Okami Ch.21 Test Bank Social influence and attraction

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 1

1) In the Milgram studies, this percentage of participants obeyed the experimenter and administered shocks to the danger level.

a. 1%

b. 50%

c. 65%

d. 95%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 2

2) Monitoring and attempting to control how we appear to other people is known as

a. self-improvement

b. impression management

c. self-help management

d. ego building

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 3

3) According to Leary and Kowalski, once we are motivated to obtain a desired goal, increase self-esteem, or alter our public identity we have to

a. manage our impression

b. construct the impression we wish to make

c. deconstruct the self-concept

d. imitate the person we want to impress

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 4

4) In the age of the Internet, much of our self-presentation activities involve

a. human-computer interaction

b. human-factors psychology

c. computer-mediated communication

d. computer assisted design.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 5

5) When couples were asked to report how they met each other in a 2009 survey, online dating and social networking sites were second only to this reason for meeting.

a. meeting at school

b. being introduced by friends

c. meeting at a bar

d. going on a blind date

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 6

6) Early studies of the effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on social relationships were limited mainly because of

a. the age of the participants

b. the low number of people using CMC

c. the type of CMC available

d. the average life span of participants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 7

7) Studies of computer-mediated communication (CMC) conducted in the 2000s revealed that CMC has a positive effect on personal relationships if

a. CMC is used to meet new people

b. CMC is used exclusively for dating

c. CMC is used to maintain existing relationships

d. CMC is used for professional networking

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 8

8) People often find themselves drawn to others—for friendship, romance, or sex—for reasons that may not be immediately apparent to either person. This is called

a. attraction

b. attribution

c. attitude formation

d. libido

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 9

9) Social psychologists refer to the tendency to seek mates who are similar to ourselves as

a. positive attraction

b. opposite attraction

c. positive assortment

d. negative assortment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 10

10) Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be it letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, or faces. This phenomenon is called the

a. attraction formation effect

b. mere exposure effect

c. foot-in-the-door effect

d. pursuant effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 11

11) According to Robert Zajonc, it is adaptive to be cautious around unfamiliar objects and people, and to be more open to familiar stimuli and individuals. This is the hypothesized basis for the

a. attraction formation effect

b. mere exposure effect

c. foot-in-the-door effect

d. pursuant effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 12

12) In a study of the mere exposure effect using online chatting, participants who were randomly assigned to chat with the same partner for a greater number of consecutive days

a. grew to dislike their chatting partners

b. grew to like their chatting partners

c. could not remember the names of previous chatting partners

d. were unable to recall specific examples of conversations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 13

13) Cross-cultural studies of physical attractiveness illustrate that all of the following aspects of attractiveness vary according to culture, EXCEPT:

a. facial symmetry

b. bodily adornment and clothing

c. body decoration

d. body weight

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 14

14) According to research, age affects physical attractiveness such that,

a. older women are judged to be more attractive than older men

b. facial attractiveness declines with age in both sexes

c. facial attractiveness declines in age only in men

d. younger women are judged to be less attractive than older men

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 15

15) Which of the following is true regarding the variation in peak facial attractiveness between men and women

a. Women’s peak facial attractiveness occurs before puberty.

b. Men’s peak facial attractiveness occurs well after age 50.

c. Women’s peak facial attractiveness occurs between adolescence and young adulthood.

d. Men’s facial attractiveness peaks much earlier than women’s.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 16

16) According to evolutionary psychologists, a large degree of facial symmetry may be evidence that

a. one has a weak immune system

b. one has attractive genitals

c. one has a strong immune system

d. one has mutated genes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 17

17) When attractiveness researchers speak of the averageness of a face, they are actually talking about

a. how masculine or feminine the face is

b. the diversity of genetic contributions to the face

c. how long or short the face is

d. the symmetry of all of the features on the face

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 18

18) The sex differences in facial features and other aspects of the body are collectively referred to as

a. primary sex characteristics

b. sexual dimorphism

c. sexual bimodality

d. secondary sex characteristics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 19

19) All of the following are tendencies of masculine faces, EXCEPT:

a. narrow eyes

b. longer chins

c. fuller lips

d. more developed brows

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 20

20) All of the following are tendencies of feminine faces, EXCEPT:

a. narrow eyes

b. shorter chins

c. fuller lips

d. high cheekbones

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 21

21) Which of the following is true about ratings of highly feminized faces by men and women?

a. Women rate less feminized faces as more attractive.

b. Men and women rate highly feminized faces as more attractive.

c. Men rate highly feminized faces as more attractive, but women do not.

d. Men and women rate composite females faces as less attractive than a single face.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 22

22) Women tend to rate highly masculinized faces as more attractive in all of the following contexts, EXCEPT:

a. when evaluating a male as a potential short-term partner

b. when evaluating a male during peak fertility in the menstrual cycle

c. when evaluating a male during the onset of menopause

d. when evaluating a male as a potential long-term partner

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 23

23) The tendency of people to bring their behaviour and/or attitudes in line with group norms and pressures is called

a. obedience

b. conformity

c. social loafing

d. the bystander effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 24

24) In his classic experiment on conformity, Solomon Asch asked naïve participants to perform this task in the presence of other individuals that were actually confederates of the experimenter.

a. guess the height of the experimenter

b. judge the length of a card presented in front of them

c. match the length of a line to one of three comparison lines

d. discuss the relevance of visual perception for studies of conformity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 25

25) This kind of influence on conformity is based on a rational desire to seek realistic information about some situation from the group and adjust behaviour accordingly.

a. normative influence

b. motivational influence

c. informational influence

d. cognitive influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 26

26) As in the case of the Asch experiments, people are sometimes motivated to conform to avoid embarrassment or obtain approval from the group. This is called

a. normative influence

b. motivational influence

c. informational influence

d. cognitive influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 27

27) In a study of the normative influence on energy conservation among a group of Californians, this was the best predictor of a person’s self-reported conservation efforts.

a. “it benefits society”

b. “it protects the environment”

c. “it is the right thing to do”

d. “other Californians are doing it”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 28

28) This special kind of conformity results from group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to the group leader.

a. group dynamics

b. groupthink

c. obedience

d. self-observer bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 29

29) Groupthink is often influenced by this social psychological phenomenon, related to positive illusions.

a. unanimity

b. overconfidence

c. lack of information

d. repression

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 30

30) All of the following are examples of symptoms of groupthink, EXCEPT:

a. The possibility that a plan may fail is not considered.

b. Individual group members voice their doubts and disagreements.

c. There is spoken or unspoken pressure among members to agree to a particular plan.

d. Everyone in the group shares the same faulty explanations for why a particular strategy or tactic is necessary.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 31

31) All of the following are ways that the Milgram studies do not correspond to the actualities of mass killing and genocide, EXCEPT:

a. The participants in the Milgram studies were assured by a strict but nonetheless apparently benevolent expert that no real harm would befall the “learner.”

b. If participants were given an excuse to avoid obeying the experimenter, they would generally avoid administering shocks.

c. Milgram’s participants demonstrated little mental conflict or anguish when delivering the shocks.

d. The Milgram studies lasted approximately 1 hour.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 32

32) Our _ is the portion of our personal identity that comes from our beliefs about belonging to social groups and categories

a. Social identity

b. Self-esteem

c. Positive assortment

d. Impression management

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 33

33) This experimental paradigm involves creating artificial social categories and testing members’ responses to members of in-groups and out-groups

a. Random groups

b. In-group out-group procedure

c. Taijfel procedure

d. Minimal groups

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 34

34) This theory is an explanation for a range of social-psychological phenomena based on the idea that we are influenced in attitudes and behaviour by the norms of social categories with which we identify.

a. Impression management theory

b. Social comparison theory

c. Social identity theory

d. Mere exposure theory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 35

35) Spearman (1927) conceived love of consisting of

a. A single factor

b. Four factors

c. Three factors

d. Eight factors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 36

36) Which of the following is NOT a component of love identified by Thurstone (1938)

a. passion

b. trust

c. care

d. mutual respect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 37

37) In the triangular model of love, Stenberg (1986) viewed love as having three dimensions, these are

a. Intimacy, passion, commitment

b. Passion, trust, mutual respect

c. Care, affection, commitment

d. Love, hate, compromise

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 38

38) Participants that do not know what is taking place are called

a. stooges

b. naïve participants

c. confederates

d. uniformed subjects

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 39

39) The echo chamber effect takes place when

a. social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial

b. we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme

c. the motivation to conform may be informational

d. Participants are kept in a chamber and asked to escape either with and without the help of others

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 40

40) Congeniality bias is

a. when social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial

b. when we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme

c. our tendency to select sources of information that appear friendly because they express views like our own

d. another phrase for conformity bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 41

41) Filter bubbles result

a. when social media algorithms eliminate opinions different from our own and give us the impression that our views are non-controversial

b. when we are exposed to a biased selection of opinions that echo our own, reinforcing our views and perhaps making them more extreme

c. when our tendency to select sources of information that appear friendly because they express views like our own

d. the motivation to conform may be informational

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 42

42) Leary and Kowalski (1990) describe impression management as consisting of these two processes:

a. Impression motivation and impression construction

b. Impression motivation and impression demotivation

c. Impression management and self-presentation

d. False identity and true identity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 43

43) _ is the product of the factors that draw one person towards another for friendship, sex, romance, or another sort of relationship

a. Attraction

b. Assortment

c. Accumulation

d. Love

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 44

44) The frequency with which people come into contact is termed

a. conformity

b. assortment

c. exposure

d. propinquity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 45

45) Resis et al, (2011) found evidence to suggest that

a. Those participating in longer interactions reported lower levels of attraction to each other

b. Those participating in longer interactions reported higher levels of attraction to each other

c. Those participating in shorter interactions reported higher levels of attraction to each other

d. Those who did not participant in face to face interactions were not attracted to each other

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 46

46) In a partial replication of Milgram’s procedure, Burger (2009) found that

a. Obedience rates were similar than for Milgram’s study

b. Obedience rates were slightly lower than for Milgram’s study

c. Obedience rates were slightly higher than for Milgram’s study

d. Obedience rates were much higher than for Milgram’s study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 47

47) This explanation of obedience in Milgram’s work is based on the central idea is that participants obeyed the experimenter because they identified with them as part of a high- status pro-research group

a. Social engagement explanation

b. Engaged followership explanation

c. Positive assortment explanation

d. Obedience withdrawal explanation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 48

48) This phenomenon explains why we perform tasks better in the presence of others

a. Social comparison

b. Social mobility

c. Social facilitation

d. Social inhibition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 49

49) This effect explains the tendency for behaviours that are exhibited when one is alone to be minimised in the presence of others

a. Social comparison

b. Social mobility

c. Social facilitation effect

d. Social inhibition effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 21, Question 50

50) Holt-Lunstad estimated that the detrimental influence on health for lack of social contact equates to

a. Drinking 8 units of alcohol per day

b. Eating 4000 calories per day

c. Being dehydrated

d. Smoking 15 cigarettes per day

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 51

51) When Stanley Milgram asked a group of psychiatrists how many of the research participants in his obedience studies would deliver shocks all the way to the XXX level, they predicted that between 62 percent and 65 percent of participants would comply.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 52

52) According to research on the mere exposure effect, a person’s name may influence important career decisions. Dentists are more likely to be named Denise or Dennis than other names, and lawyers are more likely to be named Laura or Larry.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 53

53) People often attempt to create an impression that is consistent with the person they perceive themselves to be, but not the person that they “really are.”

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 54

54) Seventy percent of heterosexual couples in a nationally representative sample interviewed in 2009 reported that they met over the Internet, with online dating accounting for the majority of these meetings.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 55

55) Researchers have found that people come to appreciate almost anything the more times they are exposed to it, be it letters, shapes, syllables, melodies, faces—or people.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 56

56) Although attractiveness decreases in women’s faces as they age, men are perceived to lose facial attractiveness with age much more rapidly.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 57

57) Studies of energy conservation attitudes among Californians illustrated that people are often unaware of the normative influences to conform in their own lives.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 58

58) Though groupthink is a risk in any situation in which a group must make an important decision under pressure, it has not historically affected political judgments.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 59

59) It may be that factors of the prison situation interacted with the personality factors of the volunteers to create the abuses that arose during Zimbardo’s experiment.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 60

60) Feminine faces tend to have larger eyes (relative to face size), less developed brows, the appearance of high cheekbones, shorter and less pronounced chins that appear more fragile or graceful, and fuller lips.

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 61

61) Like it or not, a great deal—a very great deal—of self-presentation occurs over the Internet in ___.

a. Computer-mediated communication

b. CMC

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 62

62) As the __ effect predicted, participants’ liking for each other increased as a function of the number of days they engaged in the chat routines.

a. mere exposure

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 63

63) _ motivations and influences to conform reflect the desire to obtain approval from the group or avoid embarrassment—as in the case of participants in the Asch experiment.

a. Normative

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 64

64) Developed by Tajfel and colleagues in the 1970s the __ experimental paradigm involves creating artificial social categories and testing members’ responses to members of in-groups and out-groups.

a. minimal groups

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 65

65) The tendency to mate with a person who is similar to you in various characteristics is known as __.

a. Positive assortment

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 66

66) Self-presentation or __ is the process by which people attempt to monitor and control the impressions that others form of them.

a. impression management

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 67

67) The central idea of social identity theory is that we categorize ourselves and others and that to maintain a positive __ we emphasize the positive aspects of our __.

a. Self-concept; in-group

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 68

68) According to Sternberg (1986) love can be viewed as having three dimensions; intimacy, _ and _.

a. passion; commitment

b. commitment; passion

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 69

69) Triplett (1898) found that children wound up a fishing reel faster in pairs than alone. This is an example of __ - when behaviour or performance is enhanced by the presence of others.

a. social facilitation

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 21 - Question 70

70) Some psychology experiments involve placing participants in social situations where other people know what is happening but they do not. _ participants are participants who do not know what is taking place, where _ are people who are present who know the details of the experiments.

a. Naïve; confederates

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 21, Question 71

71) Impression construction and self-presentation have changed dramatically with the advent of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Discuss the ways in which CMC has affected our social lives.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 21, Question 72

72) We often feel strong pressures to conform to the group that we identify with. Discuss the various influences (normative and informational) on our behaviour, and how they might lead to groupthink and deindividuation.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 21, Question 73

73) Discuss different approaches to love and relationship formation. In your answer make reference to the psychometric model of love and triangular model of love.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 21, Question 74

74) Critically consider our understanding of destructive obedience in the light of modern re-analysis and replication of destructive obedience research including that concerning individual differences.