Chapter 18: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Graduate-level training for counselors has, for the most part, focused on the ______.

A. scientist–practitioner model

B. practitioner–scientist model

C. practitioner model

D. scientist model

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Funding sources, including ______, are demanding demonstrations of effectiveness.

A. taxpayers

B. insurance companies

C. consumers

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The ______ hypothesis states there is no effect or difference in comparisons made or in relationships between variables.

A. nondirectional

B. null

C. alternative directional

D. directional

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The ______hypothesis states there is an effect, but no direction or prediction is made as to the direction.

A. nondirectional

B. null

C. alternative directional

D. directional

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A(n) ______ hypothesis does provide a direction or prediction of a direction of the effect.

A. nondirectional

B. null

C. alternative directional

D. directional

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A key approach to data collection and operationalization of the dependent variable in qualitative research is known as ______.

A. true experiment

B. quasi-experiment

C. triangulation

D. stratified sampling

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In counseling and education, when using both qualitative and quasi-experiment design, a practical approach is ______.

A. to use participant observation

B. to use content analysis

C. to use historical analysis

D. the use of case study methods

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Validity ______.

A. addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure

B. addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables

C. addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent

D. addresses measures of variability

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Reliability ______.

A. addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure

B. addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables

C. addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent

D. addresses levels of significance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The use of normative comparisons allow for ______.

A. greater reliability

B. more valid interpretations of results

C. a more definitive research design

D. a more precise experimental design

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Standard conditions of administering the test help to ______.

A. increase validity

B. decrease validity

C. increase reliability

D. reduce test errors

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Self-report measures have the potential for ______.

A. respondent bias

B. being very objective

C. ease in administration

D. both respondent bias and ease in administration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Objectivity refers to ______.

A. the development of theory

B. summative theories

C. participant observation

D. the use of self-report

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. A study that exerts a high amount of experimental control will most likely depart from a ______.

A. heterogeneous setting

B. naturalistic setting

C. ecological setting

D. homogeneous setting

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. When there is a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest. This is referred to as having ______.

A. external validity

B. internal validity

C. content validity

D. construct validity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. There has been considerable debate in the counseling and educational literature over the extent to which research should be emphasized in the training and actual practice of counselors and educators.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Educators assume that training their students to be practitioner–scientists is appropriate, whereas practitioners would rather focus on becoming scientist–practitioners.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Counselors and educators are being required to demonstrate the effectiveness of their work, such as with student performance or client outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The research process is valued in our society as one of the most important sources of knowledge in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Involvement in research may be limited to publications in professional journals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. There are fewer steps in developing a research proposal than are found in an article published in a professional journal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Wiersma and Jurs (2005) encouraged choosing a research problem that is more philosophical or abstract, which makes it easier to research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and Walker (2014) concluded that a review of the literature is not an exploration in discovering new research, but uncovering what has been already done and what is currently known in a particular area of research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. If the purpose statement is poorly constructed, it will be difficult to successfully complete the other steps.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. If there is a high internal validity and a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest (external validity).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Give an example of a professional participating in formal research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Provide an example of a hypothesis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Provide an example of a null hypothesis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Heiman (1995) suggested four considerations in designing a study. Please list these.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Professions are in part defined by having an organized body of knowledge. Discuss the importance of this statement.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Step 2 of developing a proposal is to determine what currently exists in this area in the research literature. What should be noted in this step and what is the benefit of this step?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Step 4 is to develop your hypothesis. What should be considered in this area?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. If you are studying the effects of gender on learning math, you cannot randomly assign subjects or participants to groups--you cannot randomly assign someone to a particular gender; therefore, you must choose a design that takes into consideration this restriction. What type of design(s) would you use?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. There are several important sources to consult when attempting to identify an appropriate test. Name two of these and where would you locate these resources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The type of instrument or operationalization of the dependent variable will depend to some degree on the research design used, quantitative or qualitative. For quantitative research methods, in which numbers of quantification are important, you will want to consider what issues?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss the three problems that have been noted with the scientist–practitioner training approach.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the importance of an academic research training environment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. List and discuss the criteria put forth by Overholser (2010) with regard to research as a practitioner.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. List and discuss 5 out of 10 steps for developing a research plan.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Table 18.1 Steps in Developing a Research Plan

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Charles (1995) suggested several helpful considerations when identifying research topics. List and discuss two of these.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Proposal

Difficulty Level: Hard