Altruism and antisocial behaviour Full Test Bank Ch.22

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 1

1) The anxiety we perceive when we become aware of the conflict between our behaviour and our attitudes is called

a. cognitive dissonance

b. self-serving bias

c. attribution syndrome

d. fundamental attribution anxiety

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 2

2) The tendency of people to be less likely to help strangers in need if there are other people present at the scene is called the

a. bystander effect

b. self-serving bias

c. fundamental attribution error

d. sadism effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 3

3) The details of the Kitty Genovese murder in Kew Gardens, Queens, New York, gave rise to interest in this social psychological phenomenon

a. learned helplessness

b. inclusive fitness

c. reciprocal altruism

d. bystander non-intervention

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 4

4) In laboratory studies of the bystander effect, the general rule is that the presence of groups

a. reduces the likelihood that a crime will be committed

b. reduces the likelihood of any one individual offering aid

c. increases the likelihood that an emergency will occur

d. increases the likelihood of any one individual offering aid

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 5

5) In contrast to early research on the bystander effect, the more dangerous the circumstance and the more clear-cut the physical danger,

a. the less likely an individual is to offer aid

b. the more likely an individual is to contribute to the assault

c. the less likely an additional crime will occur

d. the more likely an individual is to offer aid

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 6

6) Cosmides and Tooby (e.g., 2005) used the Wasson selection task to gather evidence of these psychological mechanisms.

a. social contracts

b. cheater detection mechanisms

c. reciprocal altruistic mechanisms

d. in-group biases

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 7

7) The lessening of self-awareness or identity when in a group that may lead to reduced concern about how your behaviour will be evaluated by others is referred to as

a. social loafing

b. the bystander effect

c. deindividuation

d. reciprocal altruism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 8

8) The effects of deindividuation on behaviour were revealed in this classic psychological study.

a. the Milgram obedience experiment

b. the Asch conformity experiment

c. the Stanford Prison experiment

d. the Robber’s Cave experiment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 9

9) The Stanford Prison study was constructed to examine the influence of these implicit rules for behaving in certain situations.

a. social roles

b. normative influences

c. individual traits

d. social traits

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 10

10) The offering of assistance to others without the expectation of immediate reward is called

a. altruism

b. generosity

c. empathy

d. compassion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 11

11) All of the following are considered prosocial behaviours or emotions, EXCEPT:

a. altruism

b. aggression

c. empathy

d. compassion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 12

12) Usually, when laypersons or scientists ask themselves why or how a person behaved the way he or she did, they are asking about

a. ultimate causes

b. proximate causes

c. social causes

d. evolutionary causes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 13

13) Proximate causes for an altruistic behaviour, such as helping an elderly person cross the street, are usually described in terms of

a. evolutionary adaptiveness

b. social role theory

c. immediate motivation

d. ultimate causes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 14

14) These explanations describe how the effects of some behaviour would have benefited the survival and reproduction of human beings over evolutionary time and therefore evolved through natural selection.

a. ultimate causes

b. proximate causes

c. social causes

d. evolutionary causes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 15

15) This is the ability to take another person’s perspective, or to feel how that person feels.

a. apathy

b. compassion

c. empathy

d. social comparison

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 16

16) According to this theory, an organism is reproductively fit not only to the extent that it can survive and reproduce, but also to the extent that it passes on its genetic line to new generations.

a. theory of natural selection

b. theory of inclusive fitness

c. theory of genetic variation

d. theory of adaptive selection

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 17

17) According to this theory, psychological attributes that motivate altruism will evolve under conditions where altruism is expected to be reciprocated at some point in the future.

a. theory of inclusive fitness

b. theory of adaptive altruism

c. theory of reciprocal altruism

d. theory of selective fitness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 18

18) The social psychological term to describe unharmonious relations among groups is

a. intergroup conflict

b. race-relations bias

c. social conflict

d. normative influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 19

19) The deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire people, which is often present in intergroup conflicts, is called

a. genocide

b. patricide

c. warmongering

d. ethnic cleansing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 20

20) Attributing clusters of traits to specific categories of individuals and objects, which serves an important purpose in human social cognition, is called

a. stereotyping

b. in-group bias

c. out-group homogeneity

d. prejudice

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 21

21) The tendency to judge an individual based on beliefs about, or feelings toward, the group to which the person belongs is called

a. stereotyping

b. prejudice

c. racism

d. ethnic cleansing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 22

22) This is the tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one’s own group over members of other groups.

a. in-group bias

b. out-group bias

c. in-group homogeneity

d. out-group homogeneity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 23

23) In the Robber’s Cave experiment, the experimenters promoted in-group bias by

a. allowing the boys to choose their group members

b. allowing the boys to choose names for their groups

c. encouraging the boys to interact with boys outside their own groups

d. encouraging cooperative behavior between groups

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 24

24) The rivalry between the Eagles and Rattlers in the Robber’s Cave experiment was only remedied when the experimenters

a. brought the boys together to celebrate July 4th

b. encouraged the boys to shake hands with the other group members

c. had the boys cooperate to find out why the camp’s water supply had failed

d. brought the boys together to watch a favourite film

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 25

25) One way that dehumanization of outgroups may occur is through the emotion of

a. anger

b. disgust

c. frustration

d. sadness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 26

26) When someone is unaware of the prejudicial biases in their behaviours, it is called

a. implicit theory

b. implicit prejudice

c. dynamic racism

d. explicit prejudice

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 27

27) The human motivation to feel like a “valuable member of a meaningful universe” as a way of transcending and defeating death is a part of

a. terror management theory

b. reciprocal prejudice

c. theory reciprocal altruism

d. social-comparison theory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 28

28) The ability to take another person’s perspective and understand why the person feels as he or she does is known as

a. the proximate cause

b. empathy

c. intelligence

d. intuition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 29

29) Some researchers have observed a sense of fairness and willingness t o share emerging as young as

a. 2 months

b. 15 months

c. 18 months

d. 2 years

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 30

30) The immediate causes of behaviour are known as

a. Proximate causes

b. Ultimate causes

c. Immediate explanation

d. Genetic by-products

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 31

31) The forces that shaped the capacity or tendency for behaviour are known as

a. Proximate causes

b. Ultimate causes

c. Immediate explanation

d. Genetic by-products

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 32

32) Mirror neuron research has revealed that areas of the brain normally activated when one experiences pain were also activated when

a. hearing a loud sound

b. viewing another person delivering bad news

c. delivering a mild shock to another person

d. viewing another person about to experience pain

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 33

33) This theory stresses the fact that natural selection operates on genes, not on individuals and their bodies

a. theory of evolution

b. altruistic theory

c. theory of inclusive fitness

d. theory of reciprocal altruism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 34

34) This theory proposes that psychological attributes that motivate altruism, such as empathy, will evolve under conditions where altruism is expected to be reciprocated at some point in the future

a. theory of evolution

b. Altruistic theory

c. theory of inclusive fitness

d. theory of reciprocal altruism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 35

35) Although both men and women are capable of extreme forms of aggression, direct physical aggression is

a. Less common in boys and men

b. More common in boys and men

c. More common in girls and women

d. Similar for men and women

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 36

36) Which of the following is true for the sex difference in real-world aggression than in laboratory research

a. The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is similar than found in laboratory research

b. The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is much greater than found in laboratory research

c. The size of the sex difference in real-world aggression is much smaller than found in laboratory research

d. There are no sex difference in real-world aggression, although they are found in laboratory research

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 37

37) This hypothesis holds that the association between testosterone and aggression in men is highly dependent on age and context

a. sex-dependent aggression hypothesis

b. reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis

c. challenge hypothesis

d. hypothesis of inclusive fitness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 38

38) According to this hypothesis, anger and consequent aggression can arise from virtually any form of unpleasant event

a. challenge hypothesis

b. reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis

c. hypothesis of inclusive fitness

d. adaptation hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 39

39) Berkowitz’s reformulated theory stresses the power of cognitive associations to produce anger and subsequent aggression, it is sometimes called the

a. challenge hypothesis

b. cognitive neoassociation model of aggression

c. hypothesis of inclusive fitness

d. adaptation hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 40

40) This model holds that whether aggression does or does not occur in any interaction is dependent upon a complex interaction between four factors

a. cognitive neoassociation model of aggression

b. challenge model

c. model of inclusive fitness

d. the general aggression model (GAM)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 41

41) The social psychological term to describe non-harmonious relations among groups is

a. National conflict

b. Harmonious conflict

c. Intergroup conflict

d. Intercultural conflict

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 42

42) The probability of bystander apathy increases where

a. there is physical danger

b. the Situation is predictable

c. the Situation is ambiguous

d. when males are present

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 43

43) Competence and warmth are two dimensions of

a. empathy

b. aggression

c. conformity

d. stereotyping

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 44

44) A type cognitive bias in which reactions to a group are shaped by a blend of positive and negative stereotypes operating on two dimensions

a. self-serving bias

b. interpretation bias

c. moderate bias

d. in-group bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 45

45) The tendency to favour and extend loyalty to members of one’s own group is known as

a. out-group bias

b. in-group bias

c. moderate bias

d. interpretation bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 46

46) This method is used to assess unconscious bias known as implicit prejudice

a. Implicit prejudice test (IPT)

b. Implicit association test (IAT)

c. Implicit knowledge test (IKT)

d. Implicit group test (IGT)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 47

47) The general term used when an individual or group carries out an act that is intended to harm another individual or group is known as

a. bullying

b. discrimination

c. prejudice

d. aggression

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 48

48) The type of aggression carries out in pursuit of another goal is known as

a. Instrumental aggression

b. Hostile aggression

c. Intentional aggression

d. Avoidance aggression

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 49

49) The type of aggression carries out with the ultimate aim to inflict harm

a. Instrumental aggression

b. Hostile aggression

c. Intentional aggression

d. Avoidance aggression

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 6, Chapter 22, Question 50

50) Individual prejudice against members of other ethnic groups is known as

a. discrimination

b. ethnicism

c. sexism

d. racism

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 51

51) In the Kitty Genovese investigation, it was later found that no one watched anything for anywhere near as long as half an hour. The first attack lasted only a few moments.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 52

52) The basic idea behind the theory of inclusive fitness regarding altruism is that the tendency evolved under conditions where altruism was expected to be reciprocated.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 53

53) The tendency toward in-group bias is so strong that researchers can create artificial groups by randomly assigning people to two categories by tossing a coin.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 54

54) According to Allport’s intergroup contact theory, prejudice is diminished when positive, constructive contact occurs between members of different groups.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 55

55) Terror management theory (TMT) is an existential psychological theory that proposes that much human behaviour is motivated by a need to manage or reduce the terror associated with one’s own mortality.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 56

56) Instrumental aggression is when the ultimate purpose of aggression is harming the victim.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 57

57) The theory of reciprocal altruism proposes that psychological attributes that motivate altruism towards non-kin will only evolve under conditions where there is some expectation that altruistic acts will be reciprocated.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 58

58) According to Fiske and Cuddy, stereotyping can be captured on two dimensions – competence and worth

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 59

59) An act is considered aggressive regardless of whether the aggressor intended to be harmful.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 60

60) Deindividuation involves an increase in self-awareness or personal identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one’s behaviour will be evaluated by others.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 61

61) _ causes are the immediate causes of behaviour, whereas _ causes of behaviour are forces that shaped the capacity or tendency for the behaviour to exist in the first place.

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a. Proximate; ultimate

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 62

62) The tendency for a person to be less likely to intervene and offer help to a stranger in an emergency situation when others a present is known as the __.

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a. bystander effect

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 63

63) __ refers to automatic, unconscious bias against a group, typically measured using the ___.

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a. Implicit prejudice; implicit association test

b. Implicit prejudice; IAT

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 64

64) According to __ theory, human behaviour is motivated to manage or reduce the terror that results from _ of our eventual death.

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a. Terror management; awareness

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 65

65) The probability of bystander apathy increases when the situation is _ and where those needing help are _.

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a. ambiguous; strangers

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 66

66) One factor that appears to be present frequently when _ occurs is the emotion of _ at the out-group.

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a. dehumanization; disgust

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 67

67) Jackson et al found that areas of the _ normally activated when one experiences pain were also activated by viewing __ about to experience pain

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a. brain; someone else

b. brain; others

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 22 - Question 68

68) According to Cuddy et al (2007) both _ and negative stereotyping may coexist, this form of cognitive bias is known as __.

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a. positive; moderate bias

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 69

69) There are known sex differences in aggression, with _ responsible for more direct or physical aggression than _.

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a. males; females

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Title: Chapter 22 - Question 70

70) Intergroup conflict accounts for much large-scale aggression, characterised by _ and _.

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a. Dehumanization; deindividuation

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 22, Question 71

71) The Robber’s Cave experiment is an excellent example of some solutions to our tendency to form in-group biases. Describe the experiment and also how the results fit with Allport’s intergroup contact theory.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 22, Question 72

72) Explain the nature of prejudice including the distinction between stereotypes, hostility and discrimination, and the key features of racism and sexism.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 22, Question 73

73) Discuss research into the role of in-group bias, implicit bias, and terror management in prejudice.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 22, Question 74

74) Explain the nature of aggression, including its key characteristics and the distinction between aggression and violence and between hostile and instrumental aggression.

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