotic trance lends support to ___ theory because ___.
a) divided consciousness theory; the hidden observer was tuned into what was happening during the hypnosis
b) divided consciousness theory; the dissociation does not always last, allowing the client to later remember what happened
c) social/cognitive process theory: the client is motivated to accept the hypnotist’s instructions, but the motivation does not always extend beyond the actual session
d) social/cognitive process theory; the hidden observer is not motivated to forget what happened during the session
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
246. What is likely to be true about a memory that was recalled during hypnosis?
a) It is accurate.
b) It is not very detailed.
c) It is not accurate and very detailed.
d) It is a memory that was repressed.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
247. When it comes to the memories that are recalled during hypnosis, they are likely to be
a) more accurate and detailed than if the person was not hypnotized.
b) not very detailed.
c) not accurate and very detailed.
d) repressed memories.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
248. Peta is being hypnotized to help her remember the last thing her father told her about where he put his will. What is her hypnosis session likely to reveal?
a) the true hiding place of the will
b) her unconscious feelings for her father
c) the locations of all the items she has ever lost
d) made up directions to the will
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
249. Your assignment in Introductory Psychology is to research the topic of hypnosis. Which of the following statements would NOT be accurate to include in your report?
a) Hypnosis can be used successfully to help people break bad habits such as smoking, nail biting. And overeating.
b) A hypnotist can quite readily influence a person’s motor control.
c) Hypnosis can be used to successfully treat stuttering, high blood pressure and warts.
d) Memories recovered while under hypnosis have been shown to be quite accurate.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
250. What changes in brain activity are apparent with hypnosis?
a) a decrease in activity in the cerebral cortex and thalamus, followed by an increase in activity in these areas
b) an increase in activity in the thalamus and a decrease in activity in the cerebral cortex
c) a decrease in activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and an increase in activity in the pons
d) an increase in activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and pons, followed by a decrease in activity in these areas
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
251. Which part of the brain is implicated when patients use hypnosis to reduce pain?
a) hippocampus
b) amygdala
c) basal ganglia
d) anterior cingulate cortex
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
252. When someone undergoes hypnosis, the activity in the cerebral cortex and thalamus ___ and then it ___.
a) increases; stabilizes
b) decreases; stabilizes
c) increases; decreases
d) decreases; increases
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
253. Which conclusion about hypnosis is best supported by research?
a) People who are not open to suggestion are not likely to be susceptible to hypnosis.
b) Hypnosis is likely to eliminate the participant's need for traditional healthcare.
c) People suffering from delusions are likely to be helped by hypnosis.
d) Hypnosis is likely to improve the participant's memory of events in the distant past.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
254. Which of the following choices would be the most accurate and thorough synopsis of the hypnotic state?
a) narrowed attention, increased use of imagination, passive and receptive attitude, decreased responsiveness to pain, heightened suggestibility
b) hallucinations and delusions, passivity, rapid eye movements, increased pain tolerance, feelings of oneness with the universe
c) closeness with God, auditory hallucinations, greater understanding, increased susceptibility to pain, deference to others
d) rapid eye movements, increased sensitivity to touch, emotional liability, heightened self-awareness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
255. Any chemical that affects awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood is called a
a) hallucinogen.
b) narcotic.
c) stimulant.
d) psychoactive drug.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
256. What is the best definition of a psychoactive drug?
a) a substance that alters perception and is addictive
b) a chemical that affects awareness, behaviour, perception, or mood
c) an exogenous neurotransmitter that increases brain activity
d) a chemical that alters how others perceive us
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
257. How do most psychoactive drugs influence the nervous system?
a) by affecting neural membranes throughout the nervous system
b) by interacting with hormones already present in the synapse
c) by increasing or decreasing the number of receiving neurons
d) by changing the body's supply of neurotransmitters
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
258. Nick has been using heroin for the past six months. He finds that he needs more and more heroin to get the desired effect. Nick is experiencing
a) addiction.
b) withdrawal.
c) tolerance.
d) opioid nod.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
259. Tolerance is said to occur when
a) a person has a psychological or physical compulsion to take the drug.
b) a person has unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects after reducing the amount of intake of a drug.
c) a person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.
d) when the drug slows the activity of the central nervous system.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
260. Giacomo uses crystal methamphetamine. He finds that now, rather than a “bump” or a “line”, he needs a couple of lines to feel the effects of the drug. Which term is used to describe Giacomo’s experience?
a) adaptation
b) tolerance
c) habituation
d) desensitization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
261. Aiden quit smoking a week ago. He finds that he is feeling irritable, dizzy, and tired but he is also having trouble sleeping. It is likely that Aiden is experiencing ___ due to ___ dependence on the nicotine.
a) tolerance; physical dependence
b) tolerance; psychological dependence
c) withdrawal; physical dependence
d) withdrawal; psychological dependence
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
262. Sara, has been consuming large amounts of alcohol daily for several years now. She has tried to stop many times. Presently, Sara’s eyelids and hands are shaking, she is sweating heavily, her heart is beating rapidly, and she feels weak. Sara is most likely
a) suffering from alcohol poisoning.
b) showing signs of alcohol withdrawal.
c) intoxicated.
d) developing Korsakoff’s syndrome, caused by long-term alcoholism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
263. Atticus swears he will never take “oxies” again. When Atticus stopped using oxycontin, though, he had chills, cramps, and diarrhea. Which term below offers the most specific description of Atticus’s experience?
a) tolerance
b) cravings
c) addiction
d) withdrawal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
264. Leander’s partner threatened to leave the relationship unless Leander stopped using cocaine. Leander has stopped but is now “crashing.” Which term below offers the most specific description of Leander’s current experience?
a) tolerance
b) cravings
c) addiction
d) withdrawal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
265. What chemical in alcoholic beverages is absorbed into the blood stream?
a) GABA
b) methyl alcohol
c) ethyl alcohol
d) carboxylic acid
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
266. Ethyl alcohol exerts its effects by influencing which of the following neurotransmitters?
a) endorphins
b) GABA
c) acetylcholine
d) serotonin
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
267. How are the neurological effects of alcohol different from most other psychoactive drugs?
a) Alcohol affects many different areas of the brain and body, whereas psychoactive drugs enhance or inhibit specific neurotransmitters.
b) Alcohol has fewer effects on the nervous system, whereas psychoactive drugs localize in the nervous system.
c) The effects of alcohol last for a longer period of time than the effects of most psychoactive drugs.
d) Alcohol does not create cross-tolerance, whereas tolerance to one psychoactive drug will result in higher tolerance to similar drugs in the same category.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
268. As compared to most other psychoactive drugs, alcohol
a) produces more general effects on the nervous system because it does not target the actions of a particular neurotransmitter.
b) exerts a similar agonistic effect on dopamine receptors throughout the nervous system.
c) exerts a similar antagonistic effect on serotonin receptors throughout the nervous system.
d) produces generalized effects on the nervous system by targeting multiple neurotransmitters.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
269. Georgia has consumed a drug that originally made her feel more relaxed, but with more doses, she became more and more clumsy and emotionally unstable until she passed out. What drug did Georgia likely consume?
a) cannabis
b) LSD
c) cocaine
d) alcohol
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
270. Beth feels like she has the flu. She also feels irritable and restless. Alonzo has been depressed for a while and cannot seem to get out of bed. Chantel is shaking. Her heart is racing, she is sweaty, and her blood pressure has gone up. Danny is irritable. His appetite has increased, and his sleep cycle is off. Which alternative below correctly pairs one of these individuals with the psychoactive drug from which he or she is withdrawing?
a) Alonzo – nicotine
b) Beth – methamphetamine
c) Chantel – alcohol
d) Danny – marijuana
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
271. A popular 21st birthday ritual in the United States is called “21 for 21”. In this game, a person who turns 21 years old (the legal drinking age in the U.S.) is supposed to drink 21 shots in a very short period. The greatest danger of drinking this much alcohol is
a) the drinker could fall and be hurt.
b) the drinker may decide to drive drunk.
c) the drinker could become an alcoholic.
d) the drinker could become comatose and die.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
272. Adrian and his friends have been playing a drinking game while watching a hockey playoff game. Each person in the room has players and on one of the teams chosen and they must follow the rules and drink based on goals, penalties, hat tricks etc. Adrian is losing badly and has had almost 13 or 14 drinks in 2 hours. Adrian is in danger of
a) falling and getting badly hurt.
b) becoming a “messy” drunk, loud, and emotional.
c) passing out.
d) becoming comatose and dying.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
273. Nick is helping his buddy celebrate his upcoming wedding by doing a tour of all the bars in the area and having a drink at each one. Within a two-hour period, he has consumed 8 or 9 drinks. What state is Nick likely to be in after this?
a) His movements and speech will become clumsy.
b) He will be emotional, loud, and difficult to understand.
c) He will be relaxed with increased sociability.
d) He will be passed out, incapable of voluntary action.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
274. Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks in one sitting. Heavy drinking is defined as having five or more drinks at least five times per month. These are ___ definitions of binge drinking and heavy drinking, respectively.
a) operational
b) procedural
c) conceptual
d) experimental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
275. Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks in one sitting. Heavy drinking is defined as having five or more drinks at least five times per month. These are ___ definitions of binge drinking and heavy drinking, respectively.
a) operational
b) procedural
c) conceptual
d) experimental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
276. Galen is a second-year university student who lives in residence. Which of the following is least likely to be true about Galen’s drinking behaviour?
a) Galen probably binge drinks at least once a week.
b) Galen probably drinks more than non-university students.
c) Galen probably drinks more than students who do not live in residence.
d) Galen probably drinks more often at the campus bar than off-campus bars.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
277. Kelsey is concerned about her daughter, Emma, going away on scholarship to university to live in residence the following fall. Kelsey is especially concerned that Emma will engage in binge drinking. How well-founded are Kelsey’s concerns?
a) Not at all, girls show low rates of binge drinking in university.
b) Not very, although some girls drink a bit in university, Emma is a good student and good students are at much lower risk of binge drinking.
c) Somewhat, most college students report some drinking during their first year, but this risk is lower for those living in residence.
d) Very, many undergraduates engage in harmful patterns of drinking, especially if they live in residence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
278. Which psychoactive drug below is correctly matched with its class?
a) marijuana – stimulant
b) cocaine – sedative-hypnotic
c) heroin – hallucinogen
d) alcohol – depressant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
279. With respect to group differences in alcoholism prevalence, ___ have lower rates of alcoholism than do other groups; this difference may primarily reflect ___ factors.
a) Native Canadians; cultural
b) Native Canadians; genetic
c) Asians; cultural
d) Asians; genetic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
280. According to research, which of the following persons would be least likely to become an alcoholic?
a) Bob, an immigrant from the Ukraine who has lived in Canada for ten years.
b) Denise, a Canadian female
c) Terry, an Indigenous person in Canada
d) Hong, a Chinese immigrant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
281. Alcohol withdrawal includes each of the following symptoms EXCEPT
a) shaking.
b) a rapid heartrate.
c) a drop in blood pressure.
d) sweating.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
282. According to your text, approximately ___ of the Canadian population displays addiction in any given year.
a) 1%
b) 5%
c) 10%
d) 15%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
283. Nearly ___% of adult’s experience alcoholism at some point in their lives.
a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 20
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
284. Alcoholism is implicated in about ___% of all fatal automobile accidents in Canada.
a) 20
b) 35
c) 40
d) 50
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
285. Dominic’s mother consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy; Dominic’s intelligence is below normal, his growth is slowed, and his facial features are slightly deformed. Dominic displays ___; on average, about one baby in every ___ is born with it.
a) fetal alcohol syndrome; 200
b) fetal alcohol syndrome; 1000
c) neonatal alcohol disorder; 200
d) neonatal alcohol disorder; 1000
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
286. What is the difference between sedative-hypnotic drugs and stimulants?
a) Sedative-hypnotic drugs eliminate pain and stimulants cause hallucinations.
b) Sedative-hypnotic drugs induce sleep and stimulants trigger alertness.
c) Sedative-hypnotic drugs produce motor disturbances and stimulants increase neurotransmitter release.
d) Sedative-hypnotic drugs result in addiction and stimulants result in tolerance.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
287. Which of the following drugs is NOT a sedative-hypnotic drug?
a) Xanax
b) Ativan
c) Valium
d) cocaine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
288. Stefanie was rushed to the ER following her first experience with an illicit drug. Although she was only 25, she suffered heart irregularities and brain seizures. What drug did she MOST likely use?
a) cocaine
b) heroin
c) LSD
d) marijuana
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
289. Peter was found dead in his apartment at the age of 29. The cause of death was found to be acute heart failure related to illicit drug use, although the autopsy revealed no evidence of long-term substance use or abuse. Which drug was most likely responsible for Peter’s death?
a) cocaine
b) heroin
c) oxycodone
d) mescaline
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
290. Ryan considers himself a recreational drug user and particularly enjoys using cocaine. Although he likes the feeling the drug produces, he does NOT like the "crash" he feels when the desirable effects wear off. From a neuropsychological perspective, what is causing the "crash"?
a) the depletion of dopamine and serotonin following cocaine's effects
b) the increase in dopamine and serotonin levels following cocaine’s effects
c) the cocaine’s initial stimulatory effect upon the nervous system
d) the cocaine’s initial depressant effect upon the nervous system
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
291. Imagine a friend is experiencing these undesirable effects: anxiety, nausea, disorientation, and memory loss. Which type of psychoactive drug has she likely taken in excessive amounts?
a) depressant
b) stimulant
c) opiate
d) hallucinogen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
292. Benzodiazepines include each of the following drugs EXCEPT
a) Ritalin.
b) Valium.
c) Xanax.
d) Ativan.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
293. Approximately what proportion of North American adults becomes addicted to benzodiazepines at some point in their lives?
a) 0.5%
b) 1%
c) 2%
d) 5%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
294. Endorphins are neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce tension. Their action in the brain is mimicked by
a) opioids, such as Xanax.
b) opioids, such as heroin.
c) alcohol.
d) benzodiazepines, such as Xanax.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
295. Laura returns home from a party feeling sleepy. She is also vomiting and complaining of feeling constipated. She is breathing in a short and rapid manner. When asked, Laura admits to taking an illicit drug at the party. What has she MOST likely taken?
a) heroin
b) cocaine
c) LSD
d) marijuana
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
296. Dwayne has consumed excessive amounts of heroin. What is he likely feeling?
a) intense paranoia
b) intense negative visual hallucinations
c) intense feelings of euphoria that are almost orgasmic
d) nothing, he is in extreme danger of an overdose and dying
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
297. Your text states that heroin overdoses shut down the respiratory centre in the brain. Drawing on your knowledge of the brain, you might surmise that heroin overdoses affect the ___.
a) brainstem
b) midbrain
c) limbic system
d) neocortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
298. Heroin overdoses affect the brainstem. This might lead you to surmise that heroin overdoses result in
a) hallucinations and other sensory issues.
b) motor problems causing staggering and disjointed movement.
c) personality changes leading to increases in aggression.
d) the cessation of breathing leading to death.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
299. Cole has just taken a drug. He immediately feels a rush which is then followed by several hours of a nod. What drug did Cole take, and how did he administer it?
a) Cole just injected an opioid.
b) Cole just snorted cocaine.
c) Cole just smoked marijuana.
d) Cole just ingested a benzodiazepine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
300. Jimena has just taken a drug. She experiences an immediate increase in energy and alertness, a depression in appetite, as well as intoxication and psychosis. What drug did Jimena take, and how did she most likely administer it?
a) Jimena just ingested amphetamines.
b) Jimena just snorted cocaine.
c) Jimena just smoked marijuana.
d) Jimena just ingested alcohol.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
301. Which is the world’s most widely used stimulant?
a) caffeine
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) amphetamines
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
302. Based on your knowledge of the nervous system and on the text’s discussion, which of the following statements most accurately describes the effect of caffeine and the other stimulants on the nervous system?
a) They decrease central nervous system activity.
b) They increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
c) They decrease sympathetic nervous system activity.
d) They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
303. Based on your knowledge of the nervous system and on the text’s discussion, which of the following statements most accurately describes the effect of caffeine and the other stimulants on the nervous system?
a) They decrease central nervous system activity.
b) They increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
c) They decrease sympathetic nervous system activity.
d) They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
304. In what way are caffeine and nicotine the same?
a) They both decrease heart rate.
b) They both increase alertness.
c) They both are absorbed through the respiratory tract.
d) They are both hallucinogens.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
305. After lunch, Katya enjoys a cup of coffee and a cigarette, thereby consuming two ___.
a) benzodiazepines
b) depressants
c) stimulants
d) opioids
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
306. In the past 12 hours, Jayden has consumed four cans of Red Bull. Now he is feeling restless, nervous, and euphoric. He is also talking very quickly and is extremely irritable. Jayden is probably suffering from
a) caffeine rush.
b) caffeine high.
c) caffeine intoxication.
d) caffeine overdose.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
307. Alice uses a drug with relaxation, alertness, and sociability. This drug is _________ and it belongs to the ______________________ category of drugs.
a) nicotine; opiate
b) caffeine; hallucinogen
c) nicotine; stimulant
d) caffeine; depressant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
308. Sophie just gave birth to a baby boy. Her son was 6 weeks premature and was very underweight. Which of the following drugs was Sophie likely taking during her pregnancy?
a) alcohol
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) methamphetamines
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
309. Nina just gave birth to a baby boy, Jack. Due to her drug use, Nina had several miscarriages before Jack was born. At birth it was clear that Jack had facial deformities and that he had heart defects. Which of the following drugs was Nina likely taking during her pregnancy?
a) alcohol
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) methamphetamines
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
310. Which of the following is not a symptom of caffeine withdrawal?
a) sleepiness
b) anxiety
c) headaches
d) insomnia
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
311. Stimulants include each of the following drugs except
a) cocaine.
b) nicotine.
c) morphine.
d) methamphetamine.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
312. Which of these drugs is an opiate?
a) methamphetamine (crystal meth)
b) ketamine (Special K)
c) morphine
d) marijuana
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
313. Heroin, codeine, and morphine are considered
a) depressants.
b) stimulants.
c) opiates.
d) hallucinogens.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
314. Lee has started taking oxycodone for back pain. Which of the following would be adverse effects of this drug?
a) nausea, shallow breathing
b) irritability, hallucinations
c) convulsions, delusions
d) increased appetite, feelings of panic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
315. Nicotine and ________ are both part of the ________ class of drugs.
a) cocaine; stimulant
b) alcohol; stimulant
c) marijuana; depressant
d) LSD; hallucinogen
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knolwedge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
316. Which category of psychoactive drugs below is correctly matched with its effects on thought and behaviour?
a) hallucinogens – slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions
b) stimulants – increase the activity of the central nervous system
c) sedative-hypnotic drugs – produce changes in sensory perception
d) depressants – produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
317. Which category of psychoactive drugs below is correctly matched with its effects on thought and behaviour?
a) hallucinogens – slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions
b) stimulants – increase the activity of the central nervous system
c) sedative-hypnotic drugs – produce changes in sensory perception
d) depressants – produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
318. Worldwide, about ___% of the population consumes caffeine every day. In Canada ___% of all individuals over the age of 14 regularly smoke tobacco.
a) 50; 20
b) 50; 30
c) 80; 20
d) 80; 30
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
319. About how many people die each year in Canada because of smoking?
a) 10,000
b) 37,000
c) 47,000
d) 137,000
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
320. According to Health Canada, it was estimated that approximately how many Canadians over the age of 14 used cocaine in 2008?
a) 31,000
b) 301,000
c) 311,000
d) 3,311,000
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
321. Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects in the brain by
a) stabilizing dopamine activity.
b) increasing dopamine activity.
c) increasing serotonin activity.
d) mimicking endorphins.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
322. Mason has been snorting cocaine at a party. Initially he feels excited, energetic, and is very talkative. As the drug starts to wear off, Mason starts to feel very depressed. Which of the following terms best describe the latter part of Mason’s experience?
a) freebasing
b) downing
c) nods
d) crashing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
323. Fawn consumed a large amount of a drug at a party. She is talkative, on edge, and somewhat irritable. Of the following, the drug she most likely consumed is
a) heroin.
b) marijuana.
c) Ativan.
d) methamphetamine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
324. Which of the following is cocaine use NOT associated with?
a) suicide
b) brain seizures
c) heart irregularity
d) cirrhosis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
325. What percentage of Canadians over the age of 15 have tried a form of methamphetamine at least once?
a) 2%
b) 4%
c) 6%
d) 10%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
326. Which psychoactive drug below is correctly matched with the primary neurotransmitter it influences?
a) methamphetamine – dopamine
b) alcohol – serotonin
c) heroin – GABA
d) LSD – endorphins
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
327. Which of the following statements correctly identifies a difference between cocaine and methamphetamine?
a) Cocaine and methamphetamine increase the activity of different neurotransmitters.
b) Methamphetamine lasts longer in the body than does cocaine.
c) Methamphetamine produces an emotional letdown when it leaves the body. Cocaine does not.
d) Cocaine does not produce the increase in alertness and energy that methamphetamine does.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
328. Which of the following statements incorrectly identifies a commonality between nicotine and caffeine?
a) Both drugs cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
b) Both drugs are associated with significant social and medical problems.
c) Both drugs are highly addictive.
d) Both drugs are stimulants.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
329. _____ are drugs that dramatically change one’s state of awareness by causing an altered sense of time, changes in sensory perceptions, hallucinations, and illusions.
a) Hallucinogens
b) Stimulants
c) Depressants
d) Opioids
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
330. Hallucinogens are the only drugs that
a) cause individuals to feel hypersexual and uninhibited.
b) create a sense of euphoria, contentment, and social intimacy.
c) alter consciousness, interfering with the brain’s ability to reliably perceive reality.
d) shift awareness and increase stimulation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
331. Which of the following is NOT a hallucinogen?
a) LSD
b) Psilocybin
c) Methamphetamine
d) DMT
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
332. Which of the following is a hallucinogen?
a) Heroin
b) Psilocybin
c) Methamphetamine
d) Cocaine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
333. Jamie returns to his dorm and his roommate immediately notices he is very hyperactive. Jamie also starts to tell his roommate how emotionally connected he feels to him. Jamie is MOST likely under the influence of
a) Ecstasy.
b) morphine.
c) LSD.
d) marijuana.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
334. Carla took an unfamiliar pill her friend offered her at dinner. Since then, her heart has been racing and she has been unable to sleep. Carla has also been extremely euphoric and feels that she is capable of loving everyone around her. Carla is most likely under the influence of
a) Ecstasy.
b) codeine.
c) barbiturates.
d) ketamine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
335. Ivan uses _____ to “raise his consciousness and expand his experience.” When he ingests this drug, he experiences strengthened visual perceptions, strong emotions, and a recurrence of past thoughts and emotions.
a) cocaine
b) LSD
c) ecstasy
d) heroin
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
336. How does ecstasy work in the brain?
a) It stimulates the release of dopamine.
b) It increases the rate of action potentials.
c) It causes a sudden dump of serotonin.
d) It blocks the reuptake of acetylcholine.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
337. Which of the following is not an immediate symptom of taking MDMA?
a) euphoria
b) increased social intimacy
c) reduced anxiety
d) depression
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
338. Landon and Aaliyah are at the beach admiring the beautiful purple sky when Aaliyah suddenly notices that her left hand has grown to three times its normal size. Although she tries to tell Landon about her hand, he is focusing on a single grain of sand that he has picked up. Which drug have Landon and Aaliyah probably taken?
a) crank
b) ice
c) ecstasy
d) LSD
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
339. Bethany ingested a drug that produces feeling of drowsiness and relaxation but that primarily serves to reduce her anxiety. Bethany is probably taking
a) alcohol.
b) benzodiazepines.
c) marijuana.
d) opiods.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
340. Which of the following drugs works by causing a sudden release of serotonin?
a) cocaine
b) amphetamines
c) ecstasy
d) heroin
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
341. Which drug is most likely to provide a sense of euphoria along with distortions of reality?
a) LSD
b) methamphetamine (crystal meth)
c) alcohol
d) morphine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
342. A long time ago, Candace hung out with a group of people and they sometimes enjoyed using illegal drugs. One night, after taking a drug, she saw her arms were melting as if they were on fire, and this terrified her. She never did the drug again, but for a few years afterward she would periodically see her arms melting again. What drug did she likely consume?
a) cocaine
b) LSD
c) heroin
d) amphetamines
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
343. LSD influences the operation of the neurotransmitter ___ in the brain.
a) serotonin
b) norepinephrine
c) endorphins
d) GABA
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
344. Which of the following meets all the following requirements? This drug is known to facilitate mystical experiences, decrease anxiety, improve mood, and improve symptoms in those with treatment resistant depression.
a) psilocybin
b) cocaine
c) LSD
d) mescaline
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
345. _____ is associated with persisting positive improvements in mood, attitudes, and behaviour for up to 14 months after using the drug.
a) Ecstasy
b) Psilocybin
c) LSD
d) Mescaline
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
346. _____ binds primarily to serotonin receptors to produce a hallucinogenic experience.
a) Mescaline
b) Cocaine
c) Methamphetamine
d) Heroin
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
347. Mindy went to South America to participate in an Ayahuasca ceremony. Elder Maggie Strawberry incorporated an Ayahuasca ceremony into a four-day counselling session which led to declines in alcohol ad drug use. Both women would be utilizing what drug?
a) Mescaline
b) DMT
c) Methamphetamine
d) Ketamine
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
348. Dr. Herath is working with a hallucinogenic drug with a similar chemical structure to other psychedelics and that is found in the pineal gland of the human brain. What drug is Dr. Herath working with?
a) Mescaline
b) Ketamine
c) Methamphetamine
d) DMT
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
349. _____ produces auditory and musical hallucinations as well as altering colour perception, reaction time, and the perception of time.
a) Mescaline
b) Ketamine
c) Methamphetamine
d) Heroin
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
350.Auditory hallucinations produced by _____ are of particular interest to researchers studying the auditory hallucinations associated with acute schizophrenia.
a) Mescaline
b) Methamphetamine
c) Ketamine
d) DMT
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
351. What drug is known as “angel dust,” or “love boat,” or the “peace pill”?
a) DMT
b) MDMA
c) THC
d) PCP
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
352. Symptoms of PCP intoxication include _____ and after the drug wears off it is common for users to experience _____.
a) euphoria, hallucinations, and depersonalization; persistent psychosis and flashbacks
b) slowing of time, increased perception of distance and size, and sharpened perceptions; a loss of memory for recently learned material
c) psychomotor agitation, repetitive and uncontrolled eye movements, and agitation; amnesia for what occurred while under the influence
d) decreased anxiety and improved mood; persisting positive improvements in mood, attitudes, and behaviour
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
353. Why is marijuana classified as a hallucinogen?
a) At strong doses, unusual visual experiences or hallucinations may occur.
b) At strong doses, dangerous flashbacks may be triggered.
c) At low doses, mild euphoria is experienced.
d) At low doses, relaxation can lead to nightmares.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
354. Marijuana is classified as a hallucinogen because
a) at lower doses, it soothes withdrawal from drugs like heroin.
b) at stronger doses, it acts as a trigger for LSD flashbacks.
c) at stronger doses, it mimics the effects of drugs like Ecstasy.
d) at stronger doses, it mimics the effects of drugs like LSD.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
355. What chemical component in marijuana is most responsible for its effects?
a) hashish
b) tobacco
c) THC
d) nicotine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
356. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effects of marijuana use?
a) Marijuana users often experience severe withdrawal symptoms if they quit suddenly.
b) Marijuana leaves the body quickly, which makes it virtually undetectable in drug tests.
c) Marijuana increases the IQ of those who use it regularly.
d) Chronic use of marijuana can lead to respiratory disorders and reduced sperm count.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
357. Your text states that, “many people on a marijuana high fail to remember information, especially recently learned material.” Drawing on your knowledge of the brain, you might hypothesize that this impairment reflects a potential effect of marijuana on a structure in the brain called the ___.
a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) thalamus
d) cerebellum
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
358. In the 1970s marijuana use rarely led to addiction. Why, then, are so many marijuana smokers now getting caught in pattern of addiction?
a) Marijuana is more readily available than in the past.
b) Marijuana use itself is increasing, because it has become more socially acceptable than it was in the past.
c) Marijuana today contains more THC than it did in the past.
d) Marijuana is more often mixed with stronger drugs, such as cocaine, than was the case in the past.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
359. Avery had a very bad day at work. Her boss was very angry with her because she missed another deadline and threatened to fire her. That night, Avery smokes marijuana to help her relax. How is Avery likely to feel after smoking the drug?
a) happy and relaxed
b) irritable and anxious
c) calm and sleepy
d) hyperactive and alert
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
360. Twenty-year-old Toby cam home from work in a great mood and talked his thirty-year old friend Jessie, who had a terrible day and was consequently irritable, into smoking marijuana to cheer her up. However, this plan backfired on Toby. Although Toby felt happy and relaxed after smoking, Jessie was anxious and even more irritated. What might account for these different reactions.
a) Cannabis has a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.
b) Cannabis has differential effects on males and females.
c) Cannabis has differential effects on people of different ages.
d) Cannabis is a stimulant and therefore creates suggestible states based on the most immediate recent experience.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
361. The key neurotransmitter in the reward learning pathway is
a) dopamine.
b) serotonin.
c) norepinephrine.
d) GABA.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
362. The key neurotransmitter in the brain’s pleasure pathway is ___.
a) GABA
b) serotonin
c) endorphins
d) dopamine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
363. Which statement below best describes how psychoactive drugs influence the brain’s reward centre?
a) All drugs stimulate the brain’s reward centre directly.
b) All drugs stimulate the brain’s reward centre indirectly.
c) Cocaine and amphetamines stimulate the brain’s reward centre indirectly; other drugs stimulate it directly.
d) Cocaine and amphetamines stimulate the brain’s reward centre directly; other drugs stimulate it indirectly.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
364. Devlin and Cooper became friends in university and often used drugs together. Although Devlin went on to be a successful lawyer, Cooper continued to use drugs regularly. As a result, Cooper has not been able to hold down a steady job and is in danger of losing his family. According to recent research discussed in the textbook, what might account for the different outcomes for these two men despite engaging in the same behaviours?
a) Cooper had greater access to the drugs.
b) Devlin’s reward learning pathway is not activated as readily as Cooper’s.
c) Cooper’s reward learning pathway is not activated as readily as Devlin’s.
d) Cooper has an addictive personality.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
365. Research suggests that people ___________ to abuse drugs may suffer from a(n) ___________.
a) prone; drug-deficiency syndrome
b) not prone; reward learning deficiency
c) prone; reward-deficiency syndrome
d) not prone; addictive personality syndrome
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
366. Nelson is trying to understand why his son abuses drugs. He knows that genetics plays a role, but he wants to go deeper than that. He comes across a theory called the reward-deficiency syndrome, which states that people abuse drugs because
a) their reward pathways do not respond normally to daily events.
b) they do not receive enough love as a child.
c) they do not value positive reinforcement and avoid punishment like normal.
d) their neurotransmitters are lacking a protein substance that helps them activate the postsynaptic membrane.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drug
367. Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in the reward learning pathway?
a) norepinephrine
b) serotonin
c) dopamine
d) GABA
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drug
MATCHING QUESTION
368. Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms A. Implicit memory B. Explicit memory C. Preconscious D. Unconscious E. Adaptive theory of sleep F. Restorative theory of sleep G. Circadian rhythm H. REM cycle I. Hypnagogic state J. Sleep spindles K. Activation-synthesis theory L. Information-processing theory M. Sleep apnea N. Insomnia O. Narcolepsy P. Addiction Q. Tolerance R. Withdrawal | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | Definitions 1. Theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes. 2. Disorder marked by uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. 3. Pattern of sleep-wake cycles often also known as the “biological clock.” 4. When a person is required to take incrementally larger doses of a drug to achieve the same effect. 5. A pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena. 6. Bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two; occur during Stage 2 sleep. 7. Repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading to frequent awakenings. 8. Knowledge that we have stored in memory that we are not typically aware of or able to recall. 9. Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects from abruptly stopping or reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted. 10. Level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary. |
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. F: Restorative theory of sleep
2. O: Narcolepsy
3. G: Circadian rhythm
4. Q: Tolerance
5. I: Hypnagogic state
6. J: Sleep spindles
7. M: Sleep apnea
8. A: Implicit memory
9. R: Withdrawal
10. C: Preconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
369. Weiskrantz’s study suggested that the areas of the brain that allow us to attend to stimuli are different from the areas that make us aware that we are attending to such stimuli. The term used to describe this phenomenon is ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
370. There is evidence that most children develop a sense of self around the age of ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
371. A baby must develop a sense of ___ to be fully aware of him/herself as a separate being from others.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
372. A memory has reached the ___ level when we finally remember information.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
373. Freud suggested that people deal with memories that are too painful by ___ such thoughts and keeping them in the unconscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
374. The idea that sleep is the evolutionary outcome of self-preservation describes the ___ theory of sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
375. The idea that sleep allows the brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources and eliminate wastes is known as the ___ theory of sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
376. Jarrod flew to China for a conference and had difficulty adapting to the 12-hour time difference. This difficulty was most likely due to a phenomenon known as ___.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
377. Isla wakes up at 5:30 A.M. She goes to the gym then studies for a few hours before going to her morning classes at the university. Isla would be described as a ___ because of her ability to function well in the early morning hours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
378. The drowsy pre-sleep period is called the ___ state.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
379. A biological explanation for dreaming that suggests that dreams activate specific brain structures to synthesize the meaning of internal signals is known as the ___ model.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
380. Hypnosis is often referred to as a(n) ___ state of consciousness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
281. When a hypnotist guides an individual to a heightened tension and awareness, the individual is in a ___ trance.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
382. People who regularly ingest drugs may develop maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in bodily responses referred to as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
383. Substances taken from the sap of the opium poppy, such as heroin and morphine are known as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
384. A powerful type of amphetamine that has experienced a recent surge in popularity is ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
385. At low doses, marijuana smokers typically experience feelings of ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
386. The drug MDMA is commonly known as the club drug ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
387. ______ is a drug is commonly used as an anaesthetic in veterinary clinics.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
388. Name two elements that are involved in conscious awareness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
389. What group of individuals did Sperry and Gazzaniga investigate in their research programs to determine the roles played by the different hemispheres of the brain in regulating conscious attention?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
390. Finn said he “hated his attorney”. He meant to say that he “waited on his attorney”. What term is used to identify this “slip of the tongue?” How does it work?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
391. What is the purpose of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in dealing with unconscious material?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
392. What happens to a vertebrate animal if it is prevented from sleeping for a long period of time?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
393. What term associated with the sleep pattern in humans is described as the “biological clock?”
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
394. What activity in Stage 2 sleep includes bursts of brain activity that last one to two seconds?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
395. What sleep disorder is characterized by frequent awakening due to repeated instances in which some individuals stop breathing?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
396. What percentage of the population reportedly cannot be hypnotized at all?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
397. What type of response has occurred when a predetermined signal prompts a response from a person after they have been roused from a hypnotic trance?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
398. When hypnotized people are guided to see objects or hear sounds that are not present, what type of hallucination has occurred?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
399. Neuroimaging studies suggest that what part of the brain’s cerebral cortex is most involved when hypnosis is used to reduce pain?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
400. Name two mental processes psychoactive drugs can affect.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
401. What term refers to needing more and more of a drug to feel its desired effects?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
402. Ethyl alcohol slows brain activity by binding to the receptor sites of which neurotransmitter?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
403. What condition of the liver may occur following long-term alcohol abuse?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
404. Name one common medical opioid that is currently used in Canada.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
405. How is nicotine most commonly taken into the body?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
406. What substances are known to produce dramatic changes in awareness by causing altered sensory perception?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
407. What is the key neurotransmitter involved in the pleasure pathway utilized by drugs in the brain?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
ESSAY QUESTIONS
408. Describe the difference in conscious awareness regulation produced by the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
409. Describe how consciousness may be rooted in language.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
410. Provide an example of information that exists at the unconscious level of thought.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
411. Describe the difference between explicit and implicit memory processes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
412. How do proponents of the adaptive theory of sleep explain the functionality of sleep?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
413. What biochemical activity accompanies circadian rhythms? Explain how it is affected by the sleep-wake cycle.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
414. How does the presence of melatonin influence the sleep-wake cycle?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
415. Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
416. Describe the most common sleep disorder and the factors that may cause it.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
417. Describe two characteristics an individual must possess for the hypnotic process to work?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
418. Define posthypnotic amnesia and provide an example in which this may occur.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
419. Describe how dissociation occurs and define the activities of the “hidden observer” during hypnosis.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
420. Describe the types of symptoms an individual who is addicted to a drug may experience during withdrawal.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
421. Describe the types of psychological problems displayed by children of alcoholic parents?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Applied
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
422. Describe the “rush” that accompanies opioid ingestion.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
423. What types of diseases and disorders is smoking tobacco directly related to?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
424. Describe the psychological impact of taking LSD.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
425. Describe reward-deficiency syndrome.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
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