nan Ch.39 Complete Test Bank Locomotion And Support Systems

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 39 Locomotion and Support Systems

1) Which of the following hormones stimulate osteoblasts to form bone?

A) erythropoietin

B) parathyroid hormone

C) growth hormone

D) sex hormones

E) Both growth and sex hormones

2) The alternation of circular muscle contraction and longitudinal muscle contraction allows the earthworm to move forward. What type of support system aids locomotion in the earthworm?

A) an exoskeleton

B) an endoskeleton

C) a calcium carbonate shell

D) a hydrostatic skeleton

3) Which of the following statements about skeletons is NOT true?

A) The skeleton of a vertebrate is an endoskeleton.

B) The skeleton of an arthropod is an exoskeleton.

C) The skeleton of a clam is an exoskeleton.

D) All exoskeletons must be shed as the animal grows.

E) An earthworm has a fluid-filled cavity that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.

4) Which of the following statements about the insect exoskeleton is NOT true?

A) The exoskeleton protects insects against predators and drying out.

B) The insect exoskeleton is jointed and movable.

C) The insect exoskeleton grows with the organism.

D) The insect exoskeleton is made of a complex form of carbohydrate called chitin.

E) The insect exoskeleton has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.

5) Which of the following statements about the skeleton of a clam is NOT true?

A) The skeleton of a clam has two separate shells.

B) The skeleton of a clam grows with the organism.

C) The skeleton of a clam is made of calcium carbonate.

D) The skeleton of a clam is used mainly to allow movement of the organism.

E) The skeleton of a clam has muscles attached to it from the inside of the body.

6) Which of the following functions is NOT a function of the human skeletal system?

A) protects internal organs

B) acts as a storage site for calcium and phosphorus ions

C) acts as the site of blood cell production in adults

D) acts as a structure against which muscles can contract

E) provides the ATP for muscles to use in contraction

7) Which of the following statements about the nature of bone is true?

A) Bone is active, growing tissue with an extensive blood supply.

B) Bone is similar to cartilage, nearly inert, and with little blood supply.

C) Bone is active and living when formed by osteoblast but dies after it hardens.

D) Bone is nonliving calcium deposits and removing bone is a bloodless operation.

E) The outer compact bone is nonliving calcium, but the bone marrow is active living tissue.

8) Which of the following associations of bone structures and functions is NOT correct?

A) osteoblasts - cells that build bone tissue

B) osteoclasts - cells that break down bone tissue

C) osteons - tubular units of compact bone

D) red bone marrow - fat-storage tissue

E) lacunae - tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central canal

9) ________ are bone-absorbing cells and ________ are bone-forming cells.

A) Menisci; osteoclasts

B) Chondrocytes; lymphocytes

C) Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

D) Eosinophils; red blood cells

E) Osteocytes; osteons

10) ________ will take calcium from the blood, whereas ________ will deposit calcium into the blood.

A) Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

B) Osteocytes; osteoclasts

C) Osteocytes; osteoblasts

D) Osteoblasts, osteocytes

E) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

11) Identify and briefly describe the labeled structures of the long bone in this picture.

A: ________

B: ________

C: ________

D: ________

E: ________

F: ________

G: ________

12) Which of the following statements about the development of bone in humans is NOT true?

A) Bone breakdown and replacement occur throughout life.

B) A primary ossification center forms in the middle of a long bone.

C) A secondary ossification center forms at the end of a long bone.

D) Bones may form within a cartilage model or within a membrane matrix.

E) A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers until old age.

13) The type of bone tissue that is found in the middle portion of a long bone and has lacunae arranged in concentric circles around central canals that contain blood vessels and nerves is

A) spongy bone.

B) compact bone.

C) red marrow.

D) yellow marrow.

E) fibrous membrane.

14) Which of the following bones is (are) NOT part of the axial skeleton?

A) ribs

B) skull

C) sternum

D) scapula

E) vertebrae

15) Which of the following statements about the vertebrae is NOT true?

A) Twenty-six vertebrae make up the vertebral column.

B) The vertebrae form a dorsal backbone.

C) The vertebrae help form 4 curvatures of the spine.

D) The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral disks.

E) The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

16) Which of the following lists the correct order of vertebral regions from superior to inferior?

A) thoracic-lumbar-sacrum-cervical-coccyx

B) cervical-lumbar-sacrum-thoracic-coccyx

C) cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacrum-coccyx

D) lumbar-sacrum-cervical-thoracic-coccyx

E) sacrum-cervical-thoracic-lumbar-coccyx

17) Which one of the following structures is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) ribs

B) fibula

C) humerus

D) coxal

E) radius

18) Identify the labeled structures on the human skeleton in the picture.

A: ________

B: ________

C: ________

D: ________

E: ________

F: ________

G: ________

H: ________

I: ________

J: ________

K: ________

L: ________

M: ________

N: ________

O: ________

P: ________

Q: ________

R: ________

S: ________

19) The radius is to the ulna as the

A) tibia is to the femur.

B) fibula is to the ulna.

C) fibula is to the tibia.

D) humerus is to the femur.

20) The elbow and knee are examples of ________ joints.

A) immovable

B) fibrous

C) cartilaginous

D) synovial

E) ball-and-socket

21) Identify the labeled structures on the human skeleton in the picture.

A: ________

B: ________

C: ________

D: ________

E: ________

F: ________

G: ________

H: ________

I: ________

J: ________

K: ________

L: ________

M: ________

N: ________

O: ________

P: ________

22) In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human bones. These dimensions are defined by the ________, which is the longest bone and the ________, which is the bone with the largest volume in the human body.

A) humerus; vertebrae

B) femur; skull

C) vertebrae; pelvis

D) radius; scapula

E) clavicle; metatarsals

23) Which of the following groups of organisms will all possess hydrostatic skeletons?

A) planaria, hydras and earthworms

B) planaria, hyrdas, crayfish

C) earthworms, crayfish and sea stars

D) butterflies, cats and clams

E) bluegill, lobster and planaria

24) Which of the following structures attaches muscle to the bone?

A) ligaments

B) joints

C) tendons

D) adipose tissue

E) sarcomere

25) Which of the following organisms lack a hydrostatic skeleton?

A) cicada

B) planarian

C) hydra

D) earthworms

E) roundworms

26) When a person straightens her arm, she is flexing the triceps brachii. During this movement, the triceps are referred to as the

A) agonist.

B) antagonist.

C) tendon.

D) All of these.

E) None of these.

27) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of having an endoskeleton?

A) The skeleton grows with the animal.

B) Endoskeletons can support the weight of a large animal.

C) Endoskeleton provides protection to the internal organs.

D) Endoskeletons allow for more flexibility.

E) Endoskeletons provide protection for the outermost tissue layer of the organism.

28) Which feature of the mammalian skeleton provides an advantage for animals that are land-based predators?

A) Walking on their toes.

B) Elongated hindlimbs that propel them forward.

C) Bipedal locomotion on the soles of the feet.

D) Long legs and running on the tips of elongated phalanges.

E) All of these are advantages for land-based predators.

29) Identify the labeled muscles in the picture.

30) Which of the following statements about the muscular system is NOT true?

A) The human muscular system contains three kinds of muscle tissue.

B) Muscles work in antagonistic pairs across a joint.

C) Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.

D) Muscles can move a bone by pushing or pulling it as they contract.

E) Tetanus and tone are features of normal muscle tissue.

31) Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the

A) A band.

B) Z line.

C) H zone.

D) I band.

E) M band.

32) The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions when stimulated directly by the

A) sarcolemma.

B) neuromuscular junction.

C) tropomyosin.

D) axon bulb.

E) T tubule.

33) Which muscle list of structures is correctly organized from large to small?

A) muscle, muscle cell, myofibril, sarcomeres, filaments

B) muscle, muscle fibers, sarcomeres, filaments, myofibrils

C) muscle, sarcolemma, myofibrils, actin filaments, myosin filaments

D) muscle cells, myofibrils, filaments, sarcoplasm

34) What is the correct order that a motor nerve impulse travels when triggering a muscle contraction?

A) motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin

B) motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin-sarcoplasmic reticulum

C) motor nerve-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin

D) motor nerve-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-troponin

E) motor nerve-sarcolemma-synaptic cleft-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin

35) Which of the following associations of term and description is NOT correct?

A) actin - thin filament

B) myosin - thick filament

C) sarcomere - the entire muscle cell or muscle fiber

D) sarcolemma - extensive plasma membrane

36) Calcium ions bind to

A) tropomyosin.

B) troponin.

C) actin.

D) myosin.

E) cross bridges.

37) According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction,

A) actin binds ATP and breaks it apart as actin pulls against myosin.

B) calcium ions are released from myosin as the filaments slide by.

C) the thick and thin filaments do not change length during this process.

D) an accordion-like pleat is formed as the myosin and actin interact.

E) All of the choices are correct.

38) The system of flexing and extending muscles makes movement of appendages easy to understand. But how are some actions possible (sticking out your tongue, beating of your heart) when these structures have no bone structure with opposing flexors and extensors in them?

A) One set of muscle cells must therefore be able to both contract and expand.

B) These structures must be empty chambers, and fluids forced into them expand them.

C) Muscle cells running diagonally or crosswise amidst the longitudinal muscles must contract and force the long relaxed muscle cells to elongate.

D) This cannot be explained at present.

39) Which mammalian skeleton provides an advantage in an aquatic environment?

A) A streamlined torpedo-shaped skeleton.

B) A skeleton that has elongated legs and large flippers.

C) A skeleton that allows for walking on the tips of their toes across the bottom of the ocean.

D) All of the answer choices provide an advantage in an aquatic environment.

E) None of the answer choices provide an advantage in an aquatic environment.

40) If Ca+ is restricted to a muscle cell, what are the potential consequences?

A) The myosin head would not be able to bind to the actin filament.

B) The myosin filament would not slide past the actin filament causing a contraction.

C) ATP is not split causing the release of energy.

D) All of these are potential consequences.

E) None of these are potential consequences.

41) What molecule is used to anaerobically regenerate ATP?

A) ADP

B) glucose

C) lactate

D) creatine phosphate

E) tropomyosin

42) ________ provides the energy for muscle contraction.

A) ATP

B) ADP

C) Creatine phosphate

D) Lactate

E) Glycogen

43) An oxygen debt occurs when

A) there is too much oxygen in the muscle tissues.

B) ATP is depleted, and the body starts to use creatine phosphate to supply new ATP.

C) ATP is depleted, and the body starts breaking down actin and myosin to allow muscle contraction to occur.

D) there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration, and the body must use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP.

E) None of the choices are correct.

44) Muscle contraction is triggered

A) when high levels of oxygen and sugar are released by the sarcolemma.

B) when a surplus of ATP is released by a nerve motor unit.

C) by release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse that directly causes actin and myosin to slide.

D) by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that attaches to actin filaments and exposes the myosin binding sites.

E) by the nerve releasing a neurotransmitter, which triggers a flow of calcium that releases ATP and begins the actin filaments sliding across the myosin binding sites.

45) Which of these molecules acts as an ATPase, breaking down ATP to perform its function in muscle contraction?

A) actin

B) myosin

C) tropomyosin

D) troponin

E) calcium

46) Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft.

A) sodium ions

B) calcium ions

C) ATP

D) creatine phosphate

E) acetylcholine

47) What are the correct steps of muscle contraction starting with ACh?

a. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft.

b. The sarcolemma generates an impulse that moves down the T tubules into

the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

c. ACh binds to receptors in the sarcolemma.

d. The sarcomere contraction produces a myofibril contraction.

e. Calcium is released causing the sarcomere contraction.

A) a - c - b - e  - d

B) a - b - c -e - d

C) d - a - b - e - c

D) c - e - d - a - b

48) In muscle innervation motor nerve fibers signal muscle movement from the region called the neuromuscular junction.

49) One of the major functions of the skeletal system is to store long term sources of energy for the body.

50) Damage to the matrix of a bone can result in which of the following complications?

A) There will be a decrease in available calcium phosphate which could result in decreased concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood.

B) There will be a decrease in potassium resulting in a decrease in bone strength.

C) There will be a decrease in the production of white blood cells.

D) The attachment point for muscles will not be as strong resulting in more injuries.

E) None of these are complications associated with damage to the matrix of the bone.

51) The pectoral girdle is adapted for great strength, whereas the pelvic girdle is more adapted for flexibility.

52) If calcium is not present in the muscle cell what complications can occur in regards to muscle contraction?

A) Tropomyosin will not be pulled away from the myosin binding sites.

B) Myosin heads will not bind to the actin filament.

C) The power stroke will not be produced preventing the actin filament from moving.

D) All of these are complications resulting from a lack of calcium.

53) Explain the function of each of the following structures in regards to muscle contraction: actin filaments, Ca+ ions, myosin filaments and ATP.

54) List the five major functions of the skeletal system.

55) Explain the difference between the functions of the osteoblasts and osteocytes?