Political Culture Exam Questions Brooks Ch.2

Chapter 2: Political Culture

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 01

1. Which of the following is true, according to S.M. Lipset?

Feedback: Page reference: p. 42

a) Most Canadians are ideologically conservative.

b) Canadians generally constitute a more liberal society than Americans do.

*c) The United States is a society formed by revolution, and Canada by counterrevolution.

d) Canadians have tended to be more religious than Americans.

e) In Canada, government power is feared more than in the United States.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 02

2. Which of the following is usually argued to be the "formative event" in the political history of French Canada?

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a) The British North America Act, 1867

*b) The Conquest, 1759

c) The election of the Parti Québécois for the first time in 1976

d) The Quebec Referendum of 1995

e) The War of 1812

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 03

3. The new "isms", such as environmentalism and feminism, tend to assign an important role to the state. In this they most closely resemble which of the following?

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a) Libertarianism

b) Conservatism

c) Totalitarianism

*d) Socialism

e) Liberalism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 04

4. A socialist attaches the most importance to which of the following?

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a) Material well-being

b) Preservation of law and order

c) Individual freedom

*d) Equality

e) Tradition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 05

5. Which of the following is not considered part of the centre of the political spectrum?

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a) Non-ideological thinking

b) Pragmatism

c) The mainstream of society

d) All of the above are centrist.

*e) Radical individualism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 06

6. When it comes to individualism, what do recent surveys suggest about Canadians?

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a) They are more like European than American populations.

b) They are more like Americans on some measures of individualism and more like Europeans on others.

*c) They are more like American than European populations.

d) They are virtually identical to Americans.

e) They are unlike any other culture.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 07

7. Where is the line "live free or die" found?

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*a) On the New Hampshire state licence plate

b) As part of the provincial slogan of Alberta

c) In the American national anthem

d) In Sir John A. Macdonald's last speech in the House of Commons

e) On the Canadian coat of arms

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 08

8. Violent confrontations have taken place between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in which province?

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a) Quebec

b) Manitoba

c) British Columbia

d) Newfoundland

*e) All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 09

9. What percentage of the vote did "Non" receive in the 1980 referendum?

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a) 95.6

*b) 59.6

c) 65.9

d) 9.4

e) 40.4

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 10

10. Compared to citizens of the United States and those of such major European democracies as France, Germany, and Great Britain, which of the following is true about Canadians?

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a) They are less traditionally religious than both Americans and Europeans.

b) They are more traditionally religious than both Americans and Europeans.

c) They are less traditionally religious than Europeans, but about as traditionally religious as Americans.

*d) They are less traditionally religious than Americans, but more so than Europeans.

e) They are less traditionally religious than Americans, but about as traditionally religious as Europeans.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 11

11. How much did support for same-sex marriage increase in Canada between 1997 and 2017?

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a) 10 per cent

b) 20 per cent

c) 30 per cent

*d) 35 per cent

e) 5 per cent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 12

12. In the twenty-first century, what class do most Canadians, Americans, and Western Europeans live in?

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a) Lower-middle class

b) Upper-middle class

c) Middle class

*d) Upper class

e) Lower class

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 13

13. Which of the following is true, according to Breton and Reitz?

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a) Canadian culture is important to immigrants, but not to native-born Canadians.

b) Rates of language retention and ethnic group identification are about the same in Canada and the United States.

*c) Almost no empirical data support the notion that Canadians are more tolerant than Americans.

d) The society of the United States is more multicultural than that of Canada.

e) All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 14

14. Which term refers to conservatives who believe that government has a responsibility to act as an agent for the collective good, including through the redistribution of wealth?

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a) Keynesian conservatives

b) Social democrats

*c) Red Tories

d) Libertarians

e) Loyalists

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 15

15. What percentage of women hold seats on corporate boards in Canada and the United States?

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a) 30 per cent

*b) 20 per cent

c) 60 per cent

d) 50 per cent

e) 40 per cent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 16

16. What relationship "involves a complex web of interconnections through trade, investment, population, culture and foreign policy"?

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a) Canada-Russia

b) Russia-Brazil

c) Iran-Iraq

*d) Canada-United States

e) Russia-United States

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 17

17. Which term "spills beyond the boundaries of politics to embrace beliefs and judgments about other social relationships, including economic ones"?

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a) Interpretive map

b) Theology

c) Agenda

d) Intuition

*e) Ideology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 18

18. Which term refers to the set of beliefs of those on the left of the political spectrum?

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a) Socialistic

b) Democratic

c) Altruistic

d) Individualistic

*e) Collectivist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 19

19. Which term refers to a person who believes that individuals should be allowed the largest possible margin of freedom in all realms of life?

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a) Socialist

b) Liberal

c) Independent

*d) Libertarian

e) Conservative

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 20

20. Western societies have been most greatly influenced by which three ideologies?

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a) Feminism, multiculturalism, and environmentalism

b) Marxism, Leninism, and Stalinism

c) Liberalism, conservatism, and utopianism

d) Communism, fascism, and capitalism

*e) Liberalism, conservatism, and socialism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 21

21. Classical liberalism, as understood until the middle of the twentieth century, was associated with which of the following?

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a) Equality of religions

b) Control of religion and markets

*c) Freedom of religious choice and practice

d) The Declaration of Independence and the Catholic Church

e) The welfare state and the decline of religious influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 22

22. Which of the following is a value of classical conservatives?

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a) Electing the Conservative Party to power

b) The equality of all men

c) Individual values

*d) Upholding traditions

e) Free enterprise and free trade

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 23

23. Fragment theory argues that the ideology of the founders becomes what?

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a) A fragment culture

*b) The dominant ideology

c) A divisive issue

d) The main political party

e) All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 24

24. Karl Marx used the term "false consciousness" to describe which of the following?

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a) The failure of the Communist Party

b) The impact that key historical events and conditions have on the trajectory of a society

c) A tool of suppression used by the dominant class

*d) The failure of the subordinate class to see their real interests

e) Marx never used this term.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 25

25. From a class analysis perspective, both fragment theory and the formative events explanation are which of the following?

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a) Empirically sound

*b) Hopelessly idealistic

c) Historically viable

d) Irrelevant

e) Very accurate

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 26

26. Which term do Marxists use to refer to the system of economic production and distribution?

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a) Mode of economics

*b) Mode of production

c) System of production

d) Method of production

e) Mode of distribution

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 27

27. Unlike in Canada, gun ownership in the United States is seen as which of the following?

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a) A fact requiring strict legislation

b) An inconsequential right

c) An issue that can never be legislated

*d) A vital pillar of personal freedom

e) A constitutional oddity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 28

28. While America is often described as a cultural melting pot, Canada is more frequently described as what?

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a) A land of the free

b) A land of opportunity

c) A land of assimilation

*d) A mosaic

e) A diverse nation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 29

29. Canada's official policy of multiculturalism introduced in 1971 was recognized in which of the following?

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a) The 1776 Declaration of Independence

*b) The 1982 Constitution Act

c) The 1867 British North America Act

d) The 1987 Meech Lake Accord

e) The 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 30

30. Which of the following is true about Thomas Jefferson's statement, "that government is best which governs least"?

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a) It was made during a meeting with a Canadian prime minister.

b) It was made during a visit to Canada.

c) It would validate Canada's political system.

d) Most Canadians would agree with it

*e) It would sound foreign to Canadians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 31

31. What do advocates of communitarianism believe?

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*a) That human freedom and dignity require public recognition of group identities

b) That communities matter

c) That Grant's "lament" was false

d) That private property must be abolished

e) That separatist opinions must be suppressed

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 32

32. Which of the following is true about post-materialism?

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a) It was defined by George Grant.

b) It focusses on issues such as employment and incomes.

c) It places no value on material wealth.

d) It has replaced materialism

*e) It emphasizes quality-of-life issues.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 33

33. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, which of the following formed the connective tissue of American democracy?

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a) Family values

*b) Voluntary associations

c) The Constitution and the Bill of Rights

d) Gun ownership

e) Elected politicians

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 34

34. What would a newspaper editorial slamming welfare fraud and calling for mandatory 'workfare' be called?

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a) Moderate

b) Centrist

*c) Right-wing

d) Left-wing

e) None of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 35

35. How did French observer André Siegfried described Liberal and Conservative parties?

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a) Obsolete political forces

b) Vital enemies

c) Best political friends

*d) Virtually indistinguishable in terms of their ideological principles

e) All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 36

36. How long ago did classical ideologies such as liberalism and conservatism mean "something quite different" from today?

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a) 20-30 years ago

b) 1-5 years ago

c) 10-20 years ago

d) 1-5 months ago

*e) 100-200 years ago

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 37

37. What do social democrats accept as they temper their advocacy of an egalitarian society?

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a) Individualism

b) Communism

*c) Capitalism

d) Democracy

e) Socialism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 38

38. What did Daniel Bell argue had ended?

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*a) Ideology

b) Politics

c) Liberalism

d) War

e) Socialism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 39

39. Which of the following is a label used to refer to a set of political ideas?

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a) Centrist/moderate

b) Left-wing

c) Right-wing

*d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 40

40. How much did Canadian support for same-sex marriage increase from 1997 to 2017?

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a) 60 per cent to 70 per cent

b) 50 per cent to 60 per cent

c) 20 per cent to 40 per cent

d) 40 per cent to 50 per cent

*e) 40 per cent to 75 per cent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 41

41. The "right-versus-left" dichotomy is also described as which of the following?

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a) The "religious-versus-secular" dichotomy

b) The "centre-versus-left" dichotomy

c) The "material-versus-post-material" dichotomy

*d) The "individualism-versus-collectivism" dichotomy

e) The "business-versus-environmental" dichotomy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 42

42. Hallmarks of the twentieth-century welfare state include which of the following?

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a) Public health care

b) Universal access to public education

c) Public pensions

d) Unemployment insurance

*e) All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 43

43. Of the three classical ideologies, the meaning of which of the following has changed the least?

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*a) Socialism

b) Conservatism

c) Anarchism

d) Liberalism

e) They have all changed significantly.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 44

44. Within the context of fragment theory, Bell and Tepperman view the culture of founding groups as what?

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a) A type of road map

b) A type of unlimited guideline

c) A type of inhibitor

*d) A type of genetic code

e) A type of directive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 45

45. Which of the following is a conservative political belief?

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*a) Preservation of social order

b) Workers should control capital

c) Acceptance of equality between classes

d) Challenge to authority and institutions

e) Individualism above all

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 46

46. According to Brunet and Rioux, what did the conquest of 1759 impact in French Canada?

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a) The development of Quebec nationalism

b) The development of a distinct society

*c) The development of a French-speaking bourgeoisie

d) The development of secularism

e) The development of a charter of rights

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 47

47. How many times have Quebecers been given the opportunity to register popular support for an independent Quebec?

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a) Once

*b) Twice

c) Three times

d) Four times

e) Never

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 48

48. In recent years, the level of popular support for Quebec independence has hovered around how much of the province's population?

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a) One quarter

b) Half

*c) One third

d) All of it

e) None of it

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 49

49. W.L. Morton once described political community as what?

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a) The national identity of a community

b) Unique history and politics

*c) A community of political allegiance alone

d) The social identity of a community

e) A community of communities

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 50

50. Which 2016 Democratic presidential candidate wanted to bring universal health care to the United States?

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a) Ted Cruz

b) Beto O'Rourke

c) Howard Dean

*d) Bernie Sanders

e) Oprah Winfrey

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 51

51. Which of the following is usually argued to be the "formative event" in the political history of English Canada?

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*a) American Independence, 1776

b) The Conquest, 1759

c) Patriation of the Constitution, 1982

d) The War of 1812

e) The British North America Act, 1867

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 52

52. What party is normally placed on the right part of the political spectrum in Canada?

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*a) Conservative Party

b) New Democratic Party

c) Liberal Party

d) Republican Party

e) Democratic Party

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 53

53. What party is normally placed on the left part of the political spectrum in Canada?

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a) Conservative Party

*b) New Democratic Party

c) Liberal Party

d) Republican Party

e) Democratic Party

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 54

54. What party is normally placed on the centre part of the political spectrum in Canada?

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a) Conservative Party

b) New Democratic Party

*c) Liberal Party

d) Republican Party

e) Democratic Party

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 55

55. What year did the Oka Crisis take place?

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a) 1970

b) 1770

c) 1867

d) 1918

*e) 1990

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 56

56. What percentage of the vote did "Oui" receive in the 1980 referendum?

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a) 59.6

b) 65.9

*c) 40.4

d) 9.4

e) 95.6

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 57

57. Who said "there's no place for the state in the bedroom of the nation"?

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a) Margaret Thatcher

b) Justin Trudeau

*c) Pierre Trudeau

d) David Bell

e) Karl Marx

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 58

58. What year was the Conservative Party was renamed the Progressive Conservative Party?

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a) 1911

b) 1993

*c) 1942

d) 1867

e) 2003

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 59

59. What year did the Progressive Conservative Party merge with the Canadian Alliance and was renamed the Conservative Party?

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a) 2003

b) 1993

*c) 1942

d) 1867

e) 1911

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 60

60. What was the turnout in 1995 referendum?

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a) 72 per cent

b) 100 per cent

c) 50 per cent

d) 24 per cent

*e) 94 per cent

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 01

1. In the left/right political spectrum, a set of beliefs described as "collectivist" would fall to the left.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 02

2. People of the left side of the political spectrum would generally be opposed to things like abortion and same-sex marriage.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 03

3. Socialism, liberalism, and conservatism have been three of the most dominant ideologies in Western societies since the American and French revolutions.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 04

4. Today, there is much more confidence among socialists that state ownership of the means of economic production and distribution is desirable.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 05

5. Of the three dominant Western ideologies, socialism has undergone the biggest transformation from its origins.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 06

6. Seymour Martin Lipset argues that the United States has been shaped through revolutionary origins, whereas English speaking Canada has been defined through counter-revolutionary origins.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 07

7. Ontario was once called Canada West.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 08

8. The Catholic Church has historically maintained little influence in Quebec.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 09

9. According to the World Values Survey, Canada and the United States are among the most racially tolerant populations in the world.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 10

10. Classical socialism is based on the principle of freedom.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 11

11. Chinese immigration was banned in Canada for a long period of time.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 12

12. Quebec uses a common law system.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 13

13. The Parti Québécois was formed in 1968.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 14

14. The first Quebec referendum was held in 1968.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 15

15. The "Oui" vote received 40.4 per cent in the 1980 Quebec Referendum.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 16

16. Over 90 per cent of Canadian francophones live in Quebec.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 17

17. An ideology stays within the boundaries of politics.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 18

18. Some would suggest that the ideological gap between the principal right and centre parties in Canada, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, is quite small.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 19

19. Libertarians believe that personal liberties should be restricted.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 20

20. Socialism is one of a trio of ideologies that have greatly influenced the politics of Western societies since the American and French revolutions.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 21

21. The Conservative Party was renamed the Progressive Conservative Party in 1942.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 22

22. In December 1993, the Progressive Conservative Party merged with the Canadian Alliance.

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 23

23. Between 1997 and 2017 the percentage of Canadians expressing support for same-sex marriage rose about 40 to 75.

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*a) True

b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 24

24. John A. Macdonald said "There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation."

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a) True

*b) False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 Question 25

25. Shortly after Justin Trudeau became prime minister he said, "There is no core identity, no mainstream in Canada."

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*a) True

b) False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 01

1. What are three distinctive features of classical liberalism?

Feedback: Any three of the following: individual freedom is maximized; politics and economics are free and competitive; achievements and recognition are due to personal merit and effort; a capitalist economy will produce the greatest happiness for society and maximize material welfare; personal dignity depends on the individual's own actions; all just government rests on the consent of the governed; party system is competitive; the state is subordinate to society; government should be small and its scope limited; the elected legislature is the most powerful component of the state; separation between church and state.

Page reference: p. 35

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 02

2. What are three distinctive features of classical conservatism?

Feedback: Any three of the following: the traditional social order is preserved; individuals are members of social groups that are linked together by a web of rights and obligations; those born in privileged circumstances have an obligation to those below them on the social ladder; there is a natural social hierarchy based on inherited status; personal dignity depends on one's conformity to the norms and behaviour of one's social group; the rights and responsibilities of those who govern derive from God and tradition; the state's fundamental role is to preserve social order; the state is superior to society and is owed obedience by all citizens and groups; the Crown is the most powerful component of the state; the size and scope of government are small by modern standards, but are not limited by liberalism's suspicion of the state; the state recognizes an official church.

Page reference: p. 35

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 03

3. What are three distinctive features of classical socialism?

Feedback: Social and economic equality are maximized; private ownership of property is replaced by its collective ownership and management; competition is replaced by co-operation; the welfare of society is maximized through economic and social planning; personal dignity depends on work and one's solidarity with the working class; all just government rests on the consent of the governed and the principles of social and economic equality; the state should control crucial sectors of the economy; government has a responsibility to redistribute wealth from the wealthy to the less fortunate social classes; government is large and its scope wide; a socialist state is the embodiment of the will and interest of the working class; no officially recognized religion.

Page reference: p. 35

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 04

4. When it comes to their political attitudes and beliefs, are Canadians more like Americans or western Europeans? Use an example to illustrate your answer.

Feedback: A good answer will also discuss the analyses and conclusions of Adams, Resnick, and Boucher.

Page reference: p. 51

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 05

5. "The United States may once have been the more egalitarian society, but in recent decades Canadians have shown a much greater concern for equality than have their southern neighbours." What does this statement imply?

Feedback: This question is intended to be a broad question that enables students to reflect on much of what is covered throughout Chapter 2.

Page reference: pp. 61–62

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 06

6. What is false consciousness?

Feedback: A Marxist concept describing the inability of subordinate social classes to see where their real interests lie and their acceptance of cultural values and beliefs that justify their exploitation by the dominant class. This concept attempts to answer the question of why subordinate classes adopt beliefs that only benefit the dominant class.

Page reference: pp. 44–45

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 07

7. What is one example of a major violent confrontation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people or political authorities?

Feedback: Several options could be part of the student's response to this question. They could use the 2006 arrests of Six Nations protestors at Caledonia; the 2004 anti-police riot at Kanesatake in Quebec; or the 1990 Oka confrontation during which Indigenous protestors attempted to protect land that was under threat of development.

Page reference: p. 49

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 08

8. What is libertarianism?

Feedback: Libertarianism is the view that individuals should be allowed the largest possible margin of freedom in all realms of life, including those that involve moral choices. As a result, although libertarians generally agree with right-wing policies and are ideologically conservative, they are also likely to advance pro-abortion, pro-same sex marriage, and pro-assisted suicide views.

Page reference: p. 34

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 09

9. What is multiculturalism?

Feedback: A value system based on the premise that ethnic and cultural identities and traditions are important to human happiness and dignity and that public policy ought to recognize, support, and promote the retention of these identities and traditions. In Canada an official policy of multiculturalism has existed since 1971. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms acknowledges the "multicultural heritage of Canadians" and the Multiculturalism Act, 1988 commits the Canadian government to a policy of promoting multiculturalism. This is done largely through the Department of Canadian Heritage.

Page reference: p. 56

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 10

10. What does the motto "je me souviens" ("I remember"), found on Quebec license plates, refer to?

Feedback: It refers to a time before the British Conquest of New France in 1759. Presumably, at that time French-speaking Canadians were free from the oppression of Ottawa and English Canadians. Particularly under Parti Québécois governments in Quebec it has been common for the Conquest to be mentioned in official government documents on subjects ranging from language to the economy and constitutional reform.

Page reference: pp. 42–43

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 11

11. What is the "centre"?

Feedback: The centre is, virtually by definition, the mainstream of a society's politics, and those who occupy this location on the political spectrum are likely to view themselves as being non-ideological and pragmatic.

Page reference: p. 33

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 12

12. What did Seymour Lipset mean in discussing English Canada's counter-revolutionary origins?

Feedback: Lipset wrote, "Americans do not know but Canadians cannot forget that two nations, not one, came out of the American Revolution. The United States is the country of the revolution, Canada of the counterrevolution. These very different formative events set indelible marks on the two nations. One celebrates the overthrow of an oppressive state, the triumph of the people, a successful effort to create a type of government never seen before. The other commemorates a defeat and a long struggle to preserve a historical source of legitimacy: government's deriving its title-to-rule from a monarchy linked to church establishment. Government power is feared in the south; uninhibited popular sovereignty has been a concern in the north."

Page reference: p. 42

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 13

13. What are path dependency models?

Feedback: This explanatory framework emphasizes the impact that key historical events and conditions have on the trajectory that will be followed by a society, a value system, or an economy. James Mahoney explains it this way: [P]ath dependence characterizes specifically those historical sequences in which contingent events set into motion institutional patterns or event chains that have deterministic properties. The identification of path dependence therefore involves both tracing a given outcome back to a particular set of historical events, and showing how these events are themselves contingent occurrences that cannot be explained on the basis of prior historical conditions.

Page reference: p. 43

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 14

14. Give some examples of Canadian governments discriminating against ethnic and religious communities.

Feedback: In fact, however, Canadian governments have shown themselves to be as capable as their American counterparts of discriminating against ethnic and religious communities. Canada banned Chinese immigration more than two decades following passage of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923. In Canada, many people of Japanese ancestry were deprived of their property and kept confined to camps during World War II. In Canada, the religious beliefs of Doukhobors, Hutterites, Mennonites, and Jehovah's Witnesses have at various times brought them into conflict with either Ottawa or provincial governments. In Canada, immigration policy until the 1960s discriminated against non-white, non-European peoples—although this is no longer characteristic of policy in either country.

Page reference: p. 55

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 15

15. What did George Grant argue in Lament for a Nation?

Feedback: In Lament for a Nation, Grant argued that the Canadian political tradition was marked by a communitarian spirit that rejected the individualism of American-style liberalism. He traced the roots of this spirit to the influence of conservative ideas and the British connection, which helped to keep alive a benign view of government as an agent for pursuing the common good. This distinctive national character was, Grant believed, doomed to be crushed by the steamroller of American liberalism and technology, homogenizing influences that would ultimately flatten national cultures throughout the capitalist world. Grant's "lament" was in the key of what has been called Red Toryism.

Page reference: p. 59

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 01

1. "Canada is more democratic than the United States." Based on the analysis of the political attitudes and beliefs of Canadians and Americans, discuss this claim, explaining why you think it is mainly true or mainly false.

Feedback: A complete answer will: identify the criteria for comparison: freedom, equality, etc.; and draw on statistical and other empirical evidence. It will also respond to the following questions: What is the Canadian perception on this matter? Has there been change over time in the democratic qualities of each country?

Page reference: p. 59

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 02

2. What would you say are the chief elements of Canada's political culture? Explain why you think the Canadian and American political cultures are mainly similar or mainly different.

Feedback: The four headings used in this chapter—community, freedom, equality, and citizen expectations for government—would be a good starting point. The answer might also discuss the roots of Canadian political culture, including the fragment theory, formative events, and economic explanations for the political ideas of Canadians.

Page reference: p. 43

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 03

3. Do such ideological labels as "right," "left," "conservative," "liberal," and "socialist" help us to understand Canadian politics and the conflicts that matter in our society? Are any of these concepts outmoded and no longer relevant? Are there new labels that do a better job in helping us understand political conflict?

Feedback: A complete answer will identify the main characteristics of each ideology. Are these labels still relevant? Illustrate with reference to issues, conflicts, parties, etc. Are other labels and the world views associated with them more relevant to understanding contemporary politics?

Page reference: p. 33

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 04

4. The fragment theory, formative events theory, and economic explanations for the historical development of political ideas in Canada focus on different causes. Summarize each approach and explain what you see as the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Feedback: The fragment theory is likely to be seen as the least relevant, given that it emphasizes the importance of people and ideas from the very early history of Canada. This does not mean that it is in fact of no use in understanding contemporary Canadian political culture. A good answer will recognize the possibility of transmission belts that convey the ideas of previous generations to the present.

Beyond comparison, a strong answer will provide reasons why the insights generated by one or another of these explanations are superior and more relevant than the others, perhaps drawing on contemporary events, political figures, or conflicts.

Page reference: pp. 42-43

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 05

5. The idea of Canada as a single political community has been challenged at various times and by certain groups. Why? Does the fact that Canada has one of the oldest democratic constitutions in the world and one of the highest standards of living indicate that these challenges have not been very serious?

Feedback: This idea has been challenged in several ways: challenges from Quebec nationalists objecting to Canada's British ties and symbols and perceived Anglophone domination; challenge of Quebec separatists and the notion that Canada is an unnatural country based on what historically has been an unequal relationship between its French- and English-speaking communities; and challenge from Native Canadians, some of whom reject the authority of the Canadian state in some circumstances and who support civil disobedience. But these challenges need to be weighed against the successes of national unity and accommodation.

Page reference: p. 45

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 06

6. Why can ideology "spill beyond the boundaries of politics to embrace beliefs and judgments about other social relationships, including economic ones"?

Feedback: This holistic character of ideologies distinguishes them from more limited political value systems. Although most people are not aware of having ideological leanings, and might be puzzled or even startled at being labelled conservative, liberal, or socialist, this does not mean that ideology is irrelevant to their political beliefs and actions. Instead, it may simply indicate that a particular ideological mindset is so pervasive and dominant—it has become, in other words, the conventional wisdom—that its unexamined premises seem inevitable and obvious.

Page reference: p. 32

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 07

7. Why would someone argue that ideology is over?

Feedback: This is the "end of ideology" thesis that American sociologist Daniel Bell put forward in the 1960s. "In the western world," he argued, "there is today, a rough consensus among intellectuals on political issues: the acceptance of a Welfare State; the desirability of decentralized power; a system of mixed economy and of political pluralism." Since then, some commentators have dismissed the traditional "isms" and the left-centre-right ideological grid as outmoded ways of thinking about politics.

Those who would argue that familiar ideological categories and the individualism/collectivism dichotomy have become obsolete and that politics has become largely a debate about means rather than ends underestimate the continuing vitality of the struggle between what we might call competing images of the moral order. Many of the most profoundly felt differences of opinion on issues of importance in contemporary public life, from ideas and policies relating to the family to issues of trade and taxation, are based on the different ideas that people have about what social, economic, and political arrangements are consistent with personal dignity, justice, social order, economic efficiency and the good society. By and large, those on the right of the modern ideological divide are less likely than those on the left to look to state action for the advancement and protection of the moral order that they prefer. This may be seen in the ongoing debate over the consequences of globalization—a debate in which moral considerations are seldom far from the surface.

Page reference: p. 37

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 08

8. Why does Canada's political community seem fragile at times?

Feedback: Canada's sense of community has sometimes seemed terribly fragile, threatened by French-English tensions, western grievances against Ontario and Quebec, and, most recently, conflicts between the aspirations of indigenous Canadians and the policies of federal and provincial governments. This apparent fragility needs to be viewed alongside evidence suggesting that the country has been relatively successful in managing (repressing, critics would say) challenges to the idea and continuation of a united Canada. The existing Constitution dates from 1867, making it one of the oldest and most durable in the world. Moreover, the territorial integrity of the country has remained unshaken by either civil war or secession. This is not to understate the importance of the rifts in Canada's sense of community. But the problems of Canadian unity and identity should be viewed from a broader perspective and the unity challenges that other societies have faced.

Page reference: p. 45

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 09

9. Discuss the variance in levels of popular support for Quebec independence.

Feedback: According to public opinion polls, the level of popular support for Quebec independence has ranged between a low of about 20 per cent just after the birth of the PQ to a high of nearly 60 per cent (see Figure 2.1). In recent years it has hovered around one-third of Quebeckers, including just over 4 in 10 of those whose mother tongue is French. Without reading too much into the numbers, we may say that there appears to be a durable core of support for the idea of Quebec independence, but that it may lack the potential for growth (see the discussion in Chapter 14). Not only has the level of support varied over time, it is also influenced by what sort of independence is envisaged by the pollster's question. Support always has been higher for softer options such as "sovereignty-association"—a term generally understood to mean a politically sovereign Quebec that would be linked to Canada through some sort of commercial union or free trade agreement—than for outright political and economic separation.

Page reference: p. 46

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 10

10. Was English Canada founded on an ethos of limited government?

Feedback: English Canada was not founded on an ethos of limited government. Nor did the country experience self-government and then independence until long after the American Revolution that Loyalists rejected. Instead of celebrating what Abraham Lincoln, in the Gettysburg Address (1863), describes as "a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal," most of Canada's leaders celebrated the connection to Great Britain and the conservative idea that "freedom wears a crown" until well into the twentieth century. As Lipset observes, "If [Canada] leans towards communitarianism—the public mobilization of resources to fulfill group objectives—the [United States] sees individualism—private endeavour—as the way an 'unseen hand' produces optimum, socially beneficial results." Canadian writer Pierre Berton made the same point when he maintained that "We've always accepted more governmental control over our lives than . . . [Americans] have—and fewer civil liberties."

Page reference: p. 51