Chapter 17: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. We live in a world that is becoming more and more diverse, with fewer homogeneous groups, and we are confronted with the issue of how to provide counseling and educational services to a ______.

A. diverse target population

B. less diverse target population

C. homogeneous target population

D. specific target population

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. VanTassel-Baska (2013) noted that future educational research addressing diversity should involve comparative studies across ______.

A. groups

B. cultures

C. countries

D. both cultures and countries

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ concerns having a social perspective that individuals take care of themselves.

A. individualism/collectivism

B. power difference

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. masculinity–femininity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ is defined as “the extent to which a society knows the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.”

A. individualism/collectivism

B. power difference

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. masculinity–femininity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ refers to “the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid these situations by providing greater career stability.”

A. individualism/collectivism

B. power difference

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. masculinity–femininity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Hofstede differentiated culture into five dimensions. ______ refers to “the extent to which the dominant values in society are masculine—that is assertiveness.”

A. individualism/collectivism

B. power difference

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. masculinity–femininity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. According to Tayeb (2001), which of the following is identified as an issue confronting researchers studying culture design in a practical approach?

A. agreement among researchers about the term culture

B. researchers tend to restrict the research to a few dimensions

C. lack of information about the population used in a study

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Cha et al. (2007) proposed that independent translators should be used in making the translations from one language to another, meaning ______.

A. researchers who are conducting the research should not be the ones completing the translations

B. researchers who are conducting the research should be the ones completing the translations

C. researchers should translate only a portion

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Chiao (2007) proposed the discipline and stated that cultural neuroscience is influenced by ______.

A. anthropology

B. social psychology/neuroscience

C. cognitive neuroscience

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The evolution of cultural neuroscience is in part a consequence of advances in ______.

A. technology

B. methods to understand brain processes

C. research design

D. both technology and methods to understand brain processes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The development of methods to understand brain processes includes which of the following?

A. fMRI and PET

B. EEG

C. LORETA

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Before advances in brain technology, the primary methods for studying culture were through ______.

A. survey methods

B. sLORETA

C. behavioral methods

D. both survey and behavioral methods

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. A primary goal of cultural neuroscience is to promote research into brain functioning and interaction within ______.

A. groups

B. race

C. the research team

D. cultural contexts

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Zhu, Zhang, Fan, and Han (2007) completed a study focused on ______.

A. gene expression

B. cultural influence of neural processes on self-representation

C. ecological influences

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Examples of Cultural and Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Culture plays a(n) ______ role in U.S. society today primarily because of the changing demographics although birth rates do contribute to our changing demographics.

A. important

B. less important

C. somewhat important

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. We live in a world that is becoming more and more diverse, with fewer homogeneous groups, and we are confronted with the issue of how to provide counseling and educational services to a diverse target population.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Hofstede further differentiated culture into five dimensions: individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity–femininity, and long-term versus short-term orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The dimension of long-term and short-term orientation (fifth dimension) is defined in terms of being future oriented (short-term) or present or past oriented (long-term).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The issues surrounding research from a cross-cultural and diversity perspective are based on concerns such as who should conduct cross-cultural research and how research results can be ethically applied to a diverse population (population research).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Blind back translation involves a translation from the second language back to the source language by a translator involved in the initial translation from the source to the second language.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Those conducting cultural research need to be knowledgeable about the unique characteristics and perspectives of those that they are studying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Cultural neuroscience does not provide a good basis for further understanding and interpreting research and culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A primary goal of cultural neuroscience is to promote research into brain functioning and interaction within cultural contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Recent research provides examples of how cultural neuroscience may be used in practice and promotes understanding of various social science/counseling and education issues.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Examples of Cultural and Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Researchers have found that neural processes are associated with certain cultural differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Hofstede (1980) provided one of the most often cited definitions of culture. He stated that culture is “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.” Hofstede further differentiated culture into which five dimensions?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What did VanTassel-Baska (2013) describe as the future of educational research?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. According to the chapter, can researchers from one racial or ethnic group conduct research that addresses all groups?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define decentering as it relates to translation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. List the advances in technology and methods to understand brain processes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Name a primary goal of cultural neuroscience.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Give an example of the benefit of cultural neuroscience as a consequence of understanding the cultural and genetic variation on neural and psychological processes and identification of population disparities.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What was the theoretical foundation of the Zhu, Zhang, Fan, and Han (2007) study?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Examples of Cultural and Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Why does culture play an important role in our society today according to the text?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Bracken and Barona (1991) noted that “translating tests from a source language into a second language has not generally provided an acceptable solution.” Why is this the case?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss the problems Tayeb identified with confronting researchers studying culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss Fitzgerald’s (2006) concerns noted in the chapter about conducting cross-cultural research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. List and discuss the benefits of understanding genetics and culture on the brain in developing psychological theory and cultural neuroscience according to Chiao (2009).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conducting Research: Cultural Issues

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. List and discuss issues for researchers addressing culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain how the use of neuroscience research is being used to further understand and interpret research in culture. Give an example.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Neuroscience Research

Difficulty Level: Hard