Human Development Test Bank Docx Chapter 4 - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
• Two major research approaches in developmental psychology are cross-sectional (comparing different age groups to assess change) and longitudinal (studying the same group to see how responses change over time).
• The cohort-sequential research design combines elements of the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.
2. Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
• Developmental psychology is the study of changes in our behaviour and mental processes over time and the various factors that influence the course of those changes.
• Key philosophical issues in the study of developmental psychology are what drives change (biological or environmental factors); what is the nature of the change (qualitative or quantitative); and the role of early experiences in shaping later development.
3. Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
• Our genetic inheritance comes from both parents, who each contribute half our chromosomes. Genes can combine in various ways to make up our phenotype, or observable traits.
• Genetics can influence the manifestation of both physical traits and psychological traits, including temperament, although environment also plays a role.
• Prenatal development begins with conception and is divided into three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal, each characterized by specific patterns of development.
• Individuals are susceptible to multiple influences by biological and environmental forces before they are even born, during the prenatal period.
4. Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
• Infants make dramatic gains in both physical and psychological capabilities. Our brains grow during this period, preparing us to learn and encode the information that will organize those changes.
• One of the most important developmental theorists, Jean Piaget, proposed a theory of cognitive development that suggested that through learning and self-experimentation, we help our thinking to grow progressively more complex.
• Piaget believed we pass through multiple stages on the way to formal adult reasoning and that each transition is accompanied by the acquisition of a new cognitive capability. During the sensorimotor stage in infancy, we become able to hold memories of objects in our minds.
• Information-processing researchers have suggested that babies may develop mental capacities at earlier ages than Piaget believed they did.
• Attachment theory suggests that babies are biologically predisposed to bond and form a relationship with a key caregiver, thus ensuring that their needs are met. The security of the attachment relationship will have later implications for how secure individuals feel in their emotional and social capabilities.
• Baumrind found evidence that different parenting styles can also affect the overall well-being of the child, although subsequent research suggested that outcomes might vary depending on other environmental and cultural influences. Physical growth continues at a generally slower pace in childhood than in infancy. Myelination and synaptic pruning continue to shape the brain.
• Physical growth continues at a generally slower pace in childhood than in infancy. Myelination and synaptic pruning continue to shape the brain.
• Piaget believed that children pass through the stages of preoperational and concrete operational thinking, learning to manipulate their mental schema. Other researchers have suggested children’s thinking may not be as limited during these stages as Piaget thought it was.
• Theories of moral development often focus on moral reasoning (the reasons why a child would do one thing or another) rather than values. Generally, research supports the movement from morality rooted in submitting to authority to morality rooted in more autonomous decisions about right and wrong.
• Some researchers suggest that moral reasoning may vary across gender and culture. Other researchers question whether morality theories would be better served by measuring behaviour instead of expressed reasoning or attitudes.
5. Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
• Adolescence is generally associated with many substantial changes, including the onset of full sexual and physical maturity, as well as reasoning capabilities that approach adult levels. However, teenagers have certain limitations that influence their ability to make sound judgments and avoid risky situations.
• Erikson proposed a theory of development that stretches across the lifespan and incorporates various dilemmas that need to be successfully reconciled for development to stay on track.
6. Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
• Adult physical and psychological development is often characterized by some degree of decline. However, most basic faculties remain intact across the lifespan.
• According to Erikson, the challenge of early adulthood is to resolve the conflict between intimacy and isolation; of middle adulthood, to resolve the conflict between generativity and stagnation; and of old age, to resolve the conflict between integrity and despair. Levinson pointed out that transitions from one stage to the next can also cause conflicts.
• The ages at which adults are expected to reach major social and emotional milestones, such as marriage and parenting, are more flexible now in many societies than they were in the past.
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. A cohort-sequential design compares individuals of various ages, at the same point in time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
2. Daewon’s longitudinal work indicated that individuals had significantly lower fears around terrorism in the 1990s than they did in the 2002. This is an example of a cohort effect.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
3. The belief that development is biologically programmed to happen sequentially is known as maturation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
4. Continuous development involves clear qualitative differences in thinking or behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
5. A sensitive period is a period when children are particularly receptive to environmental influence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
6. Johnston has two alleles for blue eyes. Johnston is heterozygous for blue eyes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
7. Polygenic traits involve the combined impact of multiple genes and/or are influenced by the environment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
8. The age of survivability refers to when a newborn baby can survive on its own.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
9. Vision is the most highly developed sense immediately following birth.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
10. As we grow older, 80% of our early synaptic connections are lost.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
11. Piaget claimed that all children develop in the same way and there is no variation in the timing of developmental milestones.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
12. Cognitive development refers to how thinking develops with age.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
13. Piaget’s theory states that children’s cognitive abilities differ according to age.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
14. The experiment Ainsworth developed to study attachment is called the Strange Situation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
15. Negative influences, such as abuse, neglect, or poor nutrition, have no effect on motor development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
16. The developmental changes that occur during childhood are less rapid than those that occur in infancy.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
17. Vygotsky claimed that social actions with mature people in the culture serve to influence children’s development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
18. Operations refer to a child’s ability to hold an idea in mind and manipulate it mentally.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
19. Uninvolved parents are emotionally detached from their children.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
20. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focuses on how children make decisions regarding what is right and wrong.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
21. Primary sexual characteristics refer to changes in the reproductive organs.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
22. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development spans the period from birth and ends at age 18.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
23. Marcia identified four statuses of identity which he suggests remain stable throughout life regardless of age or experience.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
24. Menopause usually first effects women age 60 or older.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
25. As early as our 40’s and 50’s, we see decline in long-term memory and our ability to learn new material.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
26. The area of psychology that focuses on growth and change throughout the human lifespan is known as
a) developmental psychology.
b) cognitive psychology.
c) abnormal psychology.
d) personality psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
27. Dr. Abrams is investigating how social perspective-taking skills change from middle childhood to adolescence, and he needs a developmental research design to do so. Which of the following is NOT designed to answer his question?
a) longitudinal
b) cohort-sequential
c) cross-sectional
d) double-blind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
28. Myriam wants to test a new drug to see whether it has an impact on ADHD symptoms in children. However, she knows that simply telling parents and children that the child is taking a drug intended to help with symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity often serves to temporarily reduce symptoms on its own. She is concerned that this participant bias effect has the potential to interfere with her study. Given this issue, what would be the best research design for Myriam to use?
a) longitudinal
b) cohort-sequential
c) cross-sectional
d) double-blind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
29. What happens in a longitudinal developmental research design?
a) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
b) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
c) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
d) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
30. Randall and his colleague are designing a study to assess how self-esteem changes as we age. His colleague really wants to use a longitudinal design, but Randall feels that a cross-sectional design would be better. Randall begins presenting a case with all the reasons that the longitudinal design is bad. Which of the following would he NOT say?
a) It takes a long time and a lot of money/resources.
b) It does not control for cohort effects.
c) It does not explain age change.
d) Many participants drop out over the course of the study.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
31. Dr. Essie wants to study whether self-esteem in kindergarten predicts self-esteem in early adulthood. She intends to use a cross-sectional design. From the choices below, what would you tell Dr. Essie is an advantage of the cross-sectional approach?
a) quick and inexpensive
b) permits detailed study of individuals over time
c) more in-depth information per participant
d) suggests observed changes are a function of time and developmental changes
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
32. Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?
a) gives reasonably reliable information about age changes
b) convenient for researchers and participants
c) requires relatively little time and money
d) easy and straightforward
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
33. In which developmental research design are participants of the same age tested at multiple points in time?
a) longitudinal
b) experimental
c) cross-sectional
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
34. Which type of study design is hard to generalize from because it typically uses a smaller sample and because participants drop out over time?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) telephone survey
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
35. Which of the following research designs would be MOST effective when investigating how lifelong residents of an urban neighborhood adapt as the area is gentrified?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) descriptive
d) experimental
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
36. A longitudinal study revealed that the personality trait of neuroticism did NOT change much as a person aged. Based on this finding, which of the following statements below can we determine to be TRUE?
a) Neuroticism does seem to be a stable trait.
b) Neuroticism does seem to be a changing trait.
c) Neurotic children need help to decrease neuroticism as adults.
d) All neurotic adults were neurotic children.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology
37. Which of the following developmental research designs would be the best to use if your goal were to assess the impact of age changes?
a) the cross-sectional design because you can answer developmental questions much faster than waiting for changes to happen
b) the cross-sectional design because you can assess the entire lifespan in a very short time
c) the longitudinal because you can watch changes over time within the same individual
d) the longitudinal because it is very easy and inexpensive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
38. Joseph is a psychologist. He wants to study the stability of IQ scores over time. He should use the _____________ method.
a) cross-sectional
b) cross-longitudinal
c) longitudinal
d) microgenetic method
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
39. If the goal of developmental psychology is to assess age changes, which developmental design is the best to use and why?
a) the cross-sectional design because you can answer developmental questions much faster than waiting for changes to happen
b) the cross-sectional design because you can assess the entire lifespan in a very short time
c) the longitudinal because you can watch changes over time within the same individual
d) the longitudinal because it is very easy and inexpensive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
40. ____________ studies are the most time-efficient method, whereas ____________ studies provide the most in-depth information per participant.
a) Correlational; experimental
b) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
c) Longitudinal; cross-sectional
d) Cross-sectional; cross-sectional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
41. Avery is investigating whether the changes in intelligence that can happen as we age are attributable to childhood environmental conditions. He begins by testing the intelligence of a large sample of 8-year old children, and then he thoroughly assesses each child’s environmental conditions. He then plans on re-testing the intelligence of each participant every 2 years for the next 10 years. Avery is using a ___ research design.
a) cross-sectional
b) correlational
c) cohort-sequential
d) longitudinal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
42. Eunice, age 65, participated in a research study that compared older adult’s scores on a cognitive test to the scores of younger adults. Which type of study does this example represent?
a) longitudinal
b) experimental
c) cross-sectional
d) qualitative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
43. If a psychologist wanted to compare 6-year-old and 10-year-old children on their performance of a memory test, she would use the ___________ method.
a) cross-sectional
b) cross-longitudinal
c) longitudinal
d) cohort longitudinal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
44. Which of the following is an advantage of cross-sectional research?
a) gives reliable information about age changes
b) cohort effects are easy to separate
c) explains how and when changes might have occurred
d) easy and straightforward
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
45. Anna is studying how the ability to use a crude map of a spatial environment changes in early childhood. She tests 2, 4 and 6-year old children on their ability to find a hidden object using a simple map. Anna is using a ___ research design.
a) cross-sectional
b) developmental
c) longitudinal
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
46. Rayna is interested in studying developmental change in memory for images over the course of childhood. She tests participants who are 6 years old, 8 years old, and 10 years old on their memory for the details in ink drawings of complex scenes. What developmental research design is Rayna using?
a) cross-sectional
b) developmental
c) longitudinal
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
47. In the United States, following the draft and subsequent protests about the Vietnam War in the 1960’s and 70’s, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine if the younger generation had a greater interest in politics than their parents. The hypothesis was supported, however, critics pointed out a major flaw in the study. Which of the following might be a flaw in the study?
a) It does not explain why there might be age differences in the interest in politics.
b) There may have been cohort effects as the younger generation were being forced to join the army.
c) That particular generation were known for their passion on political issues.
d) They probably had a lot of participants drop out over the time the study was conducted.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How is Development Studied?
48. Sara is examining the effects of technology on the development of romantic relationships. However, she encounters a problem with her subject pool since her younger subjects are much more fluent than her older subjects with smartphones, e-mailing, and using websites for online dating. This is an example of
a) cohort effects.
b) maturational effects.
c) imprinting effects.
d) poor research design.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How is Development Studied?
49. Dr. Abrams conducted a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the ability to extract information from an online article in a timed situation. She tested a representative sample of 20-year people, 40-year old people, 60-year old people, and 80-year old people. Her results clearly indicated a drop in ability to extract key concepts with age. Which of the following is NOT a potential flaw in this study?
a) does not address the fact that older people may need additional time to read the information.
b) does not address the comfort level younger generations have with technology.
c) does not address sensory issues that may have interfered with the task.
d) does not address the potential of intelligence dropping with age.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How is Development Studied?
50. What happens in a cross-sectional developmental research design?
a) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
b) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
c) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
d) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
51. _____ research studies several different groups of individuals at various ages, at one point in time, and provides information regarding _____.
a) Longitudinal; age differences
b) Cross-sectional; age differences
c) Longitudinal; age changes
d) Cross-sectional; age changes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
52. In which developmental research design are participants of various ages tested at one point in time?
a) longitudinal
b) correlational
c) cross-sectional
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
53. What happens in a cohort-sequential developmental research design?
a) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
b) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
c) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
d) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
54. In which developmental research design are participants of various ages tested at multiple points in time?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) cohort-sequential
d) correlational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
55. A cohort-sequential design is different from a longitudinal design in that the cohort-sequential design ___ and the longitudinal design ___.
a) tests the same participants multiple times; tests each participant once
b) assesses different-aged participants multiple times; assesses same-aged participants multiple times
c) uses naturalistic observation; uses structured observation
d) requires very few participants; requires many participants
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
56. A cohort-sequential design is different from a cross-sectional design in that the cohort-sequential design ___ and the cross-sectional design ___.
a) assesses different-aged participants multiple times; assesses different-aged participants once
b) is correlational; is experimental
c) allows age differences to be uncovered; allows age changes to be uncovered
d) is more suited to smaller age-ranges; is better suited to a larger age-range
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
57. If we want to understand why senior citizens sometimes have more difficulty learning to use computers than younger people, which of the following approaches would give us the best information about cohort effects?
a) Researchers should use a cohort-sequential design.
b) Researchers should use a cross-sectional design.
c) Researchers should use a longitudinal design.
d) There is no way to determine why there is an age difference in computer proficiency.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
58. The purpose of the cohort-sequential design is to control for
a) escalating costs.
b) participant attrition.
c) the cohort effect.
d) convenience sampling.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
59. Maddie’s grandmother was reminiscing about when she was a young girl living on a farm. During the conversation she referred to a story involving her friend “Lonely Lucie.” Maddie asked why they called Lucie “lonely.” “Well, said her grandmother, she was an only child. In those days everyone usually had five or six siblings. We just said it to tease her.” Maddie smiled, “Now it’s the opposite, Nanny, most of my friends are only children or only have one brother or sister. I don’t know anyone with five or six siblings.” The differences Maddie and her grandmother are noticing is referred to as ________ in the research literature.
a) a confound
b) a cohort effect
c) researcher bias
d) age-related change
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
60. Saanvi is proposing to study how self-esteem changes as we enter adolescence. To do this, she plans on assessing the self-esteem of a large sample of children who are 6, 8, and 10 years old. She will then measure their self-esteem every three years for the next 9 years. Saanvi is using a ___ research design.
a) cross-sectional
b) double-blind
c) cohort-sequential
d) longitudinal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
61. Which type of study is the MOST expensive to conduct?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) cohort-sequential
d) naturalistic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
62. Dr. Tao is conducting a research study examining how the use of social media changes as we get older. She has four groups of participants: Group 1 is age 11–15; Group 2 is age 16–20; Group 3 is age 21–25, and Group 4 is age 26–30. She plans to follow each group for 15 years. What study design is Dr. Tao using?
a) experiment
b) longitudinal
c) cross-sectional
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
63. If a psychologist wanted to compare 4-year old, 6-year-old and 10-year-old children on recognition memory performance at one point in time, the psychologist would use the _____ method of data collection.
a) cross-sectional
b) naturalistic observation
c) longitudinal
d) cohort-sequential
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
64. Which of the following is a key advantage that cohort-sequential design has over cross-sectional or longitudinal designs?
a) It is easy and straightforward.
b) It is convenient for both researchers and participants.
c) It addresses the cohort effect.
d) It takes less time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
65. Developmental research designs all share the component of having to capture change over time. Which of the following would NOT be used for this purpose?
a) longitudinal
b) correlational
c) cohort-sequential
d) cross-sectional
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
66. Brent enrolls 100 subjects in a study designed to assess the development of motor skills across the first 20 years of life. He divides the subjects into four groups of 25 each, examining the motor skills of five-year-olds, ten-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 20-year-olds. Brent’s research design is
a) cross-sectional.
b) longitudinal.
c) stage-based.
d) continuity-based.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
67. Luna wants to study how career focus and expectations vary at different points in a woman's life. Which of these statements BEST describes the challenges with studying this topic?
a) Conducting a cross-sectional study would give Luna good information about age changes along with more in-depth information about each participant, but a longitudinal design would mean the ability to allow the research question to evolve over time.
b) Conducting a longitudinal study would allow Luna to generalize her results to the current time and place without the problems of participant dropout in a large cross-sectional study. Moreover, a longitudinal study would be less expensive and faster to complete.
c) Conducting a cross-sectional study would give Luna the full picture of how life events influence career choices in a way that a longitudinal study could not. On the other hand, a longitudinal study could allow Luna to have many more research participants.
d) Conducting a cross-sectional study would allow many women at different career stages to participate, but cohort effects related to generational differences may interfere. On the other hand, a longitudinal study would demonstrate how age and life events impact career choices but would be confounded by a changing social and economic climate over the course of the research.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
68. One thing that separates the field of developmental psychology from all of the other fields in psychology is that developmental psychology
a) only uses experimental methods.
b) relies heavily on naturalistic observation.
c) is interested in changes that happen as we age.
d) is the newest field in psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
69. Which of the following is true about developmental psychology?
a) Developmental psychologists are only interested in similarities between groups of people.
b) Most developmental psychologists are only interested in the developmental changes in childhood.
c) Most developmental psychologists now view development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.
d) Developmental psychologists are only interested in the psychological development of the person, not in biological development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
70. How is developmental psychology different from any other field in psychology?
a) It only uses experimental methods.
b) It relies heavily on naturalistic observation.
c) It is interested in changes that happen as we age.
d) It is the newest field in psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
71. The field of developmental psychology has faced many key issues. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?
a) experimental versus correlational
b) nature versus nurture
c) critical and sensitive periods
d) qualitative versus quantitative shifts in development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
72. What key debate in developmental psychology considers whether genetics or environment has a greater impact on behaviour?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) quantitative vs. qualitative
c) endogenous vs. exogenous
d) genetics vs. maturation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
73. Which of the following is NOT one of the central debates in developmental psychology?
a) individual vs. group differences
b) nature vs. nurture
c) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts
d) critical periods vs. sensitive periods
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
74. Renae and Jon are adult siblings, both adopted at birth, discussing their childhood experiences. Renae points out that she is more like her biological parents than their adoptive parents. In contrast, Jon gives examples of how he is more like their adoptive parents than his biological parents. What is implied here?
a) Renae is supporting the nature theory, while Jon is supporting the nurture theory.
b) Jon is supporting the nature theory, while Renae is supporting the nurture theory.
c) Renae is supporting the stages theory, while Jon is supporting the continuity theory.
d) Jon is supporting the stages theory, while Renae is supporting the continuity theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
75. Braden and Elias are identical twins. When the twins were 10 years old, Braden was in a car accident that left him badly injured. His body recovered, but psychologically he is now filled with anxiety, overly cautious, and always worried about any physical symptoms. What key issue in developmental psychology does the situation with the twins bring forth?
a) qualitative or quantitative
b) nature or nurture
c) cause or effect
d) critical period or sensitive period
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
76. Agustin was adopted at birth by a wonderful loving young couple. His adoptive parents have always been very shy and quiet, whereas Agustin has always been very outgoing and constantly needing social stimulation. Agustin thinks that he must have gotten that trait from his biological parents, because he certainly did not learn it at home. What key issue in developmental psychology is Agustin contemplating?
a) qualitative or quantitative
b) nature or nurture
c) cause or effect
d) critical period or sensitive period
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
77. The current consensus with respect to the nature versus nurture debate is that the primary influence on development is
a) nature.
b) nurture.
c) an interaction of nature and nurture.
d) maturation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
78. With respect to the nature versus nurture debate, the current consensus is that development is primarily influenced by
a) nature.
b) nurture.
c) an interaction of nature and nurture.
d) maturation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
79. Which statement MOST accurately reflects scientists’ stance on the nature-nurture debate?
a) Most physical and psychological traits are an interaction between nature and nurture.
b) All physical traits are biological whereas all psychological traits are nurtured.
c) It is impossible to determine which traits are the result of nurture and which are the result of nature.
d) The nature-nurture discussion is no longer relevant in today’s research environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
80. Maturation is independent of ________ although its timing can influence development.
a) environment
b) genetics
c) both the environment and genetics
d) growth
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
81. Maturation is best defined as
a) the changes in development that happen between conception and birth.
b) the biologically programmed sequences of changes that happens over time.
c) the observable manifestation of a person’s genetic inheritance.
d) the gradual changes that happen as a result of environmental perturbations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
82. The biologically programmed sequence of changes that happens over time is called
a) development.
b) maturation.
c) epigenetic.
d) critical period.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
83. The term that describes development as being biologically programmed to occur sequentially is ___.
a) qualitative development
b) quantitative development
c) maturation
d) endogenous development
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
84. Which type of shifts in developmental growth suggest that a person abruptly and noticeably changes following the achievement of milestones?
a) quantitative
b) maturation
c) endogenous
d) qualitative
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
85. Anyone who argues that development proceeds in stages is basically saying that development involves ___ changes and is ___.
a) quantitative; continuous
b) qualitative; continuous
c) quantitative; discontinuous
d) qualitative; discontinuous
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
86. When we talk about stages of development, we are essentially saying that development is ___ and involves ___ changes.
a) continuous; quantitative
b) continuous; qualitative
c) discontinuous; quantitative
d) discontinuous; qualitative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
87. When Janelle was five-years old she had a favourite stuffed bunny that she took everywhere. She spoke to it, pretended to feed it, and acted as if it were a person. Now that she is ten, she recognizes that her stuffed toys are NOT real. This change in perspective reflects a ___ change in Janelle’s development.
a) continuous
b) hereditary
c) qualitative
d) quantitative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
88. When Abdul was three-years old his older brother could trick him by cutting a sandwich in half and then cutting Abdul’s half into quarters and then telling Abdul he had more sandwich, so had to give some of his dessert to his older brother. Now that Abdul is seven-years old he no longer falls for this trick. This change in perspective reflects a ___ change in Abdul’s development.
a) continuous
b) hereditary
c) qualitative
d) quantitative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
89. If developmental shifts were qualitative, which of the following would be true?
a) We would see brief periods of abrupt changes followed by longer periods of minimal changes.
b) We would see changes at a constant and gradual pace.
c) Developmental change would be continuous.
d) We would not expect to see specific stages in development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
90. Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative shift in development?
a) a speedometer going from 0 to 100
b) a caterpillar becoming a butterfly
c) a pool being filled with water
d) a file being downloaded
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
91. Every now and then, Leoni’s mother has the six-year-old stand against the door frame and marks her height to see how much she has grown. Leoni’s mother is measuring her ___ development.
a) qualitative
b) quantitative
c) discontinuous
d) continuous
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
92. What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative shift in development?
a) A qualitative shift is a change for the better, while a quantitative shift is a change in some measurable quality (e.g., height, weight).
b) A qualitative shift is a change in the quality of some measurable trait (e.g., curlier hair, darker skin), while a quantitative shift is a change to something different.
c) A qualitative shift is a change in the neurons responsible for a measurable trait, while a quantitative shift is a change in the number of brain areas involved in a trait.
d) A qualitative shift is a change to something different, while a quantitative shift is a continuous and gradual change.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
93. Nozomi is concerned that her baby is 12-months old but is still NOT walking on her own. Which of the following issues is most relevant to Nozomi’s concern?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) critical periods vs. sensitive periods
c) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development
d) longitudinal vs. cross-sectional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
94. Hugo has a friend whose child has autism and does not speak. Higo is therefore very anxious that is 10-month old baby is not yet speaking. Which of the following issues is most relevant to Hugo’s concern?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) critical periods vs. sensitive periods
c) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development
d) longitudinal vs. cross-sectional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
95. The difference between a critical period and a sensitive period is that with a critical period ___; with a sensitive period ___.
a) the brain is at a stage where it is the most malleable; the brain is less malleable but with the right environmental stimulation it can be more malleable
b) the environmental stimulation must occur at a specific time window or else the ability never develops; it is possible to acquire the ability outside of the time window with lots of work
c) the time window for a specific environmental stimulation to occur is very flexible; the time window for a specific environmental stimulation is extremely rigid, and without it, the ability will not develop
d) we see abrupt changes in the ability with environmental stimulation; the changes we see are much less abrupt
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
96. Researchers have done experiments on owls' auditory development. Which type of results would BEST support a maturational critical period?
a) The longer that the researchers plug the ears of baby owls, the less able the owls are to accurately locate prey based on sound as adults. This effect is linear and gradual.
b) The researchers can plug the ears of owls for any length of time at any point during its life, and the owl will still fully develop the ability to detect prey based on sound.
c) The researchers can plug the ears of the baby owls for a little while with no consequence, but after a certain point, plugging an owl's ears will seriously interfere with the owl's ability to learn how to use sound to locate prey.
d) Plugging a baby owl's ears for any length of time does irreparable damage to the owl's ability to hear and hunt prey.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
97.. What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?
a) With a critical period, the brain is at a stage where it is the most malleable; with a sensitive period, the brain is less malleable but with the right environmental stimulation it can be more malleable.
b) With a critical period, the environmental stimulation must occur at a specific time window or else the ability never develops; with a sensitive period, it is possible to acquire the ability outside of the time window with lots of work.
c) With a critical period, the time window for a specific environmental stimulation to occur is very flexible; with a sensitive period, the time window for a specific environmental stimulation is extremely rigid, and without it, the ability will not develop.
d) With a critical period, we see abrupt changes in the ability with environmental stimulation; with a sensitive period, the changes we see are much less abrupt.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
98. What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?
a) Critical periods are more rigid than sensitive periods.
b) Sensitive periods are more rigid than critical periods.
c) Animals have sensitive periods, while humans have critical periods.
d) Critical periods and sensitive periods are the same thing.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
99. Genie was a young girl who was locked up alone from age 20 months to 13 years. Although psychologists attempted to teach her to speak, they had limited success. The story of Genie illustrates the role of _____________in language development.
a) maturation
b) critical periods
c) stages
d) genetics
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
100. Nikola and Grozdan are brothers whose village was taken over by a militant group when Nikola was eight and Grozdan was twelve. Both boys witnessed the execution of several neighbours and family members. As an adult, Nikola displays more aggressive behavior than Grozdan. What may partly explain the difference in aggression between the two boys?
a) Nikola was negatively impacted during a sensitive period, whereas Grozdan was not.
b) Nikola’s imprinting was distorted by violence, whereas Grozdan’s was not.
c) Grozdan’s upbringing was more structured and demanding than Nikola’s.
d) Grozdan’s development occurred in stages, whereas Nikola’s was incremental.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
101.. There are documented cases of feral children, who lived isolated from humans, in the company of monkey, wild dogs, or wolves. Upon discovery these children often behaved more like the animals with which they had bee raised than like a human Those discovered when older often could not fully grasp language. The story of these feral children illustrates the role of _____________in language development.
a) maturation
b) critical periods
c) stages
d) genetics
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
102. A point in development during which an organism is extremely sensitive to environmental input is called
a) a developmental window.
b) a sensitive period.
c) a critical period.
d) a transitional phase.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
103. A critical period is best thought of as a point in development during which the organism
a) is transitioning between stages.
b) is growing new neurons and synapses.
c) is extremely sensitive to environmental input.
d) is especially vulnerable to teratogens.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
104. Dr. Newport found that deaf children who are not exposed to sign language prior to age 12, never become proficient at it in adulthood. This example supports the idea of the
a) differences in language development between deaf and hearing children.
b) critical period for language development.
c) sensitive period of language development.
d) qualitative development of language.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
105. The process of becoming attached to the first suitable moving stimulus an animal sees in the hours after birth is known as
a) imprinting.
b) maturation.
c) development.
d) learning.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
106. Jose recently found some duckling eggs that had been abandoned and took them home until they hatched. The ducklings followed Jose around everywhere. Which of the following experiments was Jose replicating?
a) Lorenz’s studies of unconscious attachment
b) Lorenz’s studies of imprinting
c) Piaget’s theory of cognitive alignment
d) Bowlby’s studies of attachment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
107. Kit found a box of kittens that had been abandoned before they even had their eyes open. He took care of the kittens and, when their eyes opened and they began to move around more, he found that they constantly followed him around the house. Which of the following offers the best explanation for this?
a) The kittens have learned that Kit will give them food.
b) The kittens have experienced imprinting and now think they are human.
c) The kittens have passed the sensitive period of visual development so only recognize Kit.
d) The kittens have experienced imprinting so have developed attachment to Kit.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
108. Humans have
a) 23 chromosomes.
b) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
c) 22 pairs or chromosomes.
d) 46 pairs of chromosomes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
109. ___ occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes.
a) Down syndrome
b) Sickle-cell anemia
c) Listeria
d) PKU
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
110. Genes are composed of
a) chromosomes.
b) deoxyribonucleic acid.
c) genotypes.
d) heterozygous traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
111. A gene is a segment of
a) DNA.
b) chromosomes.
c) alleles.
d) RNA.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
112. A person’s genetic code or inheritance is referred to as their
a) phenotype.
b) genotype.
c) gene.
d) chromosome.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
113. The person’s genetic inheritance is called the
a) phenotype.
b) genotype.
c) chromosomes.
d) alleles.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
114. The observable manifestation of someone’s genetic inheritance is called the
a) phenotype.
b) genotype.
c) chromosomes.
d) alleles.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
115. Which of the following is true about the phenotype?
a) It reflects the genotype.
b) Understanding the phenotype allows us to understand the genotype.
c) The genotype can be different from the phenotype.
d) The phenotype is the pattern of genetic inheritance of an individual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
116. When Dominic underwent genetic testing, she discovered she carried the gene for red hair, however, she has brunette hair. Which of the following does this example best illustrate?
a) Some traits are polygenic.
b) Some traits are the result of mutations.
c) Some traits are dominant.
d) Phenotype does not always match the genotype.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
117. According to Raamis’s driver’s licence, he is 180 cm tall and has black hair and brown eyes. A geneticist would describe Raamis’s traits as his
a) phenotype.
b) genotype.
c) heterozygous alleles.
d) chromosomal manifestations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
118. Genotype is to phenotype as ___ is to ___.
a) environmental; hereditary
b) unobservable; observable
c) hereditary; environmental
d) observable; unobservable
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
119. Unobservable is to _____as observable is to _____.
a) recessive; dominant
b); dominant; recessive
c) phenotype; genotype
d) genotype; phenotype
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
120. Which of the following terms refers to variations of the same gene?
a) chromosomes
b) homozygous
c) heterozygous
d) alleles
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
121. The difference between a homozygous trait and a heterozygous trait is that a homozygous trait ___ and a heterozygous trait ___.
a) will always be expressed in the phenotype; may not
b) will be expressed in the phenotype if there was proper environmental exposure during the critical period; does not have a critical period
c) is always recessive; is always dominant
d) is usually discrete; is usually polygenic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
122. Same is to _________________ as different is to ______________.
a) polygenic; monogenic
b) monogenic; polygenic
c) heterozygous; homozygous
d) homozygous; heterozygous
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
123. A trait that will ONLY be expressed in the phenotype if it is homozygous (i.e., it would NOT be expressed if it was heterozygous) would be a
a) recessive trait.
b) dominant trait.
c) polygenic trait.
d) genotypic trait.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
124. Which of the following is linked to a recessive gene?
a) Down syndrome
b) Huntington disease
c) Marfan syndrome
d) Cystic fibrosis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
125. If Maria Teresa is heterozygous for a particular gene pair, which of the following must be true?
a) Maria Teresa’s two genes in the particular gene pair are both recessive.
b) Maria Teresa’s two genes in the particular gene pair are both dominant.
c) Maria Teresa’s genes in the particular gene pair are different.
d) Maria Teresa’s genes in the particular gene pair are the same.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
126. If Bianca is homozygous for a particular gene pair, which of the following must be true?
a) Bianca’s two genes in the particular gene have one recessive and one dominant gene.
b) Bianca’s two genes in the particular gene pair are both from her father.
c) Bianca’s genes in the particular gene pair are different.
d) Bianca’s genes in the particular gene pair are the same.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
127. Dace’s genotype is homozygous for a specific discrete trait. What does it mean for Dace’s phenotype?
a) The trait will not be expressed in his phenotype, but he will pass it on to his children.
b) The trait will only be expressed in his phenotype if he has the proper environmental exposure during his critical period.
c) If the trait is dominant, it will be expressed in his phenotype, but if it is recessive, it won’t be expressed.
d) The trait will be expressed in his phenotype.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
128. One of newborn baby Trevor’s parents has blue eyes and the other has brown eyes. His parents are watching with interest to see what colour eyes Trevor will have. But we know that Trevor has inherited one brown eyed gene. Since this gene is typically ______________, we know this trait will be expressed in Trevor’s phenotype, no matter whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous for the trait and therefore Trevor will have ____ eyes.
a) dominant; blue
b) recessive; blue
c) recessive; brown
d) dominant; brown
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
129. If a trait in the genotype is NOT expressed in the phenotype, and we know that this trait is heterozygous and discrete, then what else must be true about this trait?
a) It is recessive.
b) It is dominant.
c) It is codominant.
d) It is polygenic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development’
130. If a trait that is expressed in the phenotype is heterozygous and discrete, what do we then know for sure about that trait?
a) It is recessive.
b) It is dominant.
c) It is codominant.
d) It is polygenic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
131. A trait that is expressed in the phenotype for heterozygous traits would be a
a) recessive trait.
b) dominant trait.
c) polygenic trait.
d) genotypic trait.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
132. Chin-lung’s genotype is heterozygous for a specific discrete trait. What does this say about Chin-lung’s phenotype?
a) The trait will not be expressed in his phenotype, but he will pass it on to his children.
b) The trait will only be expressed in his phenotype if he has the proper environmental exposure during his critical period.
c) If the trait is dominant, it will be expressed in his phenotype, but if it is recessive, it will not be expressed.
d) The trait will be expressed in his phenotype.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
133. Bethany received an allele for long fingers from her father, but not from her mother. Which of the following statement could be said with the most accuracy about Bethany?
a) Bethany has long fingers.
b) Bethany is homozygous for finger length.
c) Bethany’s phenotype and genotype are different.
d) Bethany is heterozygous for finger length.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
134. Let us say that the gene for brown eyes is dominant, and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. Emma and Sam both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Emma and Sam are both homozygous for eye colour.
b) One of these parents is definitely not biologically related to the child.
c) Emma and Sam are both heterozygous for eye colour.
d) There is no way to determine anything about your parents based on this information.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
135. If you have freckles, which are typically dominant, which of the following is true about your parent(s)?
a) At least one of your parents also has this trait.
b) Both of your parents also have this trait.
c) Both of your parents carry the recessive trait for freckles.
d) There is no way to determine anything about your parents based on this information.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
136. Six-year-old Geneva wishes she had freckles like her friend Doyle, but she cannot even see a single freckle when she looks in the mirror. Which of the following would be most accurate about Geneva and Doyle’s genotypes?
a) Geneva is heterozygous for the freckle’s gene; Doyle is homozygous for the freckle’s gene.
b) Geneva is homozygous for the non-freckle’s gene; Doyle could be either homozygous or heterozygous for the freckle’s gene.
c) Geneva is homozygous for the non-freckle’s gene; Doyle is heterozygous for the non-freckle gene.
d) Geneva is heterozygous for the non-freckle’s gene; Doyle is homozygous for the non-freckle gene
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
137. Farmer Brown has bred a white chicken and a black chicken. If feather colour is a codominant trait, what colour will the chicks be?
a) black
b) white
c) black and white
d) grey
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
138. Marwa inherited an A allele from her mother and a B allele from her father. Since we know blood type in humans is codominant, we therefore know that Marwa’s blood type is
a) A.
b) B.
c) AB.
d) We have insufficient information to know Marwa’s blood type.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
139. Which term describes the clear majority of traits affecting human behaviour?
a) discrete
b) polygenic
c) heterozygous
d) homozygous
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
140. Let us say that we believe that the gene for eye colour is dominant for brown and recessive for blue. Tamesha has green eyes. Which of the following explains this?
a) Dominant and recessive genes do not affect eye colour.
b) Tamesha is codominant for eye colour.
c) Eye colour is a discrete trait.
d) Eye colour is determined by the polygenetic principle.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
141. Jorah’s father is 6 feet 8 inches tall, and his mother is exactly five feet tall. Jorah is finished growing and is exactly six feet tall. Which of the following explains this?
a) Dominant and recessive genes do not affect height.
b) Jorah is codominant for height
c) Height is a discrete trait.
d) Height is determined by the polygenetic principle.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
142. How long is the prenatal stage in human beings?
a) 40 weeks
b) 36 weeks
c) 32 weeks
d) 30 weeks
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
143. Which of the following indicates the correct order of the stages of prenatal development?
a) fetal, germinal, embryonic
b) germinal, fetal, embryonic
c) germinal, embryonic, fetal
d) embryonic, fetal, germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
144. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
a) embryonic stage -- nervous and circulatory systems take shape
b) conception -- development of ovum
c) germinal stage -- ends in implantation
d) fetal stage -- rapid weight gain and brain development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
145. The immediate product of the ovum and sperm is the
a) ovum.
b) zygote.
c) embryo.
d) fetus.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
146. Which of the following reflects the correct order of development?
a) zygote – embryo – blastocyst – fetus
b) blastocyst – zygote – embryo – fetus
c) zygote – blastocyst – embryo – fetus
d) zygote – fetus – embryo – blastocyst
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
147. Weeks 2–8 after conception is referred to as the ___ of prenatal development.
a) fetal stage
b) embryonic stage
c) germinal stage
d) zygote stage
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
148. Most of the major systems of the body, including the nervous system and the circulatory system begin to take shape during this stage.
a) fetal
b) germinal
c) embryonic
d) zygotic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
149. Grethe is pregnant and knows that right now, most of her baby’s major organs are being formed. This means that she must be especially careful of exposure to teratogens. How far along is Grethe?
a) She is in her first 2 weeks of pregnancy.
b) She is somewhere between weeks 2–8.
c) She is in her second trimester, between months 3–6.
d) She is in the fetal stage prior to the age of viability.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
150. Esther is concerned that her baby might be born with some type of issue because she did not know she was pregnant for some time and so drank and took drugs during the period she now knows that the major organs were being formed in her baby. What point in the pregnancy is Esther most concerned about?
a) The first 2 weeks of pregnancy
b) The weeks between 2–8
c) The second trimester, between months 3–6
d) The fetal stage prior to the age of viability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
151. Bailey is taking an ACE inhibitor for high blood pressure, which she has been doing for several years. When she finds out she is pregnant, her doctor tells her to stop taking the medication immediately. This is likely because ACE inhibitors are probably considered to be
a) teratogens.
b) growth stimulators.
c) growth inhibitors.
d) carcinogens.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
152. What stage of prenatal development is the first two weeks after conception called?
a) fetal stage
b) embryonic stage
c) germinal stage
d) zygote stage
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
153. Immediately following conception the single cell is referred to as a ___ and the stage that begins here and ends with implantation is referred to as the ___ stage.
a) zygote; embryonic
b) embryo; germinal
c) fetus; fetal stage
d) zygote; germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
154. Which of the following statements about the germinal stage is accurate?
a) The placenta is formed.
b) The circulatory system is formed.
c) Most major organs are formed.
d) The organism is most vulnerable to environmental influence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
155. Which of the following does NOT occur during the germinal stage?
a) The zygote divides and becomes two cells.
b) The placenta is formed.
c) The nervous system is formed.
d) The zygote becomes a blastocyst.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
156. What prenatal stage comprises the first two weeks following conception?
a) embryonic
b) fetal
c) germinal
d) zygotic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
157. The fourth day following conception, the zygote is referred to as a ___.
a) zygote
b) fetus
c) blastocyst
d) germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
158. When does the fetal stage occur?
a) in the first two weeks after conception
b) between 2 and 8 weeks after conception
c) during the second and third trimesters
d) from eight weeks after conception until birth
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
159. Your friend Mia is ___________________ weeks pregnant. You tell her that at this point the major organ systems in her embryo/fetus have become differentiated.
a) eight
b) six
c) two
d) fourteen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
160. Mabini is 3 months pregnant with twins. What prenatal stage of development is she in?
a) germinal
b) zygote
c) embryonic
d) fetal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
161. Hana’s baby was born in the 32nd week of her pregnancy. Her baby was 20% smaller than a typical baby born in the 32nd week. Hana’s baby would be labeled as
a) preterm only.
b) preterm and small-for-date.
c) small-for-date only.
d) low weight viable.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
162 Teratogenic effects are difficult to determine because the nature and extent of impact on the developing fetus depend on a number of factors. Which of the following is not a factor in determining teratogenic effects?
a) dosage of the teratogen
b) timing of exposure
c) age of the zygote, embryo, or fetus
d) immediate physical impairment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
163. Letisha and her partner are trying to conceive a baby. During the time she is trying to become pregnant, her doctor suggests the Letisha refrain from drinking, and be very aware of possible environmental toxins. Based on discussions in your textbook, why would Letisha need to worry about this even before she knows she is pregnant?
a) Drinking and environmental toxins could prevent her from conceiving.
b) During the early stages of pregnancy, the newly formed organism is most vulnerable to environmental influences.
c) Exposure to alcohol or environmental toxins will cause her to miscarriage.
d) During the early stages of pregnancy, the brain is rapidly developing. Alcohol and environmental toxins will disrupt brain development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
164. Based on discussions in your textbook, during the early stages of pregnancy, the newly formed organism is most vulnerable to environmental toxins and other influences. Which of the following individuals should therefore be most concerned?
a) Riko – who is delivering any day and was just exposed to someone with rubella
b) Saanvi – who is in her second month of pregnancy and accidentally took an aspirin
c) Maya – who is trying to conceive her baby
d) Tereza – who is in her eight month of pregnancy and is on antibiotics prescribed by her physician
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
165. Prenatal exposure to this drug is associated with problems with disturbances in executive functioning.
a) marijuana
b) heroin
c) nicotine
d) aspirin
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
166. Amir is a medical student who is reviewing case files of newborns who were exposed to various teratogens. In one specific case file, the infant shows very slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury. What teratogen was this infant most likely exposed to?
a) heroin
b) marijuana
c) alcohol
d) tobacco
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
167. Thadius is a medical student who is undergoing some training in pediatrics. Today, he is visiting the neonatal intensive care unit with his advisor, and as an informal test, he is asked to identify what teratogen a specific baby was exposed to. The baby they are looking at has a cleft lip, was born premature, and has a very low birth weight. What teratogen most likely caused these symptoms?
a) heroin
b) marijuana
c) alcohol
d) tobacco
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
168. Teratogens are ___ that can cause damage during prenatal development.
a) DNA fragments
b) environmental agents
c) recessive genes
d) dominant genes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
169. Which of the following facts about exposure to teratogens is TRUE?
a) Prenatal exposure to tobacco increases sudden infant death syndrome.
b) Prenatal exposure to alcohol has no major ill effects.
c) Prenatal exposure to heroin causes physical deformities.
d) Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to childhood cancer.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
170. Which of the following facts about exposure to teratogens is FALSE?
a) Prenatal exposure to tobacco increases sudden infant death syndrome.
b) Prenatal exposure to alcohol increases risk of physical, mental, and behavioural disabilities.
c) Prenatal exposure to heroin causes low birth weight.
d) Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to childhood cancer.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
171. Which of the following is NOT a teratogen?
a) tobacco
b) PKU
c) alcohol
d) Listeria
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
172. Clare used heroin throughout her pregnancy. When she looks at her newborn compared to all the other newborns in the neonatal unit, what is she likely to see?
a) Her baby has physical deformities.
b) Her baby born has a low birth weight and has a high-pitched incessant cry.
c) Her baby is deaf.
d) Her baby born has thyroid problems.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
173. Lucia is a heroin addict who continued to use the drug during her pregnancy. Which of the following is likely to be true regarding Lucia’s baby?
a) The baby will be born addicted to heroin.
b) The baby will have disturbances in executive functioning.
c) The baby will be at increased risk of mental illness in adulthood.
d) The baby will be at increased risk of sudden infant death.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
174. Clara decided to NOT give up her cigarette habit during her pregnancy. She was going through too many other changes, and quitting would just add to her stress, and she would try to cut down. What might she see in her child because of cigarette smoking during pregnancy?
a) schizophrenia
b) a cleft lip
c) impulsiveness and over-activity
d) immune function problems
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
175. Tia did not see anything wrong with smoking marijuana throughout her pregnancy. She was aware of the warnings about tobacco smoke, but she had NEVER heard any warnings about marijuana and mistakenly thought it was safe. What might she see in her child because of her marijuana use?
a) mental and physical defects
b) a cleft lip
c) impulsiveness and over-activity
d) the development of cancer
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
176. Symptoms of cognitive disturbance due to prenatal exposure to marijuana would include difficulties with all of the following EXCEPT
a) Impulsivity.
b) memory.
c) overactivity.
d) inattention.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
177. Which of the following pairs are INCORRECTLY matched?
a) alcohol – teratogen
b) Down syndrome -- extra chromosome
c) Cystic fibrosis -- recessive gene
d) PKU – teratogen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
178. Which of the following pairs are INCORRECTLY matched?
a) rubella – dominant gene disorder
b) Down syndrome – recessive gene disorder
c) thalidomide -- teratogen
d) PKU – teratogen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
179. Jeremy was born deaf, has intellectual disabilities, and has a heart defect. One probable reason for this is ___.
a) Jeremy’s mother drank alcohol during the embryonic stage of her pregnancy
b) Jeremy’s mother smoked during the fetal stage of her pregnancy
c) Jeremy’s mother was exposed to rubella during the embryonic stage of her pregnancy
d) Jeremy’s mother smoked marijuana during the fetal stage of her pregnancy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
180. With regard to rubella, which of the following period of exposure is correctly matched with the effects?
a) germinal – deafness; embryonic – increased risk of schizophrenia
b) embryonic – increased risk of adulthood mental illness; fetal; deafness and intellectual disability
c) germinal – deafness and intellectual disability; fetal – increased risk of diabetes and immune function problems
d) embryonic – deafness and intellectual disability; fetal – increased risk of adulthood mental illness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
181. Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the impact a teratogen has on prenatal development?
a) the stage of prenatal development in which the exposure occurs
b) the type of teratogen
c) whether the teratogen was ingested or inhaled
d) how much of the teratogen the pregnant woman was exposed to
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
182. Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the impact a teratogen has on prenatal development?
a) the timing and extent of exposure
b) the dosage of the teratogen
c) stage of development
d) form of exposure, ingested, inhaled, etc.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
183. Jillian and Peter were both born to mothers who drank during their pregnancy. Jillian’s mother drank heavily throughout her pregnancy, whereas Peter’s mother only drank occasionally. Although we CANNOT know for certain, which of the following is the most likely outcome for Jillian and for Peter?
a) Jillian will have FAS; Peter will have p-FAS.
b) Jillian will have p-FAS; Peter will have FAS.
c) Jillian will have FAS; Peter will have ARND.
d) Jillian will have ARND; Peter will have FAS.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
184. Which of the following accurately lists the three diagnoses associated with fetal alcohol Spectrum Disorder from most to least severe?
a) FAS – ARND - p-FAS
b) p-FAS – ARND – FAS
c) FAS – p-FAS – ARND
d) p-FAS – FAS – ARND
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
185. According to the Canadian Federation for Sexual Health, ___ of conceptions ends in a miscarriage.
a) 1/3
b) 1/4
c) 1/5
d) 1/10
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
186. If a fetus is naturally expelled from the uterus prior to the 20th week of pregnancy, it is called a(n) ___.
a) abortion
b) fetal expulsion
c) miscarriage
d) abnormality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
187. The age of viability
a) occurs in the embryonic stage.
b) is the point at which the fetus starts to move.
c) happens around the 20th week of pregnancy.
d) happens later for male embryos than for female embryos.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
188. What is true about the age of viability?
a) It occurs in the embryonic stage.
b) It is the point at which the fetus starts to move.
c) It happens around the 20th week of pregnancy.
d) It happens later for male embryos than for female embryos.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
189. The point at which a baby can survive outside the uterus is ___ and is called ___.
a) 28 weeks; the fetal stage
b) 20 weeks; the age of feasibility
c) 20 weeks; the age of viability
d) 28 weeks; the viability stage
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
190. Sixteen weeks is to ______________ as 20 weeks is to ________________.
a) germinal stage; fetal stage
b) embryonic stage; fetal stage
c) miscarriage; age of viability
d) age of viability; premature birth
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
191. Theresa is 24 weeks pregnant and has gone into early labour. The fetus ___.
a) will not survive because Theresa is miscarrying
b) will not survive because there is likely a chromosomal abnormality
c) will survive because it is almost full term
d) may survive because it has passed the age of viability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
192. Zsófia is 18 weeks pregnant. If Zsófia were to give birth now, what would be the most likely outcome for her baby?
a) The baby would have serious health problems and possibly birth defects.
b) The baby would only have a 5% chance of survival.
c) The baby would only have a 10% chance of survival.
d) The baby would not survive as the age of viability is 20 weeks.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
193. The mother’s eggs are fertilized in the
a) uterus.
b) fallopian tube.
c) embryonic canal.
d) ovaries.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
194. The incredible brain growth that we see in the first 2 years of life is, at least in part, attributable to
a) neurogenesis.
b) increased cerebrospinal fluid.
c) growth of synapses.
d) decreased myelination.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
195. One way to test that the nervous system is wired properly and developing normally is to
a) test sensory adaptation.
b) examine the speed of habituation.
c) look for consistencies in cognitive, physical, and emotional abilities.
d) test infant reflexes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
196. Which of the following statements best describes early brain development?
a) As children grow into adults, the number of synapses steadily increase.
b) Synaptic growth is slow during the first two or three years, and then increases dramatically for pre-schoolers.
c) Young children’s brains create about three times more synapses than they’ll need.
d) Children are born with as many synapses as they will need.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
197. Which of the following is accurate about infant brain development?
a) Infants have 2500 connections per neuron at birth; this increases to 15,000 by age 2.
b) The infant brain is completely myelinated by age 2.
c) The number of neurons a baby has at birth does not increase, but those neurons become more complex.
d) Infants are born with 15,000 connections for each neuron, however, through synaptic pruning, this number decreases to 2500 by age 2.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
198. The purpose of myelin is to
a) increase the number of synaptic connections.
b) eliminate excess synaptic connections.
c) help electrical impulses pass more efficiently.
d) allow colour vision to develop.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
199. The elimination of excess neurons in the brain is called
a) synaptic pruning.
b) demyelination.
c) myelination.
d) synaptic atrophy.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
200. What is a similarity between prenatal development and early childhood development?
a) Both are characterized by rapid brain development.
b) Both are characterized by voluntary control over body movement.
c) Both are characterized by advanced visual acuity.
d) Both are characterized by large changes in hormone levels.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
201. During early and middle childhood the brain becomes more efficient because ___.
a) the brain increases in size
b) myelination and synaptic pruning are occurring
c) learning of motor skills has occurred
d) of developmental milestones
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
202. As myelination of neurons continues until early adulthood, it also contributes to ___.
a) neuron generation
b) the development of motor and cognitive skills
c) teratogenesis
d) synaptic pruning
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
203. What pattern describes how myelination progresses?
a) head-down
b) proximodistal
c) bottom-up
d) cephalocaudal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
204. Which of the following examples shows a proximodistal pattern of growth?
a) A teenager’s feet are disproportionately large for his body.
b) An infant’s head is ¼ their total height.
c) A child’s fingers are much smaller for their age than their arms are.
d) A teenager’s legs are much longer than their torso.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
205. Joyce is amazed at the changes her baby is going through. She wonders why it is that her baby can roll over before he can accurately grasp the toys on his mobile. Which of the following would be the best explanation to give Joyce?
a) Infant development is qualitative.
b) Infant development is quantitative.
c) Infant development follows the laws of physics – the body is heavier so her son can get momentum.
d) Infant development follows a proximodistal pattern.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
206. Baby Benjamin will reach out for a toy with his arm but is NOT yet able to pick it up from the floor with his fingers and hands. Which developmental trend is illustrated by this example?
a) maturational
b) cephalocaudal
c) proximodistal
d) developmental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
207. Three-month old infants can grasp a toy that is handed to them, but they are not able to reach for things on their own. This is because motor development follows _________________.
a) a quantitative pattern
b) a qualitative pattern
c) a cephalocaudal pattern
d) a proximodistal pattern
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
208. The fact that a baby’s head is larger in proportion to their body is an example of
a) cephalodistal development.
b) cephalocaudal development.
c) proximodistal development.
d) proximocaudal development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
209. Just after Olivia lay her baby daughter, Rebecca, on her stomach for the first time, Rebecca raised her head. Although Rebecca is getting physically stronger, Olivia knows that it will still be several months before Rebecca will be able to sit up alone. Which of the following trends does is illustrated by this example?
a) maturational
b) cephalocaudal
c) proximodistal
d) developmental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
210. Prenatal growth, as well as growth during the first few years after birth, is ______________, which means that Ella’s head and upper body will develop before the lower parts of her body.
a) developmental
b) cephalocaudal
c) continuous
d) proximodistal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
211. Which of the following examples shows a cephalocaudal pattern of growth?
a) A teenager’s feet are disproportionately large for his body.
b) An infant’s head is ¼ their total height.
c) A child’s fingers are much smaller for their age than their arms are.
d) A teenager’s legs are much longer than their torso.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
212. Which of the following examples shows a proximodistal pattern of growth?
a) A teenager’s feet are disproportionately large for his body.
b) An infant’s head is ¼ their total height.
c) A child can sit before she can stand.
d) A child’s fingers are much smaller for their age than their arms are.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
213. Which of the following statements about an infant’s senses is correct?
a) All senses are highly developed at birth.
b) Vision is the least developed sense at birth.
c) Hearing is the most developed sense at birth.
d) Although visual acuity is poor at birth, colour discrimination is at adult levels.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
214. When Adam breast feeds he stares into his mother’s eyes. However, he will NOT have visual acuity like that of an of an adult until he is ___________.
a) two-months-old
b) five-years-old
c) an adolescent.
d) one-year-old
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
215. In comparison to normal adult vision of 20/20, the acuity of the newborn’s visual system is estimated to be ___.
a) 20/40 to 20/60
b) 20/100 to 20/250
c) 20/400 to 20/800
d) The acuity of a newborn’s vision cannot be estimated.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
216. The sense of smell
a) is highly developed at birth.
b) requires learning to become fully effective.
c) develops gradually through puberty.
d) is not fully developed until adulthood.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
217. Which of the following senses is least developed in a newborn?
a) taste and smell
b) hearing
c) vision
d) touch
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
218. Tokiko is pregnant with her first child and is choosing paint colours for the nursery. Based on what you know about newborn colour vision, what colours would her baby likely see best?
a) pale yellow
b) pink or blue
c) stark contrasting colours such as black and white
d) It does not matter as the baby will see all colours equally well.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
219. Xavier was diagnosed with a hearing loss during a screening text. If this text occurred in Canada and Xavier is the median age of babies identified with a hearing loss approximately how old is Xavier?
a) under 1 year
b) 3 years
c) 5 years
d) school age
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
220. Mikaela is one day old. Which of the following will Mikaela be able to do best?
a) Distinguish the scent of her mother’s milk from another woman’s.
b) See pictures and shelves hanging on the wall of the nursery.
c) Choose a pink hippo over a blue elephant.
d) Distinguish between her mother’s voice and another woman’s voice.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
221. Which of the following correctly identifies how four-day old Jade might recognize her mother?
a) She can recognize the outline of her mother’s face, even though it is blurred.
b) She can recognize her mother’s touch.
c) She can see her mother quite clearly.
d) She can recognize her mother’s smell and the sound of her voice.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
222. What inborn response causes babies to turn toward stimulation and begin to suck when something brushes their cheeks?
a) Babinski reflex
b) Moro reflex
c) rooting reflex
d) gripping reflex
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
223. Which of the following reflexes in a newborn does NOT serve a known purpose?
a) rooting
b) Babinski
c) grasping
d) Moro
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
224. Enid’s doctor stroked the bottom of her baby’s foot and the baby’s toes splayed outward. The doctor told Enid that she was happy with this response as the _____ reflex indicated healthy integration of the nervous system in children until they were approximately 2-years of age.
a) Moro
b) Babinski
c) rooting
d) tonic neck
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
225. Jennifer is shocked when her doctor deliberately slaps the blanket on either side of her newborn son’s head to startle him. If you were Jennifer’s birthing coach, what would you tell her to alleviate her concerns?
a) The doctor is testing her baby’s hearing.
b) The doctor is testing her baby’s Babinski reflex.
c) The doctor is testing her baby’s Moro reflex.
d) The doctor is testing her baby’s ability to turn away from a moving object.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
226. On average, infants can lift their head and shoulders when lying on their stomach at around ___ months of age.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4 or 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
227. On average, infants can sit alone at around ___ months of age.
a) 3
b) 5
c) 7
d) 8 or 9
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
228. On average, many infants can crawl on their hands and knees at around ___ months of age.
a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 11 or 12
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
229. At around ___ months of age, many infants can stand while holding onto furniture.
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 11 or 12
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
230. Ava has been reading a book on infant development and has just read that, on average, babies can roll over at 2 months, and sit up alone at 7 months. The more she reads, the more worried she becomes as she realizes that her daughter is achieving these skills at least one month later than the ages listed in the book. What advice would you give Ava?
a) Wait and see. If her daughter develops the skills eventually, it does not matter if she is late.
b) Her daughter is normal because the average ages are based only on male babies.
c) She needs to take her daughter to a pediatrician right away as her daughter may have a neurological problem.
d) Her daughter is developing normally. The age ranges of motor skill development are more important than the averages.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
231. Motor development is highly variable and depends on several non maturational factors. Which of the following is NOT a known fact that supports this statement about motor development?
a) Abuse, neglect, or poor nutrition can slow a child’s development.
b) Kipsigis children are encouraged to sit up, stand, and walk. They reach motor milestones ahead of North American babies.
c) Babies acquire motor skills in roughly the same order.
d) Genetic variation plays a role in when children reach milestone in motor development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
232. Which of the following skills typically occurs at 11 months?
a) sits alone
b) stands alone
c) stands holding furniture
d) crawls
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
233. Which age range is considered middle childhood?
a) 1–2 years
b) 2–6 years
c) 6–12 years
d) 10–12 years
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
234. Your textbook discusses the fact that infants of the Kipsigis people encourage motor skills such as sitting up, standing, and walking shortly after birth. As a result, their children achieve motor development milestones approximately a month earlier than children raised in North America. What does this suggest about motor skill development?
a) Persons of different cultures have genetic factors that influence motor development.
b) Natural selection has allowed the evolution of early motor development in the Kipsigis people because it is adaptive.
c) Environmental factors can modulate early motor development.
d) Environmental factors can cause the rapid acceleration of motor development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
235.The fact that children begin walking later in cultures in which they’re discouraged from walking shows us that motor skill acquisition
a) is influenced by environmental factors.
b) is influenced by maturational factors.
c) is very similar across cultures.
d) is dependent on sensory development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
236. Dr. Moretta subscribes to the dynamic systems approach, which suggests that ___.
a) motor development is strongly influenced by environmental factors
b) motor development is strongly influenced by genetic factors
c) motor development occurs through the coming together of many related and unrelated factors
d) motor development is culturally motivated
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
237. Dr. Evans, a pediatrician, believes that, when assessing child’s motor skills, it is important to consider the age of the child as well as the many interrelated environmental factors that might influence the developmental milestones. Dr. Evans subscribes to the ________________ approach.
A) preoperational systems
b) integrative systems
c) sociobiological
d) dynamic systems
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
238. Cognitive development is best defined as
a) changes in physical growth that happen as we age.
b) changes in social interactions and perspective-taking abilities as we age.
c) changes in thinking that occur over time.
d) changes in brain structure and function over time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
239. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development claims that changes in thinking occur as ___ shifts in our thinking.
a) qualitative
b) quantitative
c) cephalocaudal
d) proximodistal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
240. Information processing theorists study how individuals
a) develop into thinkers based on their unconscious motives and desires.
b) study how sociocultural influences impact learning.
c) respond to reinforcements and punishments.
d) learn, remember, organize, and use information.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
241. It has been argued that information processing theorists differ from Piaget in that information processing focuses on
a) what children can do rather than on what they cannot do.
b) learning as a passive process.
c) qualitative shifts in thinking rather than on quantitative shifts.
d) a nature perspective rather than a nurture perspective.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehensive
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
242. Over time, and by focusing on children’s capacities, information processing theorists have concluded that
a) that cognitive development probably involves more qualitative shifts than Piaget thought.
b) that cognitive development involves the same number of qualitative shifts as Piaget suggested.
c) that cognitive development involves fewer qualitative shifts than Piaget suggested.
d) that cognitive development involves fewer quantitative shifts than Piaget suggested.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
243. Dr. Toledo believes that cognitive development involves fewer qualitative shifts and more quantitative shifts than Piaget believed. Dr. Toledo subscribes to the __________________ theory.
a) behavioural
b) information-processing
c) computer analogy
d) working memory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
244. The person credited with advancing research in the area of cognitive development in children was
a) Mary Ainsworth.
b) Konrad Lorenz.
c) Erik Erikson.
d) Jean Piaget.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
245. Which research method was used by Piaget to formulate his theory of cognitive development?
a) naturalistic observation
b) correlational research
c) survey
d) experiment
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
246. According to Piaget, which is the MOST basic unit of intellect?
a) reflexive responding
b) strategy use
c) schemes
d) equilibration
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
247. Mental frameworks or structures that influence our understanding and thinking about the world are called ___.
a) conscious thoughts
b) schemes
c) concepts
d) data points
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
248. Which is the BEST definition of a scheme?
a) A cognitive structure or framework consisting of many organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience.
b) A cognitive structure or framework consisting of a single idea that alters and differentiates with experience.
c) A series of ideas that coalesce around a single structure and that grow and differentiate with experience.
d) The earliest type of thinking that a human infant is capable of engaging in.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
249. An infant explores her world by sucking on her soother, fingers, toes, and blanket. The infant is using ___ to manage new information.
a) her environment
b) a scheme
c) accommodation
d) cognition
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
250. Amelia has moved from reflexive responses to repeating actions such as sucking her hands or feet or making cooing sounds over and over. These cognitive structures consist of several organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience. They are called _____.
a) data points
b) thoughts
c) schemas
d) concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
251. According to Piaget, when new experiences cause an alteration in the existing mental framework, this is called
a) assimilation.
b) accommodation.
c) equilibrium.
d) scaffolding.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
252. Piaget referred to balance in the mental adaptation framework. He called this balance
a) equilibration.
b) accommodation.
c) assimilation.
d) adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
253. Piaget referred to a state of cognitive discomfort, or imbalance, that he called
a) accommodation.
b) adaptation.
c) disequilibration.
d) assimilation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
254. According to Piaget, when new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes, this is called
a) assimilation.
b) accommodation.
c) equilibrium.
d) scaffolding.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
255. Which of the following individuals is using assimilation?
a) Ying has come to understand that a piano is a type of percussion instrument.
b) Jordan has come to understand that a tomato is not a vegetable but a type of fruit.
c) Mohamed has come to understand that a duck-billed platypus is a type of mammal but is egg-laying so is considered a monotreme.
d) Jeremy has come to understand that a koala is not actually a member of the bear family but is a marsupial.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
256. Dana is looking at a school bus for the first time and mistakenly calls it a truck. Her mother corrects her, point out the yellow colour and all the windows. As a result, Dana’s idea of a truck is now a bit different. What process of acquiring knowledge would Piaget call this?
a) assimilation
b) accommodation
c) equilibrium
d) schematic reorganization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
257. Which of the following is the BEST example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?
a) Sophie transferred from another college, and right away she noticed that everyone at her new college referred to their footwear as "flip flops". Sophie was used to referring to this type of footwear as "go-aheads". However, by the time she returned home in the spring she too was calling her footwear "flip flops".
b) Conan's young nephew just learned the word "kitty" and now he points at every cat he sees. Yesterday he saw a bichon shih Tzu and called it a "kitty".
c) Stella's daughter, Apple, loves dogs and, until recently, called every four-legged animal "doggy". Just recently, however, Apple started distinguishing dogs from horses.
d) Lincoln's students love learning about different farm animals. However, Lincoln is teaching them that all of these different animals are part of one larger, unified category of mammals.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
258. Accommodation is to assimilation as ___ is to ___.
a) change; inclusion
b) partial; absolute
c) absolute; partial
d) inclusion; change
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
259. Accommodation is a mental process in which information is ________; assimilation is a mental process in which information is
a) adjusted; integrated.
b) integrated; adjusted.
c) altered; exchanged.
d) stored; discarded.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
260. Inclusion is to change as ___ is to ___.
a) disequilibrium; equilibrium
b) equilibrium; disequilibrium
c) assimilation; accommodation
d) accommodation; assimilation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
261. According to Piaget, accommodation and assimilation help us to ___.
a) become operational
b) achieve representational balance
c) reach equilibrium
d) reach disequilibrium
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
262. Eugenie is a toddler and has a pet cat at home. One day, she sees a small dog and says “kitty.” Her mother explains that the animal is a “doggie” NOT a “kitty.” What must Eugenie do to understand “doggie?”
a) Eliminate her schemata for “kitty.”
b) Assimilate the new information into her existing schemata.
c) Accommodate the new information by changing her schemata.
d) Develop a sense of object permanence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
263. Marcus is a toddler and has a pet cat at home. One day on TV, he sees a lion and says “kitty.” His mother says “yes, a lion is a big kitty.” Given his mother’s response, how will Marcus process “lion?”
a) Develop a sense of object permanence.
b) Accommodate the new information by changing his schemata.
c) Assimilate the new information into his existing schemata.
d) Eliminate his schemata for “kitty.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
264. Mary has come to understand that a strawberry is a fruit, just like an apple. Jason has come to understand that a frog is an amphibian and not a reptile. Which of the following statements is true about these two schemas?
a) Mary is assimilating, and Jason is assimilating.
b) Mary is accommodating, and Jason is accommodating.
c) Mary is assimilating, and Jason is accommodating.
d) Mary is accommodating, and Jason is assimilating.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
265. When a Diana switched from a computer keyboard to a cell phone keyboard, her typing schema will have to ___________ to incorporate the new techniques needed for the new equipment.
a) assimilate
b) differentiate
c) accommodate
d) recapitulate
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
266. It is easier to _____ than to _____.
a) assimilate; accommodate
b) adapt; differentiate
c) accommodate; assimilate
d) equilibrate; organize
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
267. What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages?
a) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
b) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
c) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
d) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
268. Peek-a-boo is a game that parents enjoy playing with infants because they seem to be genuinely surprised when Mom or Dad’s faces comes back into view from behind their hands. This game illustrates that children under the age of approximately 8 months have NOT yet developed which cognitive ability?
a) conservation
b) object permanence
c) facial recognition
d) egocentrism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
269. A developmental researcher habituates a baby to a video of a short or tall carrot going behind a cut-out screen and coming out the other side. They then had the tall carrot go behind the cut-out screen and coming out the other side without being seen through the cut-out screen. This researcher was using the _____________ approach to examine ________________.
a) habituation; conservation
b) violation-of-expectation; conservation
c) cognitive development; object permanence
d) violation-of-expectation; object permanence
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
270. According to Piaget, object permanence develops at around ___ months.
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
277. Elise has NOT yet mastered object permanence. Which game would she find to be most entertaining?
a) make believe
b) hide and seek
c) peek-a-boo
d) Monopoly
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
278. When 6-month-old Ulrica realizes that mommy continues to exist even when she is quietly resting in another room, Ulrica has developed ___.
a) secure attachment
b) perceptual permanence
c) object permanence
d) equilibrium
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
279. When Thom first started playing peekaboo with his daughter Tomasita, she would cry when Thom would hide behind the blanket. But over time instead of crying, Tomasita would peek around the blanket to look for Thom. From this example, we can assume Tomasita
a) understands the concept of object permanence.
b) struggles with egocentrism.
c) understands the concept of conservation.
d) has reached the formal operations stage.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
280. One of the criticisms of Piaget’s way of assessing object permanence is that
a) babies who cannot yet speak cannot tell us whether they have mastered object permanence.
b) Piaget overestimated children’s developmental speed.
c) babies do not yet have enough control over their bodies to initiate a search.
d) eight-month-old babies still act surprised when an object reappears.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
281. When babies stop responding to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented to them, we say they are
a) habituated.
b) dishabituated.
c) adapted.
d) perceptually unaware.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
282. Baby Cloe has been watching a short video of a tall carrot going out behind a screen and coming out the opposite side. After she becomes habituated to this, she is then shown a carrot go behind a cut-out screen. Although Cloe does NOT see the carrot cross through the cut-out portion of the screen, the carrot appears on the opposite side. Cloe has been presented with ___ as part of a/an ___ approach.
a) expected event; object permanence
b) impossible event; object permanence
c) expected event; violation-of-expectation
d) impossible event; violation-of-expectation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
283. Nine-month-old Seth has been watching his mother bouncing a red ball up and down. After a couple of minutes, Seth starts looking away from the ball more and more. It appears that Seth has _____________ to the bouncing ball.
a) dishabituated
b) accommodated
c) assimilated
d) habituated
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
284. Karen Wynn used the violation-of-expectation approach to demonstrate ___.
a) that babies have object permanence
b) that babies can read simple words
c) that babies understand simple mathematics
d) that babies have conservation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
285. Victoria is looking at the new kitten in the house with fascination. She cannot take her eyes off the kitten! Suddenly, the kitten scoots under the couch. Victoria does not get upset, instead she just blinks and looks at something else in her field of view. What stage would Piaget say that Victoria is in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
286. Jason’s mother takes a can of soda and pours all of it into a tall skinny glass and gives it to Jason’s sister Alia. Then Jason’s mother takes an identical can of soda and pours all of it into a short, wide glass and gives it to Jason. Jason is outraged that his sister has more soda than he has. What stage would Piaget say that Jason is in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
287. The preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from ___.
a) birth to age 2 years
b) ages 2–7 years
c) ages 7–11 years
d) age 11 onward
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
288. According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children begin to develop the ability to hold on to ideas in their minds and work with them?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
289. Which of the following is NOT associated with Piaget’s preoperational stage?
a) abstract thinking
b) egocentric thinking
c) ages 2–7 years old
d) animistic thinking
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
290. Juanita has been watching Sesame Street on TV while mom prepares lunch in the kitchen. As they sit down to lunch, Juanita says to her mother “Wasn’t that a funny thing that Big Bird did?” When her mother says she did not see the cartoon, Juanita gets upset and insists that her mother must have seen it, because it was on the TV. Which stage of development is Juanita at?
a) preoperational
b) formal operational
c) sensorimotor
d) concrete operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
291. Tesia said, "The rain quit falling because I wanted to go out to play." This is an example of ______________, which indicates that Tesia is in the ____________ of cognitive development.
a) animism; sensorimotor stage
b) subjective permanence; preoperational stage
c) egocentrism; preoperational stage
d) flawed logic; concrete operational stage
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
292. Elijah’s mother has just given him a graham cracker. After he complains that he wanted two crackers because he is super hungry, his mother breaks his graham cracker into two pieces. Elijah is quite happy with this and is now satisfied he will have enough to eat. What stage of cognitive development is Elijah in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
293. Charlotte and her mother are out for a walk when it begins to snow. Charlotte says that the sky is snowing because it wants her to make a snowman. Charlotte is exhibiting ___, which indicates that Charlotte is in the ___ stage of cognitive development.
a) centration; concrete operational
b) animism; preoperational
c) egocentrism; preoperational
d) irreversibility; concrete operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
294. Maja is in Piaget’s preoperational stage. The woman who lives next door dresses up as a man for Halloween, with a beard and moustache. When Maja sees her, she is likely to think
a) that her neighbour is still a woman.
b) that her neighbour has become a man.
c) that her neighbour is both a man and a woman.
d) that her neighbour is mentally ill.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
295. Jonathan is constantly asking questions, "What is that red stuff in the spaghetti?", "Why is grandpa’s hair mostly gone?", "What keeps planes up?", and so on. Jonathan is in the stage characterized by intuitive thinking called the ________ stage.
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
296. When younger children see a cat in a dog mask, they do not understand that the cat is still a cat. These children have difficulty _____________ and are in the __________stage.
a) with conservation; sensorimotor
b) with conservation; preoperational
c) distinguishing between appearance versus reality; sensorimotor
d) distinguishing between appearance versus reality; preoperational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
297. Which of the following factors contribute to children’s lack of conservation?
a) Children have difficulty distinguishing between appearance and reality.
b) Children are animistic.
c) Children have not mastered transductive thinking.
d) Children have not yet developed object permanence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
298. Jonathon is 5 years old and is walking with his father one evening. Jonathon looks at the moon and tells his father “the moon is following me.” Jonathon is still experiencing
a) object permanence.
b) reversibility.
c) conservation.
d) egocentrism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
299. Preschoolers who adapt their speech by using shorter, simpler expressions when talking to 2-year-olds rather than to adults exemplify ________ behavior.
a) egocentric
b) reflexive
c) non-egocentric
d) maturational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
300. Jessie and Sarah are 4-year-old twins. Their mother gives each child one scoop of macaroni for lunch. What must she be careful to do, and why?
a) Let each child dish up her own macaroni, because six-year old children are egocentric.
b) Let each child dish up her own macaroni, because six-year old children have difficulty with the issue of conservation.
c) Use identical sized plates, because six-year old children are egocentric.
d) Use identical sized plates, because six-year old children have difficulty with the issue of conservation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
301. Jordan is five-years old. His mother says to him “If you have two apples and I give you two more apples, how many apples will you have?” Jordan correctly says, “four apples.” Then, his mother says, “If you have four apples, and you give two to me, how many apples will you have left?” Jordan replies “four.” What is Jordan’s area of difficulty?
a) Jordan has difficulty with the concept of reversibility.
b) Jordan has difficulty with the concept of conservation.
c) Jordan has difficulty because he is egocentric.
d) Jordan has difficulty with hypothetical reasoning.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
302. Jordan is five-years old. His mother says to him “If you have two apples and I give you two more apples, how many apples will you have?” Jordan correctly says, “four apples.” Then, his mother says, “if you have four apples, and you give two to me, how many apples will you have left?” What will Jordan’s response most likely be?
a) zero
b) two
c) four
d) It is impossible to predict Jordan’s answer.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
303. Brian tells his 4-year old son, Dylan, that Uncle Jim is Daddy’s brother. If you were to ask Dylan if Uncle Jim has brother, what would Dylan say? Why?
a) Yes; because Dylan has irreversibility.
b) No; because Dylan is limited by irreversibility.
c) Yes; because Dylan is egocentric.
d) No; because Dylan is exhibiting egocentrism.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
304. A researcher places 5 daisies and 3 roses in a vase. He then asks Gabriella if there are more daisies or more flowers in the vase. Gabriella responds that there are more flowers. This answer reflects Gabriella’s ability of ___ and suggests she is in the ___ stage of cognitive development.
a) irreversibility; preoperational
b) conservation; concrete operational
c) categorization; concrete operational
d) abstract thinking; formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
305. How can researchers identify whether a child is in the preoperational or concrete operational stage?
a) Test the child for full conservation.
b) Test the child for language development.
c) Test for object permanence.
d) Test for hypothetical thinking.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
306. Which of the following of Piaget’s stages is from age 7–11 years?
a) preoperational
b) sensorimotor
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
307. Once a child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and can understand the principles of conservation and reversibility, she has reached Piaget’s ___ stage.
a) preoperational
b) concrete operations
c) formal operations
d) post operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
308. The man who lives next door to Jacob dresses up as a woman for Halloween, with a wig and dress. Jacob’s response is, “but you’re NOT really a woman.” Jacob is most likely in Piaget’s ___ stage.
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
309. Every time Tyler is around cats his eyes start to water, his sinuses fill, and he breaks out in hives. He concludes that he is allergic to cats. When his mother suggests he might also be allergic to other things, her responds that he is only allergic to cats. Tyler is most likely in the ___________ stage of cognitive development.
a) sensory operational
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
310. Eight-year-old Édouard was sitting with a researcher looking at a clear bowl filled with poker chips. Each individual poker chip in the bowl was a solid colour, red, blue, or white. The researcher told Édouard that all the chips in the bowl were just like the ones he could see. Then, as Édouard watched, the researcher reached deep into the bowl and extracted one chip. Without letting Édouard see the chip – the research looked privately at the chip held tightly in his hand, and then said to Édouard, “The chip in my hand is red AND it’s not red. Is that true, is that false, or you can’t tell?” Édouard said, “I can’t tell.” “Why not?” said the researcher. “Because I need to see it,” said Édouard. Why would Piaget say Édouard give this response?
a) Édouard did not understand the task and thought perhaps some of the chips were combinations of colours despite being told differently.
b) Édouard is still bound by the concrete realities of his world and therefore needs to verify his experiences.
c) Édouard considered the abstract nature of the question and gave a logically reasoned response.
d) Édouard is probably still reasoning at a preoperational level and so did not trust the researcher and thought he was being tricked.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
311. Nine-year-old Lucas and his fourteen-year-old sister, Tonya, have a cat named Precious. According to Piaget, if you were to tell the siblings “Let’s pretend that we live in a world where all cats have wings” and then ask them if Precious would have wings, what would be the response of each child?
a) Lucas would say no; Tonya would say no.
b) Lucas would say yes; Tonya would say no.
c) Lucas would say yes; Tonya would say yes.
d) Lucas would say no; Tonya would say yes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
312. Children in Piaget’s concrete operational stage may have difficulty learning geometry because geometry requires people to
a) understand the concept of conservation.
b) understand abstract relationships.
c) understand cause and effect.
d) understand reversibility.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
313. Real-world relationships are to ____________ as abstract relationships are to ______________.
a) preoperational; concrete operational
b) concrete operational; preoperational
c) concrete operational; formal operational
d) formal operational; concrete operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
314. In the conservation task, a child in the __________ stage will say that the beakers have the same amount of water, whereas a child in the ______________ stage will say that taller, narrower beaker has more water.
a) preoperational; concrete operational
b) concrete operational; sensorimotor
c) concrete operational; preoperational
d) sensorimotor; preoperational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
315. How can researchers identify whether a child is in the preoperational or concrete operational stage?
a) Test the child for full conservation.
b) Test the child for language development.
c) Test for object permanence.
d) Test for hypothetical thinking.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
316. Natasha is six and Philip is eight. They are each offered their choice of either: one loonie or six dimes or 10 nickels. Which combination will each child choose?
a) Both children will choose the loonie.
b) Natasha will choose the dimes and Philip will choose the nickels.
c) Natasha will choose the nickels and Philip will choose the loonie.
d) There is no way to predict which combination each child will choose.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
317. In what stage did Piaget believe that children could first think about ideas conceptually without needing concrete referents from the real world?
a) preoperational
b) concrete operational
c) formal operational
d) postformal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
318. Which of these children is MOST likely in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
a) Although Benson would rather have a yellow ball than a green ball, he does not want to trade with a friend because he is worried that trading would hurt the yellow ball's feelings.
b) Although you only gave him a few pieces, Ezra thinks he has more candy than you because you gave him his pieces of candy inside the original box.
c) Zara smokes cigarettes with her friends, and although she knows the dangers of smoking, she feels that she is invulnerable to addiction and smoking-related illness.
d) During recess, Ellie saw another student hide the teacher's chalkboard eraser. She knows that the teacher will be surprised when it is not in its usual place.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
319. The stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to use operations but a lack of ability to think abstractly and hypothetically is the ________ stage.
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
320. Grayson and Nathan were each asked the following question, “What would happen if the sun exploded suddenly blinding the entire human race?” Grayson answered that such a thing could NEVER happen, but Nathan suggested that people who were already blind would become the world’s leaders. Based on their answers, which of the following is most likely?
a) Grayson is in the concrete operational stage; Nathan is in the formal operational stage.
b) Grayson is in the formal operational stage; Nathan is in the concrete operational stage.
c) Grayson is in the concrete operational stage; Nathan is in the post operational stage.
d) Grayson is in the post operational stage; Nathan is in the concrete operational stage.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
321. Alison has just been given the statement, “All dogs bite”. When you then ask Alison if his dog bites, he says, “If all dogs bite, then my dog must bite.” According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development would Alison be in?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
322. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget’s preoperational and concrete operational stages?
a) Piaget’s test depended on language. By making questions non-verbal or by rewording the questions, researchers found different results.
b) Piaget failed to consider the influence of social factors on children’s cognitive development.
c) Piaget underestimated the abilities of children.
d) Theory of mind experiments suggest children can take the perspective of others much sooner than Piaget believed.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
323. There is research evidence suggesting Piaget may have
a) overestimated the rate of children's cognitive development.
b) underestimated the rate of children's cognitive development.
c) been mistaken in his quantitative approach to child development.
d) accurately estimated the rate of infant and preschool cognitive development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
324. What area of research focuses on young children’s beliefs about how their minds and the minds of others work?
a) theory of mind
b) metacognition
c) egocentrism
d) scaffolding
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
325. The concept of “scaffolding” refers to
a) children learning more complex actions by putting together a series of less complex actions.
b) the evolution of childcare practices to reflect the changes that take place in society.
c) the gradual process of a mentor taking increasingly fewer tasks as the child develops.
d) the process by which children learn about the correspondence between actions and results.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
326. Dino has brought over a Lego toy to build with his niece. She has never built with Lego before, so she does not know what to do. Dino suggests that they start by looking at the instructions and getting familiar with the pieces. She quickly locates the first few pieces that go together and begins building. But then she hits another roadblock and can’t move on. Dino suggests that she turn the object upside down and work that way. With that bit of advice, his niece quickly finishes building the toy. What would Vygotsky say that Dino was doing with his niece?
a) achieving object permanence
b) establishing a secure attachment
c) scaffolding
d) staying out of the zone of proximal development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
327. Victor is helping his nephew complete a puzzle. His nephew is lost, so Victor suggests that they separate the edge pieces from the rest. Then his nephew works on his own for a while building the perimeter of the puzzle, but then he hits another roadblock and can’t move on. Victor then suggests that they make piles of pieces that are similar colour or pattern. His nephew quickly accomplishes the new task, occasionally asking Victor about a specific piece. After that, Victor’s nephew completes the rest of the puzzle on his own. What would Vygotsky say that Victor was doing with his nephew?
a) achieving object permanence
b) establishing a secure attachment
c) scaffolding
d) staying out of the zone of proximal development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
328. Vygotsky’s views of cognitive development differed from those of Piaget in that Vygotsky
a) saw the child as an active and independent explorer of their environment.
b) saw social interaction as the key to cognitive development.
c) focused on theory of mind studies.
d) referred to the child’s inner reflections as important for achieving cognitive equilibrium.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
329. How did Vygotsky’s views of child cognitive development differ from those of Piaget?
a) Vygotsky saw the child as an active and independent explorer of their environment.
b) Vygotsky saw social interaction as the key to cognitive development.
c) Vygotsky’s work focused on theory of mind studies.
d) Vygotsky referred to the child’s inner reflections as important for achieving cognitive equilibrium.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
330. Piaget is to Vygotsky as ___ is to ___.
a) early experiences; later experiences
b) later experiences; early experiences
c) individual; cultural
d) cultural; individual
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
331. Individual is to cultural as ___ is to ___.
a) Vygotsky; Piaget
b) Piaget; Vygotsky
c) Harlow; Ainsworth
d) Ainsworth; Harlow
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
332. Psychologist A assigns greater emphasis to sociocultural factors in assessing the development of children. Psychologist B assigns greater emphasis to the children’s internal schemes. What can be inferred about these two psychologists?
a) Psychologist A has been influenced by Vygotsky’s theory, while Psychologist B has been influenced by Piaget’s.
b) Psychologist A has been influenced by Piaget’s theory, while Psychologist B has been influenced by Vygotsky’s.
c) Neither Psychologist A nor Psychologist B have been influenced by either Vygotsky’s or Piaget’s theories.
d) Both Psychologist A and Psychologist B have been influenced by both Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s theories.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
333. Lev Vygotsky was most interested in
a) psychosocial development.
b) cognitive development.
c) imprinting.
d) social interactions.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
334. A researcher tells 3-year old Hailey and 6-year old Maya a story about Maxi who sees his mother place chocolate in an upper cupboard. After Maxi goes outside, his mother moves the chocolate to a lower cupboard. When asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate when he comes back inside, which of the following most accurately reflects what the two children’s’ answers will be?
a) Hailey – upper cupboard; Maya - upper cupboard
b) Hailey – lower cupboard; Maya - lower cupboard
c) Hailey – upper cupboard; Maya - lower cupboard
d) Hailey - lower cupboard; Maya – upper cupboard
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
335. A researcher tells 3-year old Hailey and 6-year old Maya a story about Maxi who sees his mother place chocolate in an upper cupboard. After Maxi goes outside, his mother moves the chocolate to a lower cupboard. When asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate when he comes back inside, Maya correctly predicts that Maxi will look in the upper cupboard and Hailey predicts he will look in the lower cupboard. What conclusions can we draw from these results?
a) Piaget was correct; young children are egocentric and cannot take other people’s thoughts and feelings into account.
b) Piaget was incorrect; young children are not egocentric and are able to take other people’s thoughts and feelings into account
c) Piaget was correct in that young children are focused on their own perspective, but they can take other people’s perspectives into account much sooner than Piaget thought.
d) Piaget was incorrect; young children can apply other people’s perspectives to false belief tasks but not to theory of mind tasks.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
336. Four-year-old Lenka’s mother shows her a box of Smarties and asks her if she wants one. When she opens the box, however, Lenka finds the box contains pencils rather than Smarties. When she is asked what her brother Filip will think is in the box, Lenka responds “pencils”. Lenka clearly has no understanding of
a) false beliefs.
b) conservation.
c) theory of mind.
d) egocentrism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
337. A group of children are shown a puppet show involving two puppets. One of the puppets picks up a pretty stone, puts it in a basket that is on a bench and then leaves the puppet stage without the basket. While the first puppet is gone, the second one takes the stone out of the basket and puts it in a little red box. The children are then asked, “When the first puppet returns, where will he look for the pretty stone?” This is an example of a _____________ task and is used to examine _____________.
a) appearance versus reality; theory of mind
b) imaginary fable; theory of mind
c) violation-of expectation; theory of mind
d) false-beliefs; theory of mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
338. The Smarties task is designed to test a child’s understanding of ___.
a) conservation
b) object permanence
c) false beliefs
d) personal fable
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
339. The gap between what children can accomplish by themselves and what they can accomplish with the help of others is called ___, according to Vygotsky.
a) scaffolding
b) the zone of proximal development
c) reciprocal determinism
d) conservation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
340. According to Vygotsky's theory on cognitive development, as children enter the zone of proximal development, they are increasing able to carry out which type of task?
a) A task that the child can complete and practice by himself.
b) A task that the child can complete, but only with guidance.
c) A task that can be attempted, but not completed, even with guidance.
d) The type of task does not matter to development as much as the social context in which the task is being practiced.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
341. Who developed the idea of the zone of proximal development?
a) Erikson
b) Piaget
c) Vygotsky
d) Ainsworth
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
342. A biologically-based tendency to respond to certain situations in similar ways throughout childhood is the definition of
a) cognition.
b) genotype.
c) temperament.
d) disposition.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
343. Which of the following statements about temperament is NOT true?
a) Temperament develops from experience with the environment.
b) Approximately one-third of the children studied by Thomas and Chess did not fall into one of the three temperament styles.
c) Although temperament is generally stable over time, there is variability from time to time.
d) Social experience can influence temperament.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
344. When Kagan suggested that temperament is inborn, he argued that
a) temperament is present at birth and remains consistent across the lifespan.
b) temperament is determined in part, by individual differences in arousal of the amygdala.
c) temperament is caused by parenting styles.
d) temperament is learned by the child through observation of their parents.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
345. Personality is to ___ as temperament is to ___.
a) acquired; genetic
b) genetic; acquired
c) adolescents; young adults
d) infants; adolescents
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
346. Acquired is to ___ as genetic is to ___.
a) personality; attachment
b) attachment; personality
c) temperament; personality
d) personality; temperament
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
347. Which of the following is NOT one of Thomas and Chess’ temperament categories?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) anxious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
348. Giada tells you that her infant daughter is irritable and responds very negatively and intensely to change. Based only on this information, what type of temperament would you predict Giada’s daughter has?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
349. Scarlett’s infant son sleeps well and is good-natured but is quite cautious when presented with a new situation. What type of temperament would you predict Scarlett’s son has?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
350. Adalyn has brought her infant son, Landon, to the pediatrician. She is concerned because Landon does not seem to be as active or responsive as he should be. He also seems to withdraw with concern whenever he is in a novel situation. What type of temperament would you predict Landon has?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
351. When Kyla first started taking her nine-month-old son, Grant, to playgroup, he would cry and move away from the other children. Instead, he would cling to Kyla for the entire session. Now, after two months of attending the same play group, Grant no longer cries and plays happily on the floor with the other children. Thomas and Chess would describe Grant as a ___________________ baby.
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
352. Gino is generally irritable. His bedtime and eating routines are unpredictable. When he is unhappy, he cries for long periods of time and it is challenging to calm him down. He intensely resists new food and situations. Thomas and Chess would classify Gino‘s temperament as
a) easy.
b) slow-to-warm up.
c) difficult.
d) unique.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
353. Which of the following best reflects Kagan’s research about temperament?
a) Temperament is inborn and consistent across situations and time.
b) Temperament is inborn but is not consistent across situations and time.
c) Temperament is not inborn but, once established, is consistent across situations and time.
d) Temperament is not inborn and is not consistent across situations and time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
354. Anja is two months old and has been a joy for her parents. She is a good eater and sleeper, and she seems to have a regular routine. According to Thomas and Chess, what kind of temperament does Anja have?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
355. Pablo is four months old and is very irritable. He is not a good sleeper, nor does he eat well, and he is extremely fussy. Any deviation from his normal routine causes him to become inconsolable. According to Thomas and Chess, what kind of temperament does Pablo have?
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
356. The temperamental tendency to withdraw from new or different situations is called
a) borderline personality disorder.
b) social anxiety.
c) behavioural inhibition.
d) unique temperament.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
357. Two-year-old Kiesha is withdrawn and anxious when she accompanies her mother to a coffee shop where people with whom she is unfamiliar speak to her and stroke her hair and pat her shoulder. Kiesha turns her head into her mother’s shoulder and refuses to look at any of her mother’s friends until finally her mother has to take her home. Kagan would say that Kiesha’s temperament would probably be classified as
a) difficult.
b) behaviourally inhibited.
c) unique.
d) slow-to-warm up.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
358. One of the first researchers to challenge Freud’s theory that feeding formed the basis of the mother-infant relationship was ___.
a) Bowlby
b) Harlow
c) Ainsworth
d) Vygotsky
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
359. A close, emotional bond of affection that develops between infants and their caregivers is known as ___.
a) separation anxiety
b) easy temperament
c) attachment
d) secure temperament
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
360. In early childhood, attachment can be described as the
a) social interaction between infant and others.
b) response of the child to the adults providing care.
c) innate ability of infants to elicit caretaking.
d) enduring emotional connection an infant has for a caregiver.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
261. Harlow reared rhesus monkeys with a wire “mother” with food or a soft, terry cloth “mother” without food spent most of its time with the soft “mother”. For Harlow, this finding illustrated ___.
a) food is the key element in forming attachment with a caregiver
b) contact is the key element in forming attachment with a caregiver
c) infant monkeys do not truly form attachments to caregivers the way humans do
d) the infant monkeys could only develop an attachment if they overcame the challenge of figuring out which “mother” had food
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
262. The key finding with Harlow and Zimmerman’s (1959) experiment was that
a) attachment between mother and infant occurs in the first year of life.
b) food is the motivating factor in an infant’s development of attachment.
c) attachment is formed when the infant is rewarded for seeking the mother’s attention.
d) attachment arises out of the need for comfort and security.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
363. Which theorist suggested that children develop internal working models of the world and themselves when they experience early attachment?
a) Bowlby
b) Ainsworth
c) Piaget
d) Wynn
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
364. According to Bowlby, infants who have strong attachments to their parents are most likely to
a) show independence.
b) form attachments to other people.
c) feel safe.
d) show neediness and dependence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
365. Which of the following people created the “Strange Situation” paradigm to examine the relationship between attachment styles and babies’ abilities to cope with stressful situations?
a) Piaget
b) Ainsworth
c) Bowlby
d) Erikson
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
366. According to Ainsworth’s and Main’s research into attachment styles, the majority of infants’ show a(n) ___ attachment style.
a) anxious/ambivalent
b) secure
c) anxious/avoidant
d) insecure
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
367. How would an anxious/avoidant attached infant react in the Strange Situation procedure?
a) The infant would treat the mother as a base and explore the room; the infant would get upset when the mother left but would be happy upon her return.
b) The infant would not respond to the mother; the infant would not respond when the mother left or returned.
c) The infant would react strongly when the mother left and show mixed emotions when she returns.
d) The infant would look dazed and confused when the mother returns.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
368. How would a disorganized/disoriented attached infant react in the Strange Situation procedure?
a) The infant would treat the mother as a base and explore the room; the infant would get upset when the mother left but would be happy upon her return.
b) The infant would not respond to the mother; the infant would not respond when the mother left or returned.
c) The infant would react strongly when the mother left and show mixed emotions when she returns.
d) The infant would look dazed and confused when the mother returns.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
369. In the Strange Situation paradigm an infant who is anxious/avoidant will frequently ________ when the mother returns.
a) show little emotion
b) seem happy
c) seem confused
d) seem upset
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
370. Jamal is 8 months old. His mother leaves the room and leaves Jamal with another person for a few minutes. Jamal reacts strongly when his mother leaves the room, and when she returns, he goes to her, but then squirms to get away. Which of the following attachment styles describes Jamal?
a) securely attached
b) anxious/avoidant
c) anxious/ambivalent
d) disorganized/disoriented
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
371. Eleven-month-old Evan is in a room with his mother. When she gets up and leaves Evan with a stranger, he becomes extremely upset. When she returns, he initially reaches up his arms for her to pick him up, but almost immediately after she does, he struggles to be put down. According to Ainsworth, Evan is showing signs of _____________ attachment.
a) secure
b) anxious/ambivalent
c) anxious/avoidant
d) disorganized/disoriented
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
372. Which of the following infants shows a secure attachment style in the “Strange Situation” procedure?
a) Liam, who is happy to see his mother when she returns
b) Ming-Wa, who is indifferent when her mother returns
c) Franco, who shows mixed emotions when his mother returns
d) Kathy, who appears dazed and confused when her mother returns
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
373. Which of the following infants shows a secure attachment style in the “Strange Situation” procedure?
a) Zarah, who cries when her mother leaves but is easily comforted upon her return
b) Giovanni, who show little reaction when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns
c) Nina, who cries hysterically when her mother leaves, rushes to her to be picked up when she returns, and then pinches her to until she is put back down
d) Timothy, who appears dazed and confused throughout his time in the procedure
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
374. Pia is bragging to all her friends at work about how good her 1-year old baby is. She said that when she dropped him off at daycare for the first time, he didn’t even cry or seem to notice that she was gone and that when she returned to pick him up at the end of the day he didn’t even care that she was there. He was so good! What kind of attachment style does it look like Pia has with her infant?
a) secure
b) anxious/resistant
c) anxious/avoidant
d) disorganized/disoriented
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
375. One-year-old Leyla is sitting on the floor playing with a toy while her mother sits nearby. Leyla seldom looks to see where her mother is and. In fact, when her mother gets up and leaves her with a stranger, Leyla does not seem to notice. Instead, she continues to play with the toy and does not even acknowledge when her mother returns. According to Ainsworth, Leyla is showing signs of ________________ attachment.
a) anxious/ambivalent
b) anxious/avoidant
c) disorganized/disoriented
d) insecure
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
376. Most infants who are securely attached will grow up to have ________ adult relationships.
a) successful
b) sensitive
c) avoidant
d) ambivalent
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
377. The Q-sort approach to determining attachment style
a) determined an attachment quotient for children instead of categorizing them into groups.
b) categorized infant attachment styles according to the age of the child.
c) categorized attachment styles according to the frequency of behaviours.
d) categorized attachment style by gender and degrees of security.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
378. The benefit of the Q-sort approach to determining attachment style is
a) It can identify which children may need support.
b) It can be administered to groups of children rather than one at a time.
c) It does not use the Strange Situation, so it is not artificial.
d) It can predict future criminal behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
379. Erik Erikson developed a ___ stage theory of development.
a) psychosexual
b) cognitive
c) psychosocial
d) identity
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
380. Erik Erikson argues that individuals needed to develop ___ at each of ___ stages of development over the lifespan
a) conscious identity; 10
b) psychosocial strengths; 8
c) lifework abilities; 6
d) psychosexual beliefs; 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
381. According to Erikson, what happens if we do not reach successful resolution of the conflict facing us at a given stage of psychosocial development?
a) We may find it more difficult to successfully resolve subsequent stages.
b) We stay at that stage until it is resolved.
c) We start over at the first stage.
d) We skip a stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
382. Suppose someone does not successfully resolve the conflict that faced them at a given stage of psychosocial development. According to Erikson, what happens to that person?
a) They may find it more difficult to successfully resolve subsequent stages.
b) They stay at that stage until it is resolved.
c) They start over at the first stage.
d) They skip a stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
383. One-year old Luka believes that others can be counted on to meet his needs and desires. Erikson would say that this means that Luka has developed a sense of
a) initiative.
b) autonomy.
c) industry.
d) trust.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
384. Given his unresponsive and insensitive parenting experiences to date, one-year old Jayden has come to view the world and those in it as unreliable, unpredictable, and inconsistent. Erikson would say that this means that Jayden has developed a sense of
a) guilt.
b) shame and doubt.
c) inferiority.
d) mistrust.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
385. Erikson would argue that harsh or inconsistent parenting leads to a sense of
a) inferiority.
b) guilt.
c) shame and doubt.
d) mistrust.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
386. Erikson would argue that children who successfully act on and express their own desires develop a sense of
a) initiative.
b) autonomy.
c) industry.
d) trust.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
387. To avoid feeling unproductive, elementary-aged children must develop new, useful skills and try them out. This represents which stage of Erikson's psychosocial model?
a) industry versus inferiority
b) initiative versus guilt
c) autonomy versus shame
d) generativity versus stagnation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
388. How does Erikson’s trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development differ from the autonomy versus shame stage?
a) Trust versus mistrust centers on forging a connection with caregivers and autonomy versus shame centers on leveraging that connection to become independent.
b) Trust versus mistrust centers on building a positive, intimate relationship with others and autonomy versus shame centers on developing as an individual inside that relationship.
c) Trust versus mistrust centers on learning to trust personal judgments as valid and autonomy versus shame centers on being proud of and accepting responsibility for those judgments.
d) Trust versus mistrust centers on relying on others to consider your best interests as well as their own and autonomy versus shame centers on learning not to take advantage of that consideration.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
389. Three-year old Jie’s parents constantly criticized his efforts at helping, telling him he was “too small” and that he was “in the way” and that he was wrong. Whenever Jie made an error, it was pointed out and he was censured. Erikson would say that Jie is in danger of developing a sense of
a) inferiority.
b) guilt.
c) shame and doubt.
d) mistrust.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
390. Three-year old Nadia’s parents praise her for her efforts at helping and point out how grown up she is in comparison to her baby sister. Erikson would say that Nadia will develop a sense of
a) inferiority.
b) guilt.
c) shame and doubt.
d) mistrust.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
391. Based on research findings, which of the following children would likely be least negatively affected by an authoritarian parenting style?
a) Jing-Mae who lives in Beijing
b) Melanie, who lives in Florida
c) Chico, who in Mexico City
d) Richard, who lives in Paris
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
392. George does NOT allow any “backtalk” from his children. He expects them to do as they are told. George’s parenting style is
a) authoritative.
b) punitive.
c) permissive.
d) authoritarian.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
393. Donnie’s parents set very few rules. He can pretty much do what he wants if he is safe and his grades do NOT suffer. Whenever Donnie has a sports tournament, his parents are always there to cheer for him. Reggie is on Donnie’s soccer team, and he also has very few rules at home. However, his parents have never once come to his sports games and do NOT attend parent-teacher interviews or show any interest in Reggie's grades. What parenting styles are being described here?
a) Donnie’s parents are permissive, while Reggie’s parents are uninvolved.
b) Reggie’s parents are permissive, while Donnie’s parents are uninvolved.
c) Both Reggie and Donnie’s parents are permissive.
d) Both Reggie and Donnie’s parents are uninvolved.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
394. Delilah has very little time for her young children. She works two jobs, and when she is home, she just wants to do her own thing and be left alone, leaving her children to fend for themselves. Given Delilah’s parenting style, how are her children likely to turn out when they grow up?
a) high self-esteem and social maturity
b) low self-esteem and aggressive
c) anxious and antisocial
d) impulsive and low initiative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
395. Vivian is the type of parent who is very warm and loving with her kids. She allows them to do whatever they want, whenever they want, just as she likes to live her own life. How are Vivian’s children likely to turn out given her parenting style?
a) high self-esteem and social maturity
b) low self-esteem and aggressive
c) anxious and antisocial
d) impulsive and low initiative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
396. Kaeden is a 10-year old boy who is extremely hyperactive. His rambunctious behaviours have often led to injuries to both himself and his younger sister, as well as damage to the household furniture. According to reciprocal socialization, what type of parenting style would Kaeden’s parents probably use?
a) authoritative
b) authoritarian
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
397. Four-year-old Alana has just asked her mother for a snack. Her mother scolds her for asking when they are still a half hour away from snack time. Her mother also comments that Alana is always whining for one thing or another. Alana’s mother is exhibiting a(n) _________________ parenting style.
a) authoritative
b) authoritarian
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section
Reference: Infancy and Childhood
398. Children raised by ___ parents tend to be unhappy, have low self-esteem, and are often angry and aggressive.
a) authoritative
b) authoritarian
c) uninvolved
d) permissive
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
399. Children raised by ___ parents tend to be anxious and have poor communication skills.
a) authoritative
b) authoritarian
c) uninvolved
d) permissive
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
400. Which type of parenting style typically results in the highest-achieving children?
a) Authoritative
b) Permissive
c) Authoritarian
d) Uninvolved
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
401.. Which of the following situations is most likely to occur in a household where the parents are authoritative?
a) Janet is 10. She is expected to get up when her alarm goes off, dress herself, make her bed, and eat breakfast before going to school.
b) Hector is 10. When he gets into a fight with another child at school, he is sent to bed with no dinner and grounded for two weeks.
c) Sarah is 10. Her parents allow her to do whatever she wants if she does not get into trouble.
d) Nicholas is 10. His parents do not help him with his homework and let him eat dinner in front of the TV.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
402. Which of the following young children is MOST likely to seek intimate, affectionate relationships during adulthood?
a) Finn’s mom likes to hug and cuddle Finn. When she leaves the room, Finn shows moderate signs of distress that disappear as soon as mom comes back.
b) Blake’s mom expects Blake to entertain herself. When she leaves the room, Blake gets very upset and does not stop fussing when mom returns.
c) Angelo’s mom wants him to be independent and scolds Angelo when he clings to her. When she leaves the room, Ian is unconcerned and is equally unconcerned when mom returns.
d) Mabel’s mom sometimes shows her affection and ignores her at other times. When she leaves the room, Mabel seems confused and is apprehensive when mom returns.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
403. Ervin is self-confident, cooperative, and has strong social skills. Which of the following parenting styles did Ervin’s parents most likely use?
a) authoritarian
b) authoritative
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
d) overindulgent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
404. Parents who are emotionally detached and have little time or affection for their children demonstrate a parenting style known as
a) permissive.
b) authoritarian.
c) uninvolved.
d) authoritative.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
405. Miranda showered her children with affection but set few limits for them. Miranda is demonstrating which type of parenting style?
a) permissive
b) authoritarian
c) uninvolved
d) authoritative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
406. Which of the following is true of parenting styles?
a) Mothers are much more nurturing with children, while fathers are much more physically oriented.
b) Mothers are more likely to indulge their children, and fathers are more likely to impose discipline.
c) Mothers have an edge in caring for children because of the maternal instinct.
d) Parenting styles of mothers and fathers are largely equivalent.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
407. The United Nation’s Children’s Fund found that Canada had achieved _____ of _____ benchmarks of quality in childcare and early learning.
a) 1; 10
b) 1; 20
c) 5; 10
d) 10; 20
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
408. Ivan can engage in abstract thought. Which stage of cognitive development is Ivan in, according to Piaget?
a) concrete operational
b) formal operational
c) postconventional
d) conventional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
409. Cayden has developed an increased capacity for reasoning about abstract things such as, geometry or moral situations. Which stage of cognitive development is Cayden in, according to Piaget?
a) concrete operational
b) formal operational
c) postconventional
d) conventional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
410. The development of primary and secondary sex characteristics is referred to as
a) puberty.
b) maturity.
c) the growth spurt.
d) adolescence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
411. Which gland controls the onset of puberty?
a) pituitary
b) adrenal
c) ovaries
d) endocrine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
412. The growth spurt that typically occurs at puberty is triggered specifically by the
a) thyroid gland.
b) adrenal glands.
c) pituitary gland.
d) endocrine system.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
413. What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
a) The primary sex characteristics mature first, and the secondary sex characteristics mature second.
b) The primary sex characteristics are directly involved in reproduction and the secondary are not.
c) The primary sex characteristics evolved first, and the secondary sex characteristics evolved later.
d) The primary sex characteristics are the changes that occur in the early stages of puberty and the secondary sex characteristics are the changes that occur in the later stages of puberty.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
414. The difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics is that primary sex characteristics ___ and secondary sex characteristics ___.
a) mature first; mature second
b) are directly involved in reproduction; aren’t
c) evolved first; evolved later
d) are the changes that occur in the initial stages of puberty; are the changes that
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
415. Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic?
a) increase in breast size
b) larynx enlargement
c) growth of the ovaries
d) pubic hair growth
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
416. Fern is going through puberty and noticing many changes in her body. Which of the following changes is a primary sex characteristic?
a) Fern’s ovaries are maturing.
b) Fern has begun menstruating.
c) Fern’s breasts are developing.
d) none of the above
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
417. Adam is going through puberty and noticing many changes in his body. Which of the following changes is a primary sex characteristic?
a) Adam’s voice is getting deeper.
b) Adam’s testicles are growing.
c) Adam is growing hair on his underarms, chest, stomach, and groin.
d) none of the above
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
418. Which of the following is true about those who hit puberty either early or late, as compared to those who hit puberty “on time”?
a) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature early and boys who mature early.
b) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature late and boys who mature late.
c) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature early and boys who mature late.
d) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature late and boys who mature early.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
419. Which of the following is accurate regarding the timing of the onset of puberty?
a) The range for the onset of puberty is so large, it is difficult to determine the effects of the timing of the onset of puberty.
b) Girls who physically mature early are often more socially mature as well.
c) Boys who enter puberty later are more athletic than those who enter puberty early.
d) Girls who mature early and boys who mature late have more problems transitioning through adolescence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
420. With respect to the timing of puberty, who would have the most difficulty making the transition through adolescence?
a) a female who develops late
b) a male who develops early
c) a female who develops on time
d) a male who develops late
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
421. With respect to the timing of puberty, a ___ who develops ___ would have the most difficult time making the transition through adolescence.
a) female; late
b) male; early
c) female; on time
d) male; late
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
422. Which of the following teenagers would most likely have a difficult time transitioning into adolescence?
a) Sherrie, who went through puberty later than her peers
b) Meiki, who went through puberty earlier than her peers
c) Laska, who went through puberty earlier than his peers
d) Bertram, who went through puberty when most of his peers were going through it
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
423. The timing of puberty can make the transition into adolescence especially difficult for some teenagers. Which of the following teenagers would have the most difficult time with this transition?
a) Kerrie, who went through puberty later than her peers
b) Terri, who went through puberty earlier than her peers
c) Harry, who went through puberty earlier than his peers
d) Jerry, who went through puberty when most of his peers were going through it
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
424. Sixteen-year-old Brady has not yet had a growth spurt so is much shorter than the other boys in his class. Additionally, his voice has not yet begun to change. His best friend, Gary, on the other hand, had his voice deepen when he was twelve, and started shaving around the age of 15. Which of the following would you hypothesize about Brady and Gary’s transition through adolescence?
a) Brady would report fewer problems making the transition than Gary.
b) Brady would show more self-confidence than Gary.
c) Gary would report more difficulties in transitioning initially, but this would stabilize very quickly. Brady would report few problems.
d) Brady would report more problems transitioning through adolescence than Gary.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
425. Why do teenagers tend to show impulsive behaviour and lack of attention to the outcome of their actions?
a) They just live in the moment.
b) They just do whatever their peers are doing.
c) It is part of experimenting and learning from the environment.
d) They lack a fully functional prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
426. What causes adolescents to act impulsively and fail to consider the consequences of their actions?
a) They live in the moment.
b) They do whatever their peers are doing.
c) It is part of experimenting and learning from the environment.
d) They lack a fully functional prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
427. The prefrontal cortex is responsible, in part, for judgment and decision making. At what point is development of this important brain region complete?
a) between the ages of 12 to 16
b) mid- to late-teens
c) early to mid-twenties
d) end of the preschool period around ages 4 - 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
428. After drinking a quart of rum, sixteen-year old Brady and his friends thought it would be fun to “borrow” Brady’s father’s car and take it for a drive. Brady realized his bad decision when he missed a turn and put the car in the ditch. Which of the following best explains Brady’s poor decision making?
a) peer pressure
b) development of Brady’s prefrontal cortex is incomplete
c) alcohol has affected Brady’s judgment
d) both peer pressure and the incomplete development of Brady’s prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
429. Sixteen-year old Alice knew that having unprotected sex put her at risk for diseases and pregnancy but allowed her boyfriend to talk her into engaging in unprotected sex anyway. Which of the following best explains Alice’s poor decision making?
a) peer pressure
b) development of Brady’s prefrontal cortex is incomplete
c) alcohol has affected Brady’s judgment
d) both peer pressure and the incomplete development of Brady’s prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
430. Wesley is with his friends and thinks it would be fun to throw a brick through the police station window and then run. What part of Wesley’s brain needs further development for him to make better decisions about the future?
a) the visual cortex
b) the parietal lobe
c) the amygdala
d) the prefrontal cortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
431. Charlotte’s grandmother gave her a sweater for her birthday that Charlotte really does not like. Although she has managed to avoid wearing it, now her mother is pushing her to wear it to school. “But Mom! Everyone will laugh!” responds Charlotte. Charlotte’s outburst illustrates Elkind’s concept of the ___.
a) personal fable
b) imaginary audience
c) illusion of vulnerability
d) adolescent identity deficit
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
432. Sixteen-year-old Crystal spends almost two hours getting ready for school in the morning making sure her hair and make-up are perfect. When her mother urges Crystal to hurry or she will miss the bus, Crystal responds by saying that if she goes to school with messy hair, everyone will talk about her. Crystal’s response illustrates Elkind’s concept of the ___.
a) personal fable
b) imaginary audience
c) illusion of invulnerability
d) ideation of peers
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
433. If Enrique is showing signs of the personal fable, which of the following statements might he have uttered?
a) “Why is everyone staring at me all the time?”
b) “No one knows what I’m feeling.”
c) “I am a great driver; no one will catch me drinking and driving.”
d) “I feel like I’m being scrutinized.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
444.If Chad is showing signs of the personal fable, which of the following statements might he have said?
a) “I feel like I’m under a microscope.”
b) “No one understands what I’m feeling.”
c) “I’m not worried that bad things will happen to me.”
d) “Why are people looking at me at all the time?”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
445. Which of the following individuals is demonstrating a belief in the imaginary audience?
a) Harry, who does not think his parents understand how in love he is with his girlfriend
b) Isabella, who drinks and drives thinking that she will not get caught
c) Youssef, who is very self-conscious and thinks that everyone is scrutinizing him all the time
d) Ben, who dances with his hands in the air like he just doesn’t care
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
446. Which of the following individuals is demonstrating belief in the imaginary audience?
a) Sean, who steals from stores thinking that he will not get caught
b) Alberto, who does not believe his parents ever felt the depth of love that he feels for his girlfriend
c) Oscar, who feels like people stare at him all the time and it makes him very self-conscious
d) Harraz, who dances with his hands in the air like he just does not care
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
447. Tiffany is 15. She estimates that by the time she is 30, she will discover an invention, and become a millionaire. Which of the following best describes what reason Elkind would give for Tiffany’s belief?
a) Tiffany’s prefrontal cortex is going through a process of synaptic pruning.
b) Tiffany is experiencing the concept of the imaginary audience.
c) Tiffany is experiencing the concept of the personal fable.
d) Tiffany is going through the stage of formal operations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
448. Seventeen-year-old Jeremy engaged in unprotected sex, abused drugs and alcohol, drove dangerously fast and participated in risky sports such as mountain climbing (where he failed to address even basic safety measures). He laughingly told his friends, "You only live once, right?" But deep-down Jeremy felt that nothing would happen to him. Elkind referred to this belief that a person is an exception to the risks that others face is called
a) the imaginary audience.
b) the personal fable.
c) primary egocentrism.
d) secondary egocentrism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
449. Which feature of adolescent egocentrism causes the teenager to feel like they are on stage and that everyone is scrutinizing them all the time?
a) personal fable
b) feelings of uniqueness
c) imaginary audience
d) belief of invincibility
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
450. Which feature of adolescent egocentrism leads the teenager to feel like they are under a microscope being carefully examined and inspected by everyone around them?
a) personal fable
b) feelings of uniqueness
c) imaginary audience
d) belief of invincibility
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
451. A high school student, John, believes he has a pimple and when his parents try to console him, he says, "This pimple is so gross. You CANNOT understand what I am going through. The whole class is going to make fun of me". John is exhibiting signs of which two concepts?
a) John is exhibiting an imaginary audience and a personal fable; both are associated with adolescent egocentrism.
b) John is exhibiting a personal fable associated with adolescent egocentrism, and reversibility associated with his understanding of other’s feelings.
c) John is exhibiting an imaginary audience associated with adolescent egocentrism, and reversibility associated with his understanding of others' feelings.
d) John is exhibiting animism, understanding the pimple as alive, and an imaginary audience associated with adolescent egocentrism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
452. Which statement BEST characterizes why adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behavior than are younger children?
a) Adolescents are influenced by the personal fable.
b) Younger children are less interested in engaging in risky behaviour.
c) Adolescents are influenced by the imaginary audience.
d) Both groups are equally likely to engage in risky behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
453. What researcher expanded the theories of Piaget to focus on moral development?
a) Gilligan
b) Lorenz
c) Kohlberg
d) Skinner
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
454. According to Kohlberg, moral development is related to cognitive development primarily because
a) it develops along the same track as intelligence.
b) developing more complex moral development is related to understanding other peoples’ points of view.
c) the development of both occurs at different paces across diverse cultures.
d) it is the result of a sensitive period of learning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
455. In which stage of moral development would Kohlberg argue that the person is behaving in a way that avoids others’ disapproval and ensures that they conform to the rules of society?
a) preconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) unconventional
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
456. In which stage of moral development would Kohlberg argue that the person is behaving in a way that centres around what they can get away with?
a) preconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) unconventional
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
457. It is three o’clock in the morning and you pull up to a red light. You decide about whether to go through the light. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
a) No, I do not want a ticket: preconventional.
b) No, I might startle another driver: preconventional.
c) Yes, lights are there to regulate traffic, but there is no traffic: postconventional.
d) Yes, I am tired, and I want to go home: postconventional.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
458. Christina wants to get a good grade on her exams so that she can get into university. She is deciding whether to cheat and look at a classmate’s paper, but she decides not to because she would rather earn her results honestly and know that she genuinely earned her spot and does not want to take a spot from someone else by cheating. Which stage of moral development is Christina at?
a) conventional
b) postconventional
c) preconventional
d) It is impossible to specify the level based on the information given.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
459. In Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development, a person
a) defines "right" and "wrong" personally and devises abstract moral values that are universal, and this can be applied in innovative ways to protect human rights.
b) has standards for "right" that are deeply embedded in the societal laws.
c) may show inflexibility for the moral standards achieved, finding it difficult to adjust a critique of behavior that occurred some time ago.
d) judges their actions and the actions of others based on the values and beliefs of the majority.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
460. Jason and Julia arrive home from school and are trying to decide whether they should have a cookie. Jason says, “Mom didn’t give us permission and we might get caught.” Julie responds, “I think it will be OK as long as we don’t make a mess, because we are still three hours from dinnertime.” Jason is at the ___ stage of moral reasoning, and Julia is at the ___ stage.
a) preconventional; preconventional
b) conventional; conventional
c) conventional; preconventional
d) preconventional; conventional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
461. Warren is a taxi driver and is suddenly flagged down by a heavily pregnant woman who is holding her abdomen. He stops, and she slowly moves over and climbs into the backseat. Suddenly she screams in pain, and then tells him to speed to the hospital. If Warren is in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development, what is he likely to say?
a) “I can’t do that; I’ll get a speeding ticket.”
b) “Of course. I wouldn’t want you to think that I’m a bad taxi driver.”
c) “I’m sorry, but I can’t because speeding is against the law. Let me call you an ambulance.”
d) “Of course. Your welfare is much more valuable than speed limits.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
462. Which theorist claimed that Kohlberg’s results indicated that girls were less morally developed than boys?
a) Skinner
b) Piaget
c) Vygotsky
d) Gilligan
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
463. According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg’s assumption that the moral reasoning of girls is less well-developed than that of boys was faulty because
a) the moral reasoning of girls is oriented towards relationships rather than abstract principles.
b) Kohlberg’s original moral dilemma was gender-biased.
c) most of our laws were written by men.
d) Kohlberg’s studies did not include any girls.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
464. How did Gilligan reinterpret Kohlberg’s findings on moral development?
a) She argued that children of younger ages than Kohlberg thought are capable of advanced moral reasoning.
b) She posited that each of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development be further subdivided into two stages.
c) She believed that males and females are equally sophisticated in their moral reasoning.
d) She suggested that in reality, no one reaches Kohlberg’s final stage of moral development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
465. Not everyone agreed with Kohlberg’s interpretation of his data on moral development. For example, Gilligan argued that
a) children of younger ages than Kohlberg thought are capable of advanced moral reasoning.
b) each of Kohlberg's stages of moral development be further subdivided into two stages.
c) males and females are equally sophisticated in their moral reasoning.
d) in reality, no one reaches Kohlberg’s final stage of moral development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
466. Most researchers believe that the difference in scores on Kohlberg’s scale between collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures is a result of
a) greater industrial development in individualistic cultures.
b) intense pressures towards conformity in individualistic cultures.
c) the tendency for individual cultures to have democracies for governments.
d) differences in the kind of moral problems faced by people in diverse cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
467. Which of the following is true about the relationship between moral reasoning (attitudes) and actual behaviour?
a) They are closely related for women, but not for men.
b) Moral attitudes do an excellent job of predicting behaviour.
c) Moral attitudes do a poor job of predicting moral behaviour.
d) They are closely related for collectivist cultures, but not individualistic cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
468. Whitney is struggling to figure out who she is and is asking herself tough questions about what is important to her and what she wants to do with her life. According to Erik Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Whitney in?
a) initiative versus guilt
b) industry versus inferiority
c) intimacy versus isolation
d) identity versus role confusion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
469. Farley is trying to work out who he is and is asking himself soul-searching questions about what really matters to him and what he wants out of life. According to Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Farley most likely in?
a) initiative versus guilt
b) industry versus inferiority
c) intimacy versus isolation
d) identity versus role confusion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
470. According to Erikson, what is the difference in psychosocial development between early adults and middle adults?
a) Early adults are focused on building self-esteem and middle adults are focused on contributing to the next generation.
b) Early adults are focused on identity and middle adults are focused on career achievements.
c) Early adults are focused on career achievements and middle adults are focused on love relationships.
d) Early adults are focused on love relationships and middle adults are focused on contributing to the next generation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adulthood
471. According to Erikson, the difference in psychosocial development between early adults and middle adults is that early adults are focused on ___ and middle adults are focused on ___.
a) building self-esteem; contributing to the next generation
b) identity; career achievements
c) career achievements; love relationships
d) love relationships; contributing to the next generation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
472. Jacob is 55. He has taken early retirement and now mostly stays home and watches television. Which of Erikson’s stages is Jacob experiencing?
a) integrity vs. despair
b) identity vs. role confusion
c) industry vs. inferiority
d) generativity vs. stagnation (self-absorption)
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adulthood
473) Juanita has a need to care for younger people through parenting and Douglas invests much of his time and energy into mentoring junior colleagues. Erikson would claim that Juanita and Douglas are each experiencing which of the psychosocial conflicts listed below?
a) identity versus role confusion
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation (self-absorption)
d) integrity versus despair
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adulthood
474. Twenty-four-year-old Joseph comes home from work every night and watches television. His co-workers often ask him to go out on social occasions, however, Joseph seems to prefer to be alone. According to Erikson, Joseph has failed to meet the challenge of
a) generativity vs. self-absorption.
b) intimacy vs. isolation.
c) industry vs. inferiority.
d) integrity vs. despair.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
475. Which of the following are correctly matched?
a) James is in a retirement complex. The other residents do not like him because all he does is complain about opportunities lost now that he is no longer in the “prime of life.” James is in the stage of generativity vs stagnation (self-absorption).
b) Mrs. Wu is her block’s honorary “grandma.” Her own children are grown, but the neighbourhood children play in her backyard while she bakes them cookies. Mrs. Wu is in the stage of intimacy vs. isolation.
c) Marcella is a bit of a recluse. At age 30, she is not married; she lives alone and does not get out much. When she comes home from work, she makes dinner and then watches TV. Marcella is in the stage of ego integrity vs. despair.
d) Abdul never had children, but he volunteers along with some of his co-workers at the local food bank, and coach’s hockey. Abdul is in the stage of generativity vs. stagnation (self-absorption).
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adulthood
476. Which of the following people is in Erikson’s stage of identity vs. role confusion?
a) Twenty-two-year-old Ammar is convinced that he has found the girl he wants to marry.
b) Eleven-year-old Renata has just joined the chess club at school.
c) Eighteen-year-old Fernando has just informed his parents that he is no longer interested in going to church.
d) Thirty-two-year-old Brigit has just decided to quit her job and go to graduate school.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adulthood
477. Greig is 28 years old. According to Erikson, what would Greig’s primary psychosocial conflict be?
a) “What should I be when I grow up?”
b) “What is important to me as a person?”
c) “How can I contribute to future generations?”
d) “How can I achieve an intimate and loving relationship with another?”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
478. Andre is 50 years old. According to Erikson, what would Andres’s primary psychosocial conflict be?
a) “What should I be when I grow up?”
b) “What is important to me as a person?”
c) “How can I contribute to future generations?”
d) “How can I achieve an intimate and loving relationship with another?”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
479. As we enter late adulthood, we can expect to experience the physical changes of
a) a decreased immune system.
b) a shrinking brain.
c) becoming more nearsighted.
d) dilated pupils.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
480. Which of the following best describes adulthood?
a) It is an outcome of earlier periods of development.
b) Adulthood is the beginning of a period of decline.
c) There are not a lot of developmental changes during adulthood.
d) Adulthood is a time of continuing change.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
481. Which of the following changes do we see in the brain as we age?
a) Overall brain volume decreases.
b) Neurogenesis ends at birth.
c) The adult brain experiences significant loss of neurons.
d) New neurons continue to form in the adult brain.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
482. Which of the following facts about changes in the brain as we age is FALSE?
a) New neurons continue to form in the adult brain.
b) There is no significant loss of neurons in adulthood.
c) Loss of neurons with aging is a sign of pathology and is not normal.
d) Overall brain volume and weight decreases in adulthood.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
483. Micaela’s elderly aunt believes that she is forgetting things because her brain is shrinking with age. Micaela, a psychology student, laughs at her aunt’s ideas, and retorts her belief with the following piece of evidence
a) the adult brain from the age of 40 onwards loses significant numbers of neurons each day.
b) we are born with all the neurons we will ever have.
c) if the brain is shrinking, it is due to water loss of myelin and not loss of neurons.
d) new neurons are formed in certain parts of the brain throughout the lifespan.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
484. Yasmine’s grandfather used to be able to recall all sorts of random facts. Now that he is slower to do this, Yasmine’s mother believes that it is since grandpa’s brain is shrinking with age. Yasmine, a psychology student, refutes her mother’s belief with which piece of evidence?
a) The adult brain from the age of 40 onwards loses significant numbers of neurons each day.
b) We are born with all the neurons we will ever have.
c) If the brain is shrinking, it is due to water loss or myelin and not loss of neurons.
d) New neurons are formed in certain parts of the brain throughout the lifespan.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
485. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) No significant loss of neurons occurs in adulthood except in cases of brain pathology.
b) Gradual decline of neurons throughout the lifespan results in a significant loss of neurons by late adulthood.
c) Our ability to solve problems and process information declines in adulthood.
d) New learning in adulthood is due to synaptic formation rather than to the formation of new neurons.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
486. Which of the following physical changes is matched with the correct ages?
a) 20’s – immune system declines
b) 30’s and 40’s – hair begins to grey, skin begins to lose elasticity
c) 40’s – women go through menopause
d) 60’s and 70’s – individuals start to become farsighted
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
487. Which of the following physical changes is NOT matched with the correct ages?
a) 20’s – peak physical condition
b) 30’s and 40’s – hair begins to grey, skin begins to lose elasticity
c) 40’s – women go through menopause
d) 40’s – vision and hearing start to decline
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
488. Gael is getting ready for work one morning and suddenly notices that the hair around his temples is showing a bit of grey. What age would Gael probably be?
a) 30’s or 40’s
b) 40’s or 50’s
c) 50’s or 60’s
d) over 60
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
489. Joaquin is starting to notice that he is somewhat shorter and thinner than he had been and that he seems especially prone to colds and other viruses. What age would Joaquin probably be?
a) 30’s or 40’s
b) 40’s or 50’s
c) 50’s or 60’s
d) over 60
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
490. Lately Natalia has been feeling very moody, has had headaches, and at times becomes so warm she breaks out in a sweat. Natalia is likely ___ and is experiencing ___.
a) In her 40’s; menarche
b) In her 50’s; menarche
c) In her 40’s; menopause
d) In her 50’s; menopause
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
491. Georgia is 48 years old and is seeing her doctor for some unusual symptoms. She has moments where she gets very hot and sweaty, she feels very moody, and very often she has a headache. What is Georgia’s doctor likely to say is happening to her?
a) Her telomeres are failing to replicate.
b) She is going through menopause.
c) She is showing early signs of dementia.
d) Her immune system is malfunctioning.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
492. Which of the following is NOT true about people in their 60s and 70s?
a) They notice a decline in their sensory abilities.
b) Their pupils begin to enlarge.
c) The immune system begins to decline.
d) They typically become thinner.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
493. Metabolism begins to first slow at around ages
a) 20–30 years.
b) 30–40 years.
c) 40–50 years.
d) 50–60 years.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
494. Which of the following statements about aging is FALSE?
a) A person in their 50’s and 60’s is just as able to solve problems as a person in their 20’s.
b) Long-term memory begins to decline after the age of 40.
c) A person in their 60’s and 70’s has less confidence in their ability to remember.
d) Language ability begins to decline after age 65.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
495. Which of the following statements about dementia is FALSE?
a) Dementia is only moderately correlated with age.
b) Dementia affects approximately 1 to 2% of people over the age of 65.
c) Severe memory problems are characteristic of dementia.
d) Dementia usually affects cognitive functions such as abstract thinking or language.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
496. Which of the following theories suggests that aging is built into our cells?
a) free-radical theory
b) wear-and-tear theory
c) cellular clock theory
d) immunodeficiency theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
497. Which theory of aging supposes that the more hard-living we expose our bodies to, the sooner our bodies will give out?
a) cellular clock theory
b) wear-and-tear theory
c) stopwatch theory
d) free-radical theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
498. Which theory of aging supposes that we age because our cells have a built-in limit on the number of times they can reproduce?
a) cellular clock theory
b) wear-and-tear theory
c) stopwatch theory
d) free-radical theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
499. Which theory of aging below provides a chemical-oriented explanation?
a) wear-and-tear
b) free radical
c) cellular clock
d) use-it-or-lose-it
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
500. Gail is a researcher who studies aging. Her latest research investigates how our cells have built-in time limits on their ability to reproduce. What theory of aging is Gail researching?
a) free-radical theory
b) cellular clock theory
c) circadian transition theory
d) wear-and-tear theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
501. Yael is a researcher who studies aging. His latest research investigates how negatively charged oxygen molecules attract electrons from other molecules in our body and cause destabilizing cell structures. What theory of aging is Yael researching?
a) free-radical theory
b) cellular clock theory
c) circadian transition theory
d) wear-and-tear theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
502. Which of the following best describes the normal adult brain?
a) As we age, we typically experience shrinkage in brain volume and weight.
b) Significant loss of neurons begins in middle adulthood and continues.
c) No new neurons form beyond the age of 50.
d) Broad intellectual capacities remain intact throughout our lives.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
503. Persons who live for extended periods of time in abusive situations or in severe poverty age much faster than those who live under better conditions. Which theory of aging would best explain this?
a) cellular clock
b) telomere theory
c) wear-and-tear theory
d) free-radical theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
504. Dorothy must have the tires changed on her car because, after seven years the tread has become very thin. This could be analogous to the ______________ theory of aging.
a) cellular clock
b) free-radical
c) wear-and-tear
d) use-and- abuse
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
505. According to Levinson, early adulthood is marked by ___.
a) high energy
b) low stress
c) creativity
d) occupational goals
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
506. Annika is very unsettled, anxious, and confused about what she wants to do with her work life, and she is just beginning to modify her relationships with her family and friends. Levinson would most likely say that Annika is in which stage of development?
a) the early adult transition
b) early adulthood
c) the middle life transition
d) middle adulthood
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
507. Yamen is at a stage in his life where he finally feels like he accepts himself and others around him, and things do not bother him the way they used to. However, he also questions whether he has accomplished everything that he wanted to in life, and he is realizing that his youth is forever behind him. According to Levinson, what transition stage is Yamen in?
a) middle-life transition
b) early adult transition
c) emerging adulthood
d) old age transition
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
508. Nineteen-year old Jeremy has been feeling very anxious. He has been arguing with his parents to be allowed to go away to university rather than staying to attend the local institution in his hometown. He feels that staying in his hometown is inhibiting his ability to establish himself as an individual. According to Levinson, what stage might Jeremy be going through?
a) intimacy vs isolation
b) early adulthood
c) emerging adulthood
d) independence vs shame and guilt
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
509. Nineteen-year-old Kofi still lives at home with his family. Lately he has felt like everyone in his family disagrees with his future plans. Kofi is probably experiencing the feelings of anxiety and confusion that often accompany the stage of
a) post-adolescence.
b) pre-adulthood.
c) early adulthood.
d) emerging adulthood.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
510. Forty-two-year-old Aiden seems to be going through some life changes. His wife says that, while he seems to be more compassionate and loving, he also seems to be questioning why he has not achieved more with his life. Most recently, he bought a bright red corvette. According to Levinson, Aiden is probably going through the ___ and might even be experiencing ___.
a) intimacy vs isolation; a midlife crisis
b) middle-life transition; a midlife crisis
c) mid-adult transition; male menopause
d) midlife crisis stage; male menopause
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
511. The fastest growing age group in Canada is the group between ___.
a) 20–30
b) 35–24
c) 55–64
d) 75–84
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
512. Psychologists refer to people who are 85 and above as
a) young-old.
b) old-old.
c) oldest old.
d) frail elderly.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
513. Although in the past, researchers have categorized elderly people according to their age; there are some who now think they should be grouped according to ___.
a) chronological age
b) functional age
c) physical age
d) mental age
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
514. Laverna is 84 years old and still living at home and caring for herself. She does all her own shopping, banking, cleaning, and cooking. Her grandson, however, argues that she is going to fall one of these days and that she should go into an assisted living facility. Who is likely in the right?
a) The grandson; he knows what is best for his grandmother and is aware of current thinking on this subject.
b) The grandson; his grandmother’s chronological age suggests that she is too old to care for herself.
c) Laverna; she is showing no signs of dementia.
d) Laverna; her functional age suggests she has the capacity to care for herself.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
515. Yvette is arguing that her 97-year-old mother should be in an assisted living facility. She reasons that her mother is old, and that therefore she is an accident waiting to happen. She could leave something on the stove or fall down the stairs. Her mother argues that she is still perfectly capable of living on her own, and that she does all her own shopping, banking, cleaning, and cooking. Who is right here?
a) Yvette; she knows what is best for her mother grandmother and is aware of current thinking on this subject.
b) Yvette; her mother’s chronological age suggests that she is too old to care for herself.
c) Her mother; she is showing no signs of dementia.
d) Her mother; her functional age suggests she has the capacity to care for herself.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
516. The difference between chronological age and functional age is that chronological age is ___, while functional age is ___.
a) the time between birth and puberty; the time between puberty and reproduction
b) the degree of aging in the telomeres of each cell; how active the cells are
c) what the calendar says you are; the age at which you feel and are capable of functioning
d) your physiological age; the length of time you’ve been functional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
517. What is the difference between chronological age and functional age?
a) Chronological age is the time between birth and puberty, while functional age is the time between puberty and reproduction.
b) Chronological age is the degree of aging in the telomeres of each cell, while functional age is how active the cells are.
c) Chronological age is what the calendar says you are, while functional age is the age at which you feel and are capable of functioning.
d) Chronological age is your physiological age, while functional age is the length of time you’ve been functional.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
518. It is commonly said that older adults are increasingly likely to experience the stress of loss. Below are all reasons for why this is the case except for one. Which one is NOT a reason?
a) They lose their ability to think clearly and quickly.
b) They lose former activities and roles.
c) They are increasingly prone to illness and injury.
d) They lose their sense of purpose.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
519. Isaiah has experienced adversity in his life but overcame it with resiliency, and developing mature judgment, understanding, and accumulated knowledge. Now that Isaiah is an older adult, Erikson would claim that Isaiah has obtained ____________, the goal of old age.
a) family harmony
b) a sense of purpose
c) peace
d) wisdom
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
MATCHING QUESTION
520. Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Proximodistal development D. Cephalocaudal development E. Discrete trait F. Polygenic trait G. Heterozygous H. Homozygous I. Egocentrism J. Reciprocal socialization K. Qualitative development L. Quantitative development M. Cross-sectional design N. Longitudinal design O. Conservation | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | Definitions 1. A trait that manifests as the result of the contributions of multiple genes. 2. Both parents contribute the same genetic material for a specific trait. 3. Involves gradual increases in thinking or behaviour. 4. Researchers compare groups of different-aged people to one another at a single point in time. 5. How children’s behaviours affect parenting styles. 6. Parts closer to the centre of the body develop sooner than parts at the outer edges. 7. The inclusion of new information or experiences into pre-existing schemes. 8. Flaws in a child’s reasoning based on his or her inability to take other perspectives. 9. The ability to understand that something can stay the same even though its appearance changes. 10. The alteration of pre-existing mental frameworks to take in new information. |
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. F: Polygenic trait
2. H: Homozygous
3. L: Quantitative development
4. M: Cross-sectional design
5. J: Reciprocal socialization
6. C: Proximodistal development
7. A: Assimilation
8. I: Egocentrism
9. O: Conservation
10. B: Accommodation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
521. A ___ research design studies the same people over a significant period of time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
522. The ___ view of development suggests that how we develop is strongly influenced by genetics or biology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
523. Each gene is composed of a specific sequence of ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
524. A ___ trait occurs when both parents contribute the same alleles for a gene.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
525. The ___ is a structure that exchanges oxygen and nutrients between the mother and baby. It is formed during the germinal stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
526. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can result in ___, a disorder in which the neurons of the brain do NOT all end up where they are needed to form the neural networks in the brain, resulting in characteristic facial deformities as well as other physical deformities and mental retardation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
527. If a newborn looks at a face, they will focus on the ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
528. The process that removes some of our early neural connections is called synaptic ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
529. A ___ is a mental framework that individuals use to understand the world.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
530. Individuals engage in assimilation and accommodation to achieve ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
531. An alternative to Ainsworth’s attachment theory that sorts attachment behaviours into nine piles based on frequency of behaviours is the ___ approach.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
532. The term that refers to a child’s inability to see situations from other individuals’ perspectives is ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
533. The process of a mentor providing step-by-step assistance to an individual with less expertise is referred to as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
534. Erikson’s developmental theory describes how psychosocial changes occur through the ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
535. The cellular clock theory of aging suggests that aging is built into our cells because ___ grow shorter each time they are used in cell reproduction.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
536. Severe memory problems combined with at least one other loss of cognitive function is known as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
537. The phenomenon during middle-life transition when a person may try to deny the passage of time and to recapture their youth, is often called the ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
538. An older individual’s ability to adapt their behaviour to the changing environment reflects their ___ age, while the number of years they have lived reflects their ___ age.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
539. What type of research design attempts to combine the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches? What is the primary advantage of this design?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
540. What does the term “nature” refer to in the nature vs. nurture controversy?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
541. A ___ is a developmental point or phase within which children, adolescents, or adults think, experience emotions, or behave in qualitatively different ways.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
542. What term is used to describe a point in development when an organism is especially sensitive to specific types of environmental stimuli?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
543. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans possess?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
544. What outcome occurs when individuals with heterozygous alleles express both of their parents’ genes in their phenotype?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
545. In what stage is a pregnant woman most vulnerable to miscarriage?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
546. What is a reflex?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
547. What two processes are responsible for the growth of the brain during the first few years of life?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
548. What pattern does brain and body development tend to follow?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
549. The ___ suggests that motor development may be negatively or positively influenced by many factors including environmental support.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
550. Colin, age 4, used his previous impressions of his pet cats at home to understand the behaviour of the lions he saw for the first time at the zoo. According to Piaget, what process did Colin use?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
551. What term describes the phenomenon of a child stopping his/her response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly over time?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
552. What term refers to the transaction that reflects how children’s behaviours affect parenting styles?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
553. What term refers to the biologically-based tendency to respond to situations in similar ways throughout the lifespan?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
554. What three temperament categories can be used to describe infants?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
555. ___ theory examines the importance of the early parent-infant relationship.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
556. When do the first major developmental distinctions between boys and girls occur?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
557. What cognitive ability is associated with understanding that an object can remain the same when its appearance changes?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
558. What is the zone of proximal development?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
559. What was a serious methodological shortcoming in Kohlberg’s early work on moral development?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
560. What term refers to the development of the primary and secondary sex characteristics in adolescence?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
561. Provide two examples of secondary sex characteristics.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
562. What must individuals meet and reconcile in each stage of Erikson’s theory?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
563. What factors may accelerate the wear-and-tear theory of aging?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
ESSAY QUESTIONS
564. Describe the drawbacks of longitudinal research designs.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
565. Which do you believe is more important: nature or nurture? Reflect on your own life circumstances and determine whether your genetics or your environment has had a greater impact on who you are today. Provide two examples to support your choice.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
566. Define the term “imprinting” and identify the scientist most often associated with this research.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
567. Explain two key differences between critical periods and sensitive periods of development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
568. Describe the difference between the genotype and phenotype of an individual.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
569. What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
570. Define teratogen and provide two examples of teratogens.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
571. Name and describe two patterns of growth seen in babies.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
572. Define motor skills and provide two examples.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
573. How is the developmental process of accommodation different from assimilation?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
574. Describe attachment theory and explain how it relates to a child’s social and emotional development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
575. Describe the authoritarian parenting style as defined by Baumrind.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
576. Name Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
577. Explain the major difference between the focus of Piaget’s theory and that of the Information Processing theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
578. According to Kagan, what are two key aspects of temperament?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
579. Name Baumrind’s four parenting styles and one associated outcome of each.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
580. Where is myelination concentrated in the brain during middle childhood, and what cognitive benefits result from this type of myelination?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
581. Provide an example of how young children’s lack of conservation can be measured.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
582. How did Piaget and Vygotsky differ in their assessments of private speech?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
583. What cultural differences have been observed in studies of moral development?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
584. What stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development do adolescents typically enter after age 11? Describe the capabilities of adolescents in that stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
585. What challenge do adolescents face in Erikson’s theory?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
586. Explain the possible relationship between brain development and poor judgment that is sometimes shown during adolescence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
587. Describe the last conflict that older adults face according to Erikson’s theory?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
588. Describe Levinson’s stage of early adulthood.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
589. Describe transitional events that Levinson suggests may cause stress and pressure to those in early and middle adulthood.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
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