Ch.13 Test Bank Leisure And Media - The Real World Sociology 7e Test Bank by Kerry Ferris. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 13 Leisure and Media
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The terms “recreation” and “leisure” are both defined by how they differ from
a. | paid work. |
b. | family life. |
c. | sports and physical fitness. |
d. | shopping. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
2. The difference between leisure and recreation is that
a. | leisure is a kind of activity; recreation is a kind of time. |
b. | leisure requires money; recreation does not. |
c. | leisure is a kind of time; recreation is a kind of activity. |
d. | leisure does not require money; recreation does. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
3. Activities that can be considered recreation include
a. | those that cannot be done for a wage. |
b. | those that involve friends and family. |
c. | those that are done on the weekend. |
d. | those that are enjoyable. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
4. Why was the line between work and play not clearly defined in the premodern world?
a. | Religious beliefs prohibited this distinction. |
b. | Too many people died young. |
c. | People had fewer recreational options. |
d. | People did not have adequate technology for recreation. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
5. Historically, ________ had the time and resources necessary to pursue recreational activities.
a. | only the wealthy |
b. | almost everyone |
c. | the middle class and the upper class |
d. | only the clergy |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
6. The increase in leisure time in the twentieth century was due to
a. | changes in values and norms making leisure disappear. |
b. | increases in industrial productivity and time-saving technologies. |
c. | decreases in family size. |
d. | increases in life span and better health care. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
7. What is the MOST underappreciated aspect of the work that professional musicians do given that popular music is so strongly associated with leisure?
a. | how much they get paid |
b. | the conditions under which they work, particularly on tour |
c. | how long a career most professional musicians have |
d. | that it is work |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
8. Based on your textbook’s definition, which of the following sounds MOST like recreation?
a. | a student’s time between getting out of class and going to work |
b. | a guitarist on tour who sells T-shirts and CDs at a merchandise table after each show |
c. | the “recess” period given to children in primary school, when they can spend unstructured time on the playground |
d. | someone computing the amount and type of fuel needed to power a model rocket they want to launch in a park |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
9. Imagine that you have come across a woman rebuilding an engine. Which of the following questions would you need to ask to discover if this was a recreational activity as recreation is defined in your textbook?
a. | if she had to take time off work to do it |
b. | if there was any way for her to benefit from the activity in an economic sense |
c. | how much time she spent on it each week |
d. | how rebuilding engines made her feel |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
10. What does the sociologist Richard Sennett mean when he says that modernity has seen the “fall of public man”?
a. | People increasingly spend time with their immediate families or close friends, and the home becomes the site of leisure activities. |
b. | The ideals of public service and civic duty are seen as much less important than they were in the past. |
c. | The government provides far fewer services than it has in the past. |
d. | There are far fewer celebrities than at any other time in history. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
11. The rise of the suburbs affected the way people used their leisure time because it
a. | encouraged them to join neighborhood groups and associations. |
b. | encouraged them to take more vacations. |
c. | encouraged them to spend their leisure time in their own homes. |
d. | led to an increase in outdoor activities. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
12. In what way has the Internet changed how people use leisure time?
a. | Older people are more likely to be in touch with younger generations. |
b. | There is increasing contact between people in different areas of the world, but sometimes individuals from the same family spend less time with one another. |
c. | There is increasing contact between family members and less contact between people in different areas of the world. |
d. | There has been a radical increase in the amount of time people spend shopping. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
13. Technological changes are transforming the nature of recreation because recreation
a. | is moving into public spaces and away from the home. |
b. | is less likely to involve members of the immediate family. |
c. | has become safer. |
d. | is moving inside the home and away from public spaces. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
14. The sociologist Richard Sennett argues that we have seen the “fall of public man” and have become much more likely to seek refuge in “ties of family or intimate association.” Given this information, what else would you expect Sennett to believe?
a. | Few people can take pleasure in great cities, which are full of strangers. |
b. | Religious ceremonies are a great source of pride and meaning. |
c. | More Americans are participating in local politics. |
d. | In the future, there will be far more people with mental health issues than there are today. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
15. In 2006, Nintendo released the Wii, which was its latest video game system. The system was credited for attracting demographic groups, including senior citizens, not often associated with video games. There were even reports of senior citizens forming leagues to play “Wii bowling” and other sports-related games. These leagues would represent
a. | the fall of public man. |
b. | spontaneity in recreation and leisure. |
c. | a return to a less commodified style of recreational activities. |
d. | a return of public life. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
16. ________ is the shift from people making their own fun to people purchasing it as goods and services.
a. | The privatization of recreational activities |
b. | The commodification of recreational activities |
c. | Formalizing recreation |
d. | Conglomeration synergy |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
17. Leisure is increasingly dominated by ________, “the 800-pound gorilla of leisure time.”
a. | the Internet |
b. | video games |
c. | shopping |
d. | television |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
18. How have activities that were once necessities changed as they have become recreational activities?
a. | They now come with a wide variety of commodities. |
b. | More people do them than in the past. |
c. | They require more skill than before. |
d. | They no longer require us to spend money. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
19. ________ is/are the ultimate example of the commercialization of leisure.
a. | Sports |
b. | Video games |
c. | Shopping |
d. | The Internet |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
20. If you go on a hike, how might it be considered part of the commercialization of leisure?
a. | You do not use maps and instead navigate your way around a national park using a compass and the sun. |
b. | You buy a $500 backpack with a solar panel to allow you to recharge your electronics. |
c. | You use your BlackBerry to check your email every morning, even when you are away from buildings and computers. |
d. | You bring along a camera and document your hiking trip for your scrapbook. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
21. There were a number of “family” groups or family members who became professional musicians together in the early days of country music. This was a common occurrence partly because many families made music together for fun. The average family today is more likely to have each member put on a pair of headphones to listen to music alone. What does this say about contemporary recreation and leisure?
a. | We define leisure time in terms of public life and interactions with strangers. |
b. | Material goods that we seem to require in order to have fun mediate our recreation and leisure. |
c. | Our leisure time is much more formally organized than it was in the past. |
d. | Changes in recreation and leisure have produced a great deal of inequality. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
22. Why might reading a book that you checked out from the library seem to be an example of a recreational activity that is totally uncommercialized but still be directly connected to commercial activity?
a. | You had to eat and pay for utilities on the day you went to the library. |
b. | You might learn something valuable by reading. |
c. | Books from libraries are expensive, as they have expensive bindings. |
d. | People were paid to write, edit, print, ship, and shelve the book. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
23. The Mall of America has more than 10,000 workers, occupies more than 4,000,000 square feet, and receives more than 40,000,000 visitors each year. However, the mall offers more than just shopping. Concerts, plays, story times for children, flight simulators, and an indoor aquarium are just a few of the activities considered part of the “retail experience.” What point does this illustrate?
a. | Many forms of leisure and recreation seem to have shifted from organized and formal activities to spontaneous or informal activities. |
b. | Alternative media sources are driving Americans to consider new ideas and experience life differently. |
c. | Americans are increasingly less likely to go out for a dose of the arts and more likely to stay home and enjoy performances in front of their home entertainment centers. |
d. | Shopping is now as much about entertainment as it is about purchasing things. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
24. Technology has facilitated the shift from spontaneous to organized recreation because it has
a. | made organized recreation more fun. |
b. | made organized recreation more competitive. |
c. | produced the tools necessary for recreation to even exist. |
d. | made it easier to organize people. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
25. Leisure is treated as a major and important topic in sociology because
a. | leisure is the opposite of work. |
b. | leisure and recreation absorb a lot of time, energy, and resources. |
c. | the wealthy and powerful do different things with their leisure time than the poor do with theirs. |
d. | leisure and recreation increasingly involve technology and media. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
26. Leisure and work are complementary activities. What links them together?
a. | food |
b. | consumption |
c. | the weekend |
d. | children and the family |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
27. How does free time (nonwork time) differ from leisure time?
a. | It does not count as leisure time unless money is being spent. |
b. | Leisure activities can also earn money. |
c. | Leisure time implies the ability to make choices. |
d. | Leisure time often happens at work. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
28. A flash mob is a sudden assembly of strangers in a public place for the purpose of performing some unique action (clapping for no reason, singing a song together, dancing, etc.) and then rapidly dispersing. They appear to be spontaneous to outsiders, but, in reality, flash mobs are organized through emails, social networking sites, and text messages. This is a good example of how technology can
a. | shift recreation to the private sphere. |
b. | promote self-regulation and censorship in the media. |
c. | make it easier to organize people. |
d. | commodify recreation and leisure. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Applying
29. On ESPN.com, men’s college basketball is presented as “college basketball,” while women’s college basketball is called “women’s college basketball.” This is an example of
a. | the concentration of media power. |
b. | inequality. |
c. | privatization. |
d. | commercialization. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Understanding
30. A president knows that a newspaper will fact-check a statement if he releases it to the newspaper. Consequently, he decides to post the statement on his Twitter account instead. This an example of a politician
a. | benefiting from antitrust legislation. |
b. | deregulating laws regarding the Internet. |
c. | creating synergy. |
d. | bypassing traditional media outlets. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Understanding
31. To which of the following trends is spectatorship MOST closely related given the ways it has changed in recent years?
a. | increasing levels of conglomeration |
b. | the increase in third places |
c. | the decline of public life |
d. | the commercialization of leisure |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Understanding
32. The average American spends more than half of their total leisure hours
a. | exercising. |
b. | consuming media. |
c. | playing with children. |
d. | participating in organized activities. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure | InQuizitive
MSC: Remembering
33. The principle of the free press as a voice of the people has been complicated since the U.S. Constitution was crafted because of
a. | blogs and zines. |
b. | conglomeration and media concentration. |
c. | the tabloid press. |
d. | the rise of celebrity gossip. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Understanding
34. Seagram’s is a company that is best known for its gin, but it also owns Universal Records. This is an example of what trend in the media industry?
a. | regulation |
b. | monopoly |
c. | inequality |
d. | conglomeration |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
35. Which of the following is a typical media conglomerate MOST likely to include among its many divisions?
a. | a restaurant chain |
b. | a dating app |
c. | a sports franchise |
d. | an international phone company |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
36. A media conglomerate is said to have ________ when it is able to market its products across a wide range of media.
a. | synergy |
b. | a monopoly |
c. | consumption |
d. | antitrust |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
37. Americans seem to have much more choice about which media to consume than in the past. Why is this choice deceptive?
a. | Many choices are owned by foreign companies. |
b. | Many choices are confined to small, marginal outlets. |
c. | Many choices are owned by the same company. |
d. | Many choices are not available in all areas. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
38. ________ have made it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media outlets.
a. | Social media |
b. | Newspapers |
c. | TV channels |
d. | Radio stations |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
39. A company that manufactures alcoholic beverages bought and then sold two smaller companies that produce film, television, and music. What is this process called?
a. | introducing new voices in the media |
b. | encoding |
c. | conglomeration |
d. | spectatorship |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
40. The wireless carrier Verizon bought the Internet provider Yahoo. What term best describes the combination of these two companies?
a. | synergy |
b. | merger |
c. | conglomeration |
d. | high culture |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
41. Some cell phone providers are now offering hardware such as small laptops. Phone companies believe that each product they offer will encourage and promote other products. For example, phones can easily send data to laptops, which can store media that can easily be watched on phones, and so on. What is this called?
a. | media concentration |
b. | conglomeration |
c. | bandwidth |
d. | synergy |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
42. Today, four companies sell more than 80 percent of the music purchased in the United States, although this fact is not obvious because the four companies have purchased many smaller record labels over the years. What is this called?
a. | synergy |
b. | the media and democracy |
c. | a monopoly |
d. | concentration of media power |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
43. Some lawyers working for the Department of Justice worry that Google is abusing its power and behaving like a monopoly in the way it charges for ads. What type of lawsuit would it be if the Department of Justice filed one?
a. | commodification |
b. | prima facie |
c. | antitrust |
d. | synergistic |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
44. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 reduced rules on cross ownership and allowed corporations to buy thousands of media outlets. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is an example of
a. | antitrust legislation. |
b. | deregulation. |
c. | encoding and decoding. |
d. | textual poaching. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
45. Net neutrality refers to the idea that
a. | Internet speed should function differently depending on who is using it. |
b. | caps should be put on each person’s data to limit their Internet use. |
c. | no Internet-based service or content should be privileged over another. |
d. | online content should only be available to customers who can pay for it. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Understanding
46. Early critics dismissed the work of director Alfred Hitchcock, but he later became one of the most revered filmmakers of all time. Why might the way we categorize the work of artists like Alfred Hitchcock change over time?
a. | Artists go to third places to actively promote their work over long periods of time. |
b. | The boundaries between high culture and popular culture are often permeable. |
c. | How an artist’s work is categorized changes when audiences engage in textual poaching. |
d. | Artists who promote communitarianism are always eventually revered. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Understanding
47. Jessica loves a new album for its message of female empowerment. Her friend Amal disagrees because she thinks the album objectifies women and doesn’t do enough to condemn sexism. Which of the following describes Jessica and Amal’s disagreement?
a. | an example of a third place |
b. | an instance of textual poaching |
c. | an example of conflict theory |
d. | a split in the interpretation of a cultural text |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Applying
48. What is the MOST likely reason for media outlets to impose self-censorship?
a. | to compete with online blogs and underground publications |
b. | to avoid outside regulation by the government |
c. | to protect children |
d. | to increase subscriptions |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
49. Why do some argue in favor of increased censorship of the media?
a. | They believe censorship will provide a voice for disenfranchised groups. |
b. | They believe it will protect American companies from foreign competition. |
c. | They believe it will increase sales overseas, especially in conservative societies. |
d. | They believe that violent and sexual media content has a negative impact on society. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
50. Communication researchers who follow media ownership saw a consistent trend of _________ characterized by mergers and buyouts through the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in fewer but larger media companies in the 2000s.
a. | conglomeration |
b. | concentration |
c. | commodification |
d. | synergy |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive
MSC: Understanding
51. Which of the following is an example of net neutrality?
a. | No Internet-based service or content can be privileged over another. |
b. | Internet providers reimbursing data use for certain services. |
c. | Internet providers allowing no data caps for certain services or means of streaming. |
d. | Internet providers queuing certain services or devices higher in priority. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
52. Which Supreme Court case ruled on the criteria used to define obscenity?
a. | Roe v. Wade |
b. | New York Times v. Sullivan |
c. | Loving v. Virginia |
d. | Roth v. United States |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive
MSC: Remembering
53. An advertisement company uses online data to determine that Kelly is a white twenty-two-year-old female who goes to church every week. The advertisement company uses that data to determine which media advertisements Kelly will see online. How is the company deciding which advertisements Kelly will like?
a. | by fighting antitrust legislation |
b. | by sorting Kelly and others into taste publics |
c. | by promoting high culture over popular culture |
d. | by strengthening civil society and communal bonds |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Applying
54. Taste cultures are
a. | groups of people who share similar literary, media, recreational, and intellectual interests |
b. | laws designed to maintain competition in the marketplace by prohibiting monopolies |
c. | any satisfying, amusing, and stimulating activity that is experienced as refreshing and renewing for body, mind, and spirit |
d. | areas of culture that share similar aesthetics and standards of taste |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Remembering
55. What is implied about the meaning of media “texts” if scholars assume that audiences are active rather than passive?
a. | Media producers manipulate audiences in order to sell goods. |
b. | Every media consumer experiences meanings in the same way. |
c. | The meaning of any particular media text is not important. |
d. | Consumers can alter and even invert meanings to suit their own purposes. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Remembering
56. Sociologists tend to stop asking ________ and start asking ________ when they reject the hypodermic needle model.
a. | what people do with media; what media does to people |
b. | what writers and critics do with media; what media does to people |
c. | what media does to people; what people do with media |
d. | what media does to people; what writers and critics do with media |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
57. A sociologist who is concerned that people will uncritically accept political biases in the media they consume probably believes that audiences
a. | are active. |
b. | seek out the same media to meet different needs. |
c. | can transform pieces of the media to suit their own needs. |
d. | are mostly passive. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
58. The assumption that media consumers automatically accept whatever meaning is in the “texts” they consume is called
a. | the active audience model. |
b. | the encoding/decoding model. |
c. | textual poaching. |
d. | the magic bullet theory. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
59. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer believed that “the triumph of advertising . . . is that consumers feel compelled to buy and use its products even though they see through them.” What might you conclude if this is all you know about Adorno and Horkheimer?
a. | They accept that reinforcement theory explains the way advertising works. |
b. | They accept that audiences are nonexistent. |
c. | They believe in the hypodermic needle theory. |
d. | They rely on the uses and gratification paradigm to understand media. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
60. What does the uses and gratifications paradigm assume about media audiences?
a. | They uncritically accept the messages encoded in media. |
b. | They are passive viewers. |
c. | They take a media product and manipulate it to tell their own stories. |
d. | They are actively engaged. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
61. Teenage boys sometimes watch football games on Sunday only because they wish to be able to make conversation with their classmates on Monday. Which theory best explains this?
a. | textual poaching |
b. | structural functionalism |
c. | the magic bullet theory |
d. | the uses and gratifications paradigm |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
62. A series of polls in 2003 showed that people who primarily got their news from the Fox News Channel were significantly more likely to believe that Iraq had played a part in the 9/11 attacks. Many people saw this as evidence of the way the media shaped public opinion, but some believed that those who already believed this simply gravitated to Fox. This is an example of
a. | textual poaching. |
b. | encoding/decoding. |
c. | reinforcement theory. |
d. | agenda-setting theory. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
63. Project Censored posts a list of the twenty-five most censored news stories every year. These stories are “censored,” though not in the sense that the media are legally prohibited from covering them. They are considered “censored” because most major media outlets have systematically ignored them and, in the process, determined what the public will think about. What theory explains this?
a. | agenda-setting |
b. | reinforcement |
c. | magic bullet |
d. | two-step flow |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
64. According to the two-step flow model, which of the following would be MOST likely to sway public opinion concerning the ethical treatment of farm animals?
a. | a billboard with a famous actress and a slogan on it |
b. | a news story that makes the front page of a national paper |
c. | a short clip on the local news |
d. | a documentary aired on cable television |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
65. Which theory of media consumption combines elements of both the magic bullet theory and the uses and gratifications theory?
a. | Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model |
b. | Henry Jenkins’s textual poaching model |
c. | Stanley Fish’s interpretive community model |
d. | Émile Durkheim’s functionalist model |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
66. Which part of Stuart Hall’s theory resembles the magic bullet model?
a. | the assumption that specific ideological messages are loaded into cultural products |
b. | the assumption that individuals will respond to media messages in a wide variety of ways |
c. | the assumption that audience members manipulate cultural products for their own ends |
d. | the assumption that audience members will listen to “opinion leaders” |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
67. According to Henry Jenkins, what are audience members doing when they manipulate commercially produced media products, often to tell stories or express ideas very different from the original?
a. | textual poaching |
b. | encoding |
c. | gratification consumption |
d. | hypodermic media consumption |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
68. What are fans of the original Star Trek series doing when they edit recorded episodes of the TV show to make it appear that Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock are passionate gay lovers?
a. | textual poaching |
b. | reinforcing the meaning of the original product |
c. | being a passive audience |
d. | agenda setting |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
69. Critics might see soap operas as brainwashing their viewers to accept a particular version of gender roles. Some sociologists would insist that the people who produce soap operas actually have to be constantly attentive to the desires of their audience and are, to some extent, responding to the audience. If you believe this, then you probably see soap opera viewers as
a. | new voices in the media. |
b. | the bourgeoisie. |
c. | collectors. |
d. | an active audience. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Understanding
70. The English music star Morrissey got his start in the band The Smiths, singing about radical vegetarianism and bisexuality in the 1980s. He was effeminate, bleak, and sarcastic. His fan base has expanded far beyond the disaffected English teenagers who bought his original records. In fact, some of his most devoted fans today are Hispanic millennials in Southern California. How is it possible that British teenagers in the 1980s and Hispanic Californians today can appreciate the same music?
a. | There are few differences between these two groups. |
b. | Even though members of the two groups have different experiences and perspectives, they understand Morrissey’s music in the same way. |
c. | They bring different interpretive strategies to the experience of listening to Morrissey’s music. |
d. | Music is universal, and all people experience it in the same way; if one group can be moved by it, then any other group will feel the same way. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
71. The producers, writers, and actors of Die Hard meant for the audience to cheer for the protagonist, a blue-collar hero who defeats a team of German terrorists single-handedly. If you met someone who instead was rooting for Hans Gruber, the murderous leader of the terrorists, you could say that they were
a. | being used by the mass media to influence other members of the public. |
b. | being more or less “brainwashed” by the effects of the mass media. |
c. | being informed and educated by the media. |
d. | decoding the movie differently than it was encoded. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
72. Bloomsbury Academic Press hosted a competition called Remix the Remixer in 2008 to celebrate the release of Lawrence Lessig’s book. Contest entrants were asked to find a video, interview, or written work of Lessig’s, mash it up with another piece of Lessig’s work, and create something new such as a video, photo, or text. What is this sort of artistic activity called?
a. | a two-step flow model |
b. | textual poaching |
c. | magic bullets |
d. | uses and gratifications |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Applying
73. What is a group of like-minded individuals called if its members share a similar sensibility and enjoy cultural products in similar ways?
a. | an interpretive community |
b. | textual poachers |
c. | an active audience |
d. | producers |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
74. A popular radio talk show host comments that mass shootings are increasing simply because people are consuming increasingly violent television shows and movies and doing so more often. Which theory is this talk show host espousing?
a. | active audiences theory |
b. | reinforcement theory |
c. | hypodermic needle theory |
d. | agenda-setting theory |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
75. Polysemy, or the idea that any given text may have multiple meanings, is most closely associated with which theory of media effects?
a. | interpretive strategies |
b. | agenda-setting theory |
c. | two-step flow model |
d. | encoding/decoding model |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive
MSC: Understanding
76. In 2014, Pharrell Williams gave permission to fans to create their own “cover” videos using his song “Happy.” This resulted in nearly 2,000 different versions of the music video produced by fans in more than 150 different countries. The model of ______ is highlighted by the example of Pharrell Williams’s hit song “Happy.”
a. | decoding |
b. | deconstructing |
c. | cultural marking |
d. | textual poaching |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive
MSC: Understanding
77. The positive response of music critics as well as the negative response from people like bell hooks to Beyoncé’s Lemonade is an example of which model?
a. | encoding/decoding |
b. | deconstructing |
c. | cultural marking |
d. | textual poaching |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
78. There are an infinite number of potential meanings for any given text if, as Stanley Fish argues, an individual reader interprets a text and thereby gives it meaning. Why do so many people interpret things in the same ways?
a. | People tend to look to a small number of critics to explain any particular piece of culture. |
b. | People have very little imagination and do not like to focus too much on any given text. |
c. | People who consume the same texts come from similar backgrounds and have similar interpretive frameworks. |
d. | People passively absorb meanings from the media that lead them to see the world in the same ways. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
79. Stanley Fish argues against older understandings of media and literature, which held that a text is unchanging and universal. He argues that each member of an audience can interpret or “create” a work, but he does not claim that each audience member has absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways because
a. | each member of an audience is part of a larger interpretive community. |
b. | the author or creator of a work imposes their own ideas on the audience. |
c. | the “texts” an audience consumes are transmitted unaltered and absorbed straight into their consciousness. |
d. | the mass media can influence the public by the way stories are presented. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Applying
80. Polysemy refers to the idea that
a. | any given text may have multiple meanings. |
b. | foreign travel should minimize the environmental consequences of tourism. |
c. | celebrities should act as role models. |
d. | audience members are active participants in constructing the meaning of the media they consume. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
81. In the 1990s, kids who chanted, “I want to be like Mike!” to express their admiration for Michael Jordan had
a. | an overidentification with media figures. |
b. | all been paid by Nike to do so. |
c. | a role model relationship with a celebrity. |
d. | a serious consumption addiction. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
82. The mixed reaction to the 1998 motorcycle exhibit at the Guggenheim Museum is an example of
a. | the uses and gratification paradigm. |
b. | high culture versus popular culture. |
c. | communitarianism. |
d. | structural functionalism. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Understanding
83. For whom could celebrity stalking be seen as an obligation?
a. | fans who are particularly devoted to a celebrity |
b. | fans who want to steal a physical object from a celebrity |
c. | members of the press |
d. | members of a fan club |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
84. The ancient Greeks understood this well:
A person who is completely private is lost to civic life. The exclusive pursuit of one’s self-interest is not even a good prescription for conduct in the marketplace; for no social, political, economic, or moral order can survive that way.
What idea or belief system is being described in this quote?
a. | structural functionalism |
b. | media and democracy |
c. | anomie |
d. | communitarianism |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Applying
85. What is the movement that attempts to rebuild group values and a sense of collective responsibility called?
a. | capitalism |
b. | communitarianism |
c. | textual poaching |
d. | utilitarianism |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
86. Does Robert Bellah believe that bonds based on shared leisure interests are enough to develop a sense of collective responsibility?
a. | yes |
b. | only when the shared leisure interests involve contact with a wide variety of people |
c. | no |
d. | only in the United States |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
87. How does Robert Bellah believe that style enclaves are different from “real communities”?
a. | They tend to remain focused on shared interests rather than on the larger community. |
b. | They usually lead to more altruistic behaviors and an interest in others. |
c. | They have greater community spirit. |
d. | They hold meetings in the “third place.” |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
88. What did the sociologist Dr. Kerry Ferris conclude about lifestyle enclaves as a result of her research on Star Trek and soap opera fan clubs?
a. | They almost never develop beyond a narrow and segmented interest in media. |
b. | They develop bonds for a wide variety of reasons, none of which have anything to do with the programs they watch. |
c. | They almost never expand their group boundaries beyond the narrow confines of their lifestyle enclave. |
d. | They can eventually lead to a greater degree of involvement with the community. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
89. What is it evidence of when a Star Trek fan club raises money for an animal welfare organization that is sponsored by the Star Trek actor William Shatner?
a. | the inability of such groups to contribute to the common good |
b. | the lack of real community in such groups |
c. | the ability of a lifestyle enclave to develop a larger sense of social responsibility |
d. | the narrow focus of a lifestyle enclave |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
90. A bar and grill has a “backgammon night” on the third Wednesday of every month. The bar provides backgammon boards and pieces. A fairly regular group of players come in, share a few drinks, and play backgammon. Of what is this an example?
a. | communitarianism |
b. | private recreation |
c. | the decline of public life |
d. | a lifestyle enclave |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Applying
91. What do sociologists call locations like neighborhood bars and local cafes where people gather to talk?
a. | third places |
b. | libraries |
c. | front stages |
d. | local tourism sites |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
92. Why is the sociologist Roy Oldenburg worried that the United States seems to have so few third places?
a. | They help people make connections. |
b. | They are an essential part of the economy. |
c. | They represent an important agent of socialization for young people. |
d. | They help strengthen the free press. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
93. What sort of places can provide opportunities for people to connect in ways that relieve alienation and anomie?
a. | third places |
b. | conglomerations |
c. | message boards |
d. | ecotourist vacation spots |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
94. What are the benefits of third places for society as a whole?
a. | The feeling of public spirit generated in them can strengthen civil society. |
b. | They encourage spending and strengthen the economy. |
c. | They allow small, independent media to develop an audience. |
d. | They increase diversity and support multiculturalism. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
95. What do sociologists call the customs, practices, and values expressed in a particular place by the people who interact there?
a. | an interpretive community |
b. | a public life |
c. | an idioculture |
d. | a third place |
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
96. What is the term for foreign travel with the goal of minimizing the environmental consequences of tourism as well as the negative effects on local cultures?
a. | green consumption |
b. | ecotourism |
c. | consumption |
d. | commodification |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
97. Today in Zambia, there are plans to develop self-sustaining big game parks where tourists could go and see indigenous plants and wildlife while minimizing environmental consequences. This is an example of
a. | ecotourism. |
b. | intentional communities. |
c. | magic bullets. |
d. | conglomerations. |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Applying
98. Where does social researcher Robert Putnam suggest that people in the United States spend most of their time outside of work or school?
a. | outside doing recreational activities |
b. | at bars or other social events with friends |
c. | at home in front of the television |
d. | at community events such as bingo |
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships | InQuizitive
MSC: Remembering
TRUE/FALSE
1. Some things that are one person’s leisure are another person’s job.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
2. Relatively few people are employed in the leisure and recreation industries.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
3. Many forms of leisure and recreation have shifted from spontaneous or informal activities to formal and organized ones.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
4. Leisure and recreation are synonymous so they can be used interchangeably.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure
MSC: Remembering
5. President Donald Trump’s Twitter account is an example of social media making it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
6. The Trump administration and the new FCC chair have vowed to democratize the Internet or make it such that it will function the same regardless of who is using it or what they are using it for.
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media
MSC: Remembering
7. The Broadway musical Hamilton could be considered both high and low culture.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Remembering
8. The hypodermic needle theory and the magic bullet theory are names used to refer to the same theory.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
9. Just because fan–celebrity relationships are one-sided does not mean they are not relationships.
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences
MSC: Remembering
10. Third places are called such because they are places that exist beyond work and home.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships
MSC: Remembering
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe how various cultures hold different norms and values when it comes to the things people do for fun.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
2. How do recreation and leisure activities form the basis for a subculture?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
3. How can an activity that is one person’s job also act as another person’s recreation?
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
4. Why have recreation and leisure not remained stable throughout history?
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
5. How were some activities that are recreation today necessities in the past?
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
6. Describe how sociologists view leisure time.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
7. How has the media always been an instrument of the state as well as a tool for social change?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media MSC: Remembering
8. How is media in the United States a profitable export?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.2 The Study of Media MSC: Remembering
9. Discuss a few of the ways in which working-class people tend to do different things with their leisure time than do upper-class people.
DIF: Easy REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media
MSC: Remembering
ESSAY
1. What are the three developments that have changed the way leisure and recreation are experienced today?
DIF: Easy REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
2. Define the terms “recreation” and “leisure.” Why does it seem particularly important today to study recreation and leisure?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Understanding
3. How has technology changed the way recreational activities are organized?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Remembering
4. What does it mean to say that there has been a “massive increase in the commodification of recreational activities”?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Understanding
5. Is leisure the opposite of work? Why or why not?
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Understanding
6. How has the decline of public life affected recreation and leisure?
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure MSC: Applying
7. David Harvey has argued that the economy has become capable of producing goods more efficiently and rapidly, so there have to be parallel increases in the rate at which we purchase and consume goods. How has this happened? Give at least one example from the text as well as one of your own.
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.2 The Study of Media MSC: Applying
8. Describe and explain the key differences in how media are consumed by mass audiences according to the magic bullet or hypodermic needle model, the uses and gratifications model, and the encoding/decoding model.
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences MSC: Understanding
9. What does Henry Jenkins mean by the term “textual poaching” in regard to the way some audience members consume mass media?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences MSC: Understanding
10. Encounters with celebrities are the contemporary equivalent of interacting with gods, spirits, or ancestors according to Imaginary Social Worlds by John Caughey. How do these interactions take place?
DIF: Difficult REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences MSC: Applying
11. What is ecotourism? What are the arguments for and against ecotourism?
DIF: Moderate REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships MSC: Understanding