Populations, Cities, And The | Test Bank + Answers Ch.15

Chapter 15 Populations, Cities, and the Environment

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the past seventy years, the Earth’s population has

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

2. ________ is the study of the size, composition, distribution, and change in a human population.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

3. Which of the following is an example of a way to collect demographic data?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

4. ________ is a basic demographic variable.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

5. What is the net migration rate?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

6. Japan has one of the world’s highest life expectancies. However, it has experienced a net loss of population for many years, which is the result of declining birth and immigration rates. The population did rise in both 2008 and 2009, largely due to Japanese citizens abroad returning home. This data was likely analyzed by a

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

7. The globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050, according to the United Nations estimates. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, although life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

8. Before the United States invaded Iraq, about 5.5 people out of every thousand would die each year, according to a controversial study published in the British medical journal The Lancet. After the invasion, that number rose to over 13. This study was attempting to measure

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

9. The population in the United States is growing even though fertility rates have dropped below the level needed to maintain the population level because

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Analyzing

10. Huge numbers of dispossessed U.S. farmers left places like Oklahoma and moved to California during the Great Depression of the 1930s. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

11. North Dakota has experienced one of the highest population growth rates in the United States in the recent past due to an oil boom. Which demographic variable explains this?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

12. ________ contributed to the rapid population growth in Europe around the time of Thomas Malthus in the eighteenth century.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

13. Will the world population continue to grow, or will it eventually stabilize?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

14. Garrett Hardin believes that “a ‘just’ sharing of the world’s wealth among all the inhabitants, without coercive control of individual reproduction, would result in a continual, exponential growth of the human population” and much more suffering. This means Hardin is a

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

15. Which of the following would you expect to see happen in the future if the pattern of demographic transition that followed the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States is repeated in Africa?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Applying

16. Thomas Malthus would be most worried about

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

17. In which year did the first United States Census take place?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

18. Which of the following net migration rates would indicate that an equal number of people entered and left a country in the same year?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

MSC: Analyzing

19. A country has a population of 1,231,994 as of December 31, 2017. On December 31, 2018, you are tasked with calculating the growth rate over the year. The country experienced 128,240 births and 103,412 deaths. The net migration was 12,388. What was the growth rate?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

MSC: Analyzing

20. According to demographers, Milwaukee is a ________ because it has over 500,000 inhabitants.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

21. Urban density is measured by

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

22. The city of Mumbai, India has 14,000,000 people, which makes it the second-largest city in the world. In addition, the city handles the majority of India’s maritime commerce. These facts help to explain why Mumbai would be called a(n)

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

23. What is the shift of large segments of the population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities called?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

24. An edge city is different from a suburb because it

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

25. During the rise of suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s, ________ were MOST likely to move away from the urban core to the suburbs.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

26. Some urban planners are working hard to make sure their communities use the same land for multiple purposes. In particular, they advocate for using land “vertically,” such as having apartments on top of retail space. This type of planning is called

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

27. What has happened if a blighted urban neighborhood has suddenly developed an assortment of upscale restaurants, coffee shops, hip boutiques, and art galleries?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

28. ________ is one of the categories of urbanites identified by Herbert Gans in his ethnography Urban Villagers.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

29. The Industrial Revolution made cities necessary, as large numbers of people were needed to work in factories. Why have many people found city life to be attractive ever since?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

30. ________ are associated with an increase in social atomization.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

31. Chris McCandless lived on his own in the wilderness because he felt constrained and betrayed by a society that cared so little for its individual members. What term describes the attitude to which McCandless objected?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

32. In the past, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas and small towns, where it was surprising to encounter an actual stranger. Today, most of us live in cities, where we are constantly surrounded by total strangers. This leads directly to

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

33. According to Herbert Gans, you would be considered ________ if you move to New York City because you love theater.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

34. According to Georg Simmel, city dwellers relate to one another

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

35. Under what circumstances are bystanders LESS likely to attempt to help a stranger who appears to be in danger?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

36. The process by which members of a group individually conclude that nothing is wrong because they observe that no one else seems to be worried is called

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

37. In which type of community would Georg Simmel believe individuals are LEAST likely to have friendly relationships with their neighbors?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

38. According to law enforcement, you should request assistance from an individual, even a stranger, if you are in trouble or injured, rather than yelling for help in general or appealing to a group. This strategy would help to defeat

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

39. When did cities become the prevalent residential areas?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

40. If a sociologist believes that urban sprawl creates largely white, upper- and middle-class suburbs whose residents have access to resources that urban dwellers do not, what theoretical perspective do they represent?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

41. The once sleepy suburb of San Jose became a center of high-tech industry during the dot-com boom of the 1990s. San Jose has its own centers of employment and commerce. San Jose is an example of what?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

42. Which sociological term best fits the original reporting of Kitty Genovese’s murder and the response of her neighbors?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

43. A man sexually accosts a young woman on the New York subway while three onlookers watch. The woman pleads for help and the man jumps off as the doors open for the station. None of the three onlookers say or do anything. What sociological term best fits this example?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

MSC: Difficult

44. A government continues to privatize once public environmental resources, such as forests. This government does so to grow its revenue stream while the private companies who gain ownership of the forest continue deforestation at exponentially higher levels, permanently eliminating most of the country’s trees, all in the name of greater profit margins. What is this an example of?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

45. What is the name of the subdiscipline that studies the social causes and consequences of environmental problems?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

46. The study of human populations and their impact on the natural world is called

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

47. A sociologist who examines how cities are organized or the migration of human populations is studying

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

48. To what are environmental sociologists referring when they use the term “environment”?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

49. How are environmental sociologists understanding the environment when they study the problems of waste and consumption?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

50. Damage to tropical rain forests is causing the extinction of many species, but it is also detrimental to human life. Why?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

51. What do we call resources, such as coal and oil, that CANNOT be replaced except through very slow geological processes?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

52. Which of the following facts might a sociologist be interested in if they are studying the problems associated with resource depletion when investigating the way our society uses paper?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

53. Ecologist Aldo Leopold wrote about his home state of Wisconsin in The Sand County Almanac. In one moving section, he described a triangular cemetery founded in the nineteenth century that, because of its unusual shape, contained a tiny patch of prairie that was unmowed and undisturbed. Every year, Leopold would watch a single silphium plant bloom there sometime in July. It was the only one he had found in that part of the state. He used this example to discuss the many plants native to the prairie that have been replaced by a few commercial plants grown by farmers. Leopold is observing a change in

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

54. The Environmental Protection Agency claims that the United States has one of the safest supplies of drinking water in the world, but

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

55. What sort of pollution is responsible for global warming?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

56. Why is the “water grabbing” of developing countries possible?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

57. What problem will result from even slightly higher global temperatures?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

58. Few people today know that the Milky Way is a spiral arm of our galaxy that contains a dense cluster of stars. In the past, it appeared not as individual points of light, but as a splash of light across the night sky. Why is it no longer visible this way?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

59. Which of the following is a major area of concern within the four analytic frameworks of environmental sociology?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

60. Modern economies require constant growth, and with that growth comes an ever-increasing need for resources called

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

61. How do people with an anthropocentric relationship with the environment perceive nature?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

62. The belief that humans will find ways to overcome any problems posed by pollution and waste is consistent with what attitude?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

63. An environmentalist named Aldo Leopold believed that we need to develop a “land ethic” that “changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it.” What sort of attitude is Leopold trying to move our society away from?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

64. Nature writer Barry Lopez spent time with the Inuit of the Arctic and concluded that hunting societies had different attitudes about the land than industrial ones because “the focus of a hunter in a hunting society was not killing animals but attending to the myriad relationships he understood bound him into the world he occupied with them.” What kind of attitude do hunting societies have?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

65. According to the text, which of the following is one of the four major eras of environmental activism?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

66. What was MOST environmental activism focused on during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

67. Theodore Roosevelt signed legislation on July 1, 1908 that created forty-five national forests. Roosevelt was a passionate hunter and believed that all animals in America would soon be gone unless something was done to preserve some wild areas. To which era of the environmental movement does this goal belong?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

68. Many parents today are worried about the bottles out of which their babies drink, because many contain plastics made with Bisphenol A (BPA). This is a compound that helps to make hard, clear, shatter-proof plastics, but it might also be a neurotoxin to which children may be especially vulnerable. Science has yet to fully explore this issue, but what era of the environmental movement does this concern MOST closely follow?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

69. What environmental activist is credited with organizing the first Earth Day?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

70. The Environmental Defense Fund hires scientists, economists, and lawyers to lobby the government and to educate the public about the environmental consequences of modern life. They brag that they had a part in passing important elements of the Clean Air Act, California’s emissions rules, and a treaty to phase out CFCs. With what era of the environmental movement is this sort of organization MOST commonly associated?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

71. Which political party made social justice, community-based economics, feminism, and diversity central to its platform?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

72. During what era did the environmental movement focus on citizen participation and change at the local level?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

73. Earth First describes itself as a global organization, but its website contains links to local chapters in Montreal, the Netherlands, and Humboldt and Santa Cruz, California. What does this suggest about the organization?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

74. The federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, but many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

75. Factories that produce noxious levels of pollution and toxic waste dumps are often located near areas where minorities and the poor reside. Which of the following terms could be used to describe this situation?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

76. Flint, Michigan is a majority African American city dealing with contaminated water. Flint, Michigan has been pointed to as an example of

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

77. Why are the poor and members of ethnic and racial minorities more likely to suffer health problems that result from exposure to pollution?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

78. Environmental racism occurs when

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

79. An industry dumps waste in an area adjacent to where members of racial and ethnic minorities reside. What is this practice called?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

80. The Environmental Protection Agency has a department with a mandate to work for the “fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” What is this department MOST likely to be called based on your reading in Chapter 15?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

81. Los Angeles is infamous for its air pollution and smog, but there are many parts of Los Angeles where the air is quite nice, especially in the mountains and by the sea. However, the people who live in these places are disproportionately white, while the people who live in the places with the worst air quality are disproportionately likely to be racial and ethnic minorities. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

82. The attempt to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection is called

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

83. An estimate of the land and water area that is required to produce all of the goods that an individual consumes and all of the waste that they generate is called

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

84. One of the major problems with slowing greenhouse gas emissions lies in the developing world, where many countries are just now starting to burn fossil fuels at the same rate as the industrialized world. Aside from the pollution produced, this is also a problem because there is not enough oil left for the world to burn it at its current rate. What do many people believe we need to solve this problem?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

85. What is a person reducing if they start taking public transportation and riding a bicycle?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

TRUE/FALSE

1. The mortality rate is a measure of population increase, while the fertility rate is a measure of the decrease in population.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

2. Internal migration, in the United States, has mostly consisted of a movement from rural areas to urban areas.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

3. Prior to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most people throughout the world lived in rural rather than urban areas.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

4. The Flint, Michigan water crisis involved dangerously high levels of nitrogen.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

5. Climate change causes more severe droughts; stronger and more prevalent hurricanes, tornadoes, and cyclones; and more rain and flooding.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

6. Environmental justice claims that those who are most responsible for climate change suffer the most from it.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

7. The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) protests are an example of a movement that is pursuing environmental justice.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

8. Oxygen is an example of a renewable resource, as it is a natural resource that can be replenished by plants and trees.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering

9. The modern environmental movement began shortly after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.4 The Environmental Movement

MSC: Remembering

SHORT ANSWER

1. What branch of sociology am I studying if I gather information on the fertility and death rates of a population in order to understand patterns of why a population is shrinking?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population MSC: Understanding

2. List one of the four major factors that New Malthusians credit with influencing reproductive lives in societies that promote large families.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.1 Population MSC: Remembering

3. Why does the textbook include a section on centenarians?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population MSC: Analyzing

4. What human event was the catalyst for city life becoming the most common way of living?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

5. What type of community would it be if the vast majority of people living in the cities and towns of Riverside County, a suburban Southern California community near Los Angeles, were unable to commute to work in Los Angeles?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

6. What is the derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Remembering

7. A town developer is advocating for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal. How would you classify their approach to growth?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

8. Which theoretical approach to reducing urban sprawl would assert that open land should be redefined as a scarce resource and that urban areas should be redefined as valuable spaces?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

9. Why did many individuals react counter to how the “bystander effect” predicts they might have reacted during the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

10. What type of nations are the largest consumers of energy worldwide?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Applying

11. Why do wealthier countries take, or water grab, water from poorer countries?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

12. Identify the difference between environmental justice and environmental racism.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

ESSAY

1. What is demography? Identify and explain the three basic variables that demographers use to understand population dynamics.

DIF: Easy REF: 15.1 Population MSC: Understanding

2. Summarize the changes urban areas in the United States experienced in the years after World War II.

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Understanding

3. Think about the town in which you are currently living. What changes could be made to make it more smart-growth friendly?

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.2 Cities MSC: Applying

4. In the summer of 2002, the Los Angeles Times ran a story about a couple in downtown Los Angeles who watched a coyote jump a three-foot fence and eat their pet Chihuahua, Zu-Zu. Writing about this event, Jenny Price says:

When you bring domestic dogs into a landscape of native animals, then the resident carnivores are likely to see the pets as prey. When you use and change a landscape, then the place will respond. Nature is never passive.

What attitude toward nature does Jenny Price have? Using terminology from the text, why do you think she responds in this way? Explain your answer.

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

5. What are the two elements of the ecological footprint? Discuss ways a U.S. citizen could reduce their ecological footprint for each element.

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

6. What are the two major areas that sociologists study when they consider the environment as a social problem? How does the ecological footprint exemplify this?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

7. What do environmental sociologists refer to when they talk about “the treadmill of production”?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Understanding

8. How is the new ecological paradigm different from the attitudes of human exceptionalism that preceded it?

DIF: Easy REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing

9. What is environmental justice?

DIF: Moderate REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Understanding

10. Which analytic subfield within the sociology of the environment do you think best explains how the greenhouse effect came into being? Justify your answer.

DIF: Difficult REF: 15.3 The Environment MSC: Analyzing