Hormones And Endocrine Systems Chapter 40 nan Exam Prep

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 40 Hormones and Endocrine Systems

1) Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

A) pituitary

B) hypothalamus

C) thymus

D) testes

E) All are endocrine glands.

2) The removal of the anterior pituitary gland would result in all of the following EXCEPT

A) a decrease in the body's ability to lower blood calcium levels.

B) a decrease in the ability to stimulate the adrenal cortex.

C) milk production.

D) production of the sex hormones.

3) The pituitary gland controls the hypothalamus by the production of antidiuretic hormones.

4) A researcher has isolated a chemical released by men that reduces premenstrual nervousness and tension in women. This is an example of (a)

A) insulin.

B) cortisol.

C) pheromone.

D) prostaglandin.

E) nerve growth factor.

5) Zoologists extracted the chemical that the Japanese beetle uses to attract a mate, and used it in a trap to reduce the beetle population. Scientists were using a(n)

A) hormone.

B) pesticide.

C) enzyme.

D) pheromone.

E) excretion.

6) ________ are hormones that act locally, affecting neighboring cells.

A) Insulin

B) Oxytocin

C) Pheromones

D) Prostaglandins

E) Oxytocin and pheromones are both correct.

7) What is the mode of action of hormones?

A) Peptide hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and result in the activation of enzymes.

B) Steroid hormones enter the cell, usually bind to receptors in the nucleus and result in the activation of certain genes.

C) Hormones are actually precursors or raw materials that are naturally converted to end products by the correct target cell.

D) Hormones are chunks of DNA that are sent out to be incorporated into target cells and become activated to produce hormone products.

E) Peptide hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and result in the activation of enzymes, while steroid hormones enter the cell, usually bind to receptors in the nucleus and result in the activation of certain genes.

8) Which of the following characteristics or actions is associated with a steroid hormone?

A) cyclic AMP

B) the second messenger

C) production of new proteins

D) activation of proteins present in an inactive form

E) binding of a protein to a surface receptor on the plasma membrane

9) Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?

A) Non-steroid hormones activate an enzyme cascade.

B) Steroid hormones regulate the production of a particular protein.

C) Non-steroid hormones are either modified amino acids, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins.

D) Steroid hormones all have four carbon rings with different side chains.

E) All of the choices are correct.

10) Identify and briefly describe the functions of the labeled glands of the human endocrine system.

11) The target cell concept is illustrated in the picture. Label the cells as either target cells or non-target cells by identifying A and B as such. Explain your answer.

12) Uncommonly large feet, hands, chin, nose, and eyebrow ridges on a normal-sized body are characteristic of the condition ________, that is caused by ________.

A) Cushing's syndrome; adrenal cortex hormones

B) Addison's disease; atrial natriuretic hormone

C) gigantism; overproduction of growth hormone in children

D) pituitary dwarfism; hyposecretion of growth hormone in children

E) acromegaly; overproduction of growth hormone in adults

13) Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is NOT true?

A) Estrogen is a steroid hormone.

B) Steroid hormones do not bind to cell surface receptors.

C) The hormone-receptor complex can enter the nucleus.

D) The hormone-receptor complex can bind to chromatin.

E) Steroid hormones act faster than non-steroid (peptide) hormones.

14) Which of the following statements about non-steroid (peptide) hormones is NOT true?

A) Peptide hormones are derived from peptides, proteins, polypeptides, and derivatives of amino acids.

B) Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.

C) Peptide hormones stimulate the formation cyclic AMP inside the cell.

D) Peptide hormones must enter the cell in order to have an effect.

E) Peptide hormones create an enzyme cascade effect.

15) ________ is considered the first messenger, while ________ is called the second messenger.

A) Insulin; glucagon

B) ACTH; cortisol

C) Peptide hormone; cAMP

D) Glucose; insulin

E) TSH; thyroxin

16) If a chemical agent acted to make the nuclear envelope pores impermeable to the passage of hormones, what effect would it have?

A) Neither steroid nor non-steroid hormones would be effective.

B) Steroid hormones would continue to be effective but non-steroid hormones would be ineffective.

C) Non-steroid hormones would continue to be effective but steroid hormones would be ineffective.

D) Both steroid and non-steroid hormones would continue to be effective.

17) Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in regards to hormone regulation?

A) ADH is released from the pituitary causing water to be reabsorbed in the kidneys.

B) A baby suckles in order to stimulate milk production.

C) The uterine contractions during labor stimulate oxytocin production.

D) All of these are examples of a negative feedback mechanism.

E) None of these are examples of a negative feedback mechanism.

18) Which of the following statements about hormones is NOT true?

A) Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream.

B) Hormones are released from exocrine glands.

C) Hormones may be classified as peptides or steroids.

D) Hormones usually affect a target organ.

E) Cells that react to a hormone have specific receptors for that hormone.

19) Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the production of cortisol?

A) adrenocorticotropic hormone

B) thyroxine

C) gonadotropic hormones

D) prolactin

E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

20) The same hormone has considerably different effects in different species. The hormone thyroxine in humans stimulates metabolism, but in frogs it induces metamorphosis from tadpole to adult frog. This indicates that

A) the target tissues have evolved different responses.

B) metamorphosis is caused by a change in body metabolism.

C) the organisms have absolutely no evolutionary relationship.

D) the chemical composition of the hormone is actually slightly different.

E) the origin of the hormone makes a difference in the effect the hormone has on target tissues.

21) How are hormone levels regulated?

A) An endocrine gland can respond to the blood level of the hormone it produces.

B) A hormone can trigger a second gland to secrete a hormone that dampens production of the first hormone.

C) A second contrary hormone can counteract the effect of the first hormone.

D) A product can trigger hormone production; the hormone can then reduce the amount of product which in turn reduces the level of hormone.

E) All of the choices are correct.

22) Which is an example of negative feedback?

A) Nursing action stimulates the hypothalamus to release oxytocin that triggers mammary gland milk production.

B) When the blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released from the hypothalamus.

C) Uterine stretching sends nerve impulses to the hypothalamus that releases oxytocin that stimulates uterine contraction.

D) FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce sperm or eggs.

E) TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

23) Which of the following endocrine glands does NOT produce its own hormones, but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A) thyroid

B) adrenal cortex

C) adrenal medulla

D) posterior pituitary

E) anterior pituitary

24) Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

A) influences the blood pressure

B) regulates appetite

C) controls body temperature

D) balances the water balance in the body

E) All are functions of the hypothalamus.

25) The effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones result in

A) exactly the same symptoms due to failure to have correct hormone levels.

B) exactly opposite symptoms: too much versus too little melanin, thin versus heavy, etc.

C) masculinization of women and feminization of men.

D) various mild symptoms that are not life threatening.

E) opposite effects on kidney functions and therefore blood pressure, but varying effects on other target tissues.

26) A woman with a beard most likely has a malfunctioning

A) pancreas.

B) pituitary.

C) adrenal cortex.

D) adrenal medulla.

E) thyroid.

27) The birth of a baby and milk production are synchronized. Babies can be born several months prematurely, and milk production is needed immediately after birth. How has the human body evolved to coordinate this delicate timing of events?

A) The ovaries signal the rest of the body tissues by varying the level of estrogen.

B) Conscious awareness of the arrival of a baby triggers the mother's hypothalamus to secrete prolactin.

C) The hypothalamus and pituitary that triggered the female reproductive cycle also schedule milk production on a nine-month clock basis.

D) ADH produced by the baby passes through the placenta and, added to the mother's ADH, builds up her milk production relative to the size of the fetus.

E) Oxytocin causes both the uterus to contract in labor and the release of milk from mammary glands, which is reinforced by prolactin from the pituitary.

28) Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is NOT true?

A) Type I diabetes is much more common than type II.

B) Obesity can cause diabetes because adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function.

C) Type I diabetes occurs as a result of destruction of the insulin-producing cells.

D) One method of treating type II diabetes is exercise and a low-fat, low-sugar diet.

E) Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and glucose in the urine.

29) The graph pictured below depicts blood glucose changes after eating a meal. The pink line, drawn with square symbols, represents normal variations in glucose levels after a meal. The black line, drawn with diamond symbols, represents levels seen in diabetes mellitus. Differentiate between the normal and abnormal blood glucose levels after a meal and briefly explain the reason for the abnormality.

30) What gland, located in the brain, produces melatonin?

A) pancreas

B) pineal gland

C) adrenal gland

D) thyroid gland

E) pituitary

31) Simple goiter can be prevented by

A) surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

B) removal of the pituitary.

C) administration of ACTH.

D) administration of insulin.

E) increasing intake of iodine in the diet.

32) The part of the brain that controls the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the

A) medulla.

B) thalamus.

C) cerebral cortex.

D) hypothalamus.

E) cerebellum.

33) Which of the following hormones is (are) NOT a product of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A) growth hormone

B) antidiuretic hormone

C) gonadotropic hormones

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone

34) Identify the hormone that is released by the anterior pituitary but does not control other endocrine glands.

A) prolactin

B) thyroid stimulating hormone

C) adrenocorticotropic hormone

D) gonadotropic hormone

E) oxytocin

35) What is a common function of T3 and T4?

A) stimulate cells to metabolize faster

B) muscle contraction

C) cause the blood calcium to increase

D) blood phosphate levels decrease

E) cause an increase in the deposition of calcium in the bones

36) What hormone stimulates the production of cortisol?

A) growth hormone

B) adrenocorticotropic hormone

C) gonadotropic hormone

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone

E) antidiuretic hormone

37) The oversecretion of ________ by the thyroid gland can result in ________.

A) T3; hyperthyroidism

B) T3; hypothyroidism

C) T4; hypothyroidism

D) calcitonin; hyperthyroidism

E) parathyroid hormone; Graves disease

38) Which of the following statements about parathyroid hormone (PTH) is NOT correct?

A) Parathyroid hormone promotes the release of calcium from bones.

B) When blood calcium levels are low, PTH secretion is stimulated.

C) PTH decreases the activity of osteoclasts.

D) PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.

E) PTH has the opposite effect of calcitonin.

39) Hypoparathyroidism leads to a dramatic drop in blood calcium, which causes

A) lethargy and hair loss.

B) tetany (convulsions).

C) sleepiness.

D) mental retardation.

E) cretinism.

40) What is the cascade of events that leads to the stress response of the adrenal glands?

A) hypothalamus produces ACTH-releasing hormone - anterior pituitary is stimulated to produce ACTH - adrenal cortex stimulated to produce glucocorticoids (regulate metabolism and sugar level)

B) hypothalamus produces ACTH-releasing hormone - anterior pituitary is stimulated to produce ACTH - adrenal cortex secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (regulate metabolism and sugar level)

C) anterior pituitary produces ACTH - hypothalamus releases ACTH-releasing hormone - adrenal cortex hormones then produced

D) adrenal cortex secretes hormones - anterior pituitary secretes ACTH - hypothalamus secretes ACTH-releasing hormone

E) adrenal cortex secretes hormones - hypothalamus secretes ACTH-releasing hormone - anterior pituitary releases ACTH

41) Which endocrine gland is directly responsible for the secretion of the glucocorticoid cortisol?

A) adrenal cortex

B) hypothalamus

C) adrenal medulla

D) anterior pituitary

E) thyroid gland

42) The level of sodium in the blood is regulated by the secretion of the mineralocorticoid

A) oxytocin.

B) insulin.

C) cortisol.

D) aldosterone.

E) ACTH.

43) Which is the correct order of hormone secretion in response to inflammation?

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

B) The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

C) The anterior pituitary stimulates the hypothalamus to produce ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

D) The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ANH which causes the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

E) The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ANH which causes the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

44) Which of the following mineralocorticoid is responsible for regulating blood volume and pressure?

A) aldosterone

B) cortisol

C) T3

D) T4

E) calcitonin

45) An adolescent female who is hyperactive, nervous, irritable and has eyes that are protruding from their sockets is most likely suffering from ________, which is caused by ________.

A) Graves disease; oversecretion of T3 or T4 due to antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH

B) Graves disease; undersecretion of T3 or T4 due to antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH

C) Cushings disease; oversecretion of T3 or T4 due to antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH

D) Graves disease; oversecretion of T3 or T4 due to antibodies that mimic the effect of calcitonin

E) Cushings disease; oversecretion of T3 or T4 due to antibodies that mimic the effect of parathyroid hormone

46) The posterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following EXCEPT

A) oxytocin.

B) ADH.

C) prolactin.

D) None of the choices are correct.

47) Steroid hormones act more slowly and maintain their effects longer than peptide hormones.

48) Both T3 and T4 are produced in the thyroid and are responsible for increasing the metabolic rate of specific organs in the body.

49) Which of the following factors can lead to diabetes insipidus?

A) Abnormally low level of ADH secretion from the hypothalamus which results in low levels of ADH in the posterior pituitary, preventing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

B) Abnormally high level of ADH secretion from the hypothalamus which results in low levels of ADH in the posterior pituitary, preventing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

C) Abnormally low level of ADH secretion from the hypothalamus which results in high levels of ADH in the posterior pituitary, increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

D) Abnormally low level of oxytocin secretion from the hypothalamus which results in low levels of ADH in the posterior pituitary, preventing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

E) Abnormally low level of ADH secretion from the hypothalamus which results in low levels of ADH in the posterior pituitary, increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

50) Removal of the anterior pituitary would result in a decrease in the following functions:

A) production of eggs and sperm, stimulation of the thyroid, cell division and production of glucocorticoids

B) production of eggs and sperm, control of the circadian rhythm, cell division and production of glucocorticoids

C) melatonin levels, stimulation of the thyroid, cell division and production of glucocorticoids

D) production of eggs and sperm, stimulation of the thyroid, maturation of T lymphocytes and production of glucocorticoids

51) Explain why a person will develop a simple goiter if he or she has an insufficient amount of salt in the diet.

52) Explain how ADH works in the body when it is released by the hypothalamus.