Motivation & Rewards – Ch12 Test Bank | 11th Ed

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Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins)

Chapter 12 Motivating and Rewarding Employees

1) Motivation is NOT ________.

A) a permanent personal trait

B) a process that leads to a goal

C) something that varies from situation to situation

D) something that requires a direction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

2) Which element of motivation is a measure of intensity or drive?

A) direction

B) energy

C) persistence

D) achievement

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

3) The direction of an individual's motivation can be channeled to benefit ________.

A) only an organization

B) both individuals and/or organizations

C) only an individual

D) an individual's family only

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

4) Motivation is a process that leads to a goal.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

5) Motivation is a drive that some people have and others don't have.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

6) The three key elements in the definition of motivation are energy, direction, and achievement.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

7) Persistence is the amount of drive and intensity a person applies to a task.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

8) A single individual can have high motivation in one situation and low motivation in another.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

9) Most U.S. employees are excited about their jobs.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.1: Define and explain motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

10) About ________ of managers surveyed feel they do a good job of motivating their employees.

A) one-quarter

B) one-half

C) a little over half

D) three-quarters

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

11) Maslow's theory is a hierarchy because ________.

A) all needs are equal

B) all needs are important

C) needs are satisfied sequentially

D) needs are never truly satisfied

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

12) Maslow sees food as being on the same level of need as which of the following?

A) sex

B) companionship

C) self-esteem

D) personal safety

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

13) According to Maslow, a person stranded on a desert island would ________ before he or she worried about making weapons.

A) look for other people

B) build a house

C) start a family

D) establish his or her status on the island

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

14) An individual who wants to buy a home in a neighborhood with a low crime rate is satisfying which need?

A) esteem

B) safety

C) physiological

D) self-actualization

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

15) Maslow argued that once a need is substantially satisfied, ________.

A) the next need becomes dominant

B) individuals no longer require that need

C) that need continues to be the primary motivation of an individual

D) it becomes a higher-order need

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

16) Maslow believes that higher-order needs ________.

A) are satisfied externally

B) are satisfied first

C) are satisfied internally

D) are satisfied most often

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

17) The key to motivation, according to Maslow, is to identify ________.

A) higher-order needs first

B) a person's level in the needs hierarchy

C) lower-order needs last

D) a person's most important level in the needs hierarchy

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

18) Maslow's hierarchical model ________.

A) has been validated by a number of studies

B) has never been validated by studies

C) has been validated by empirical studies

D) has been invalidated by intuitive means

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

19) The highest order need in Maslow's hierarchy is ________.

A) social esteem

B) social needs

C) self-monitoring

D) self-actualization

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

20) Which one of the following is a lower-order need in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) love

B) self-worth

C) independence

D) personal safety

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

21) ________ assumes that employees have little ambition, dislike work, and avoid responsibility.

A) Theory Y

B) Theory X

C) Self-actualization Need Theory

D) Belongingness Need Theory

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

22) Theory Y assumes that people inherently ________.

A) are driven by fear

B) are unhappy

C) want to control their own destiny

D) don't trust one another

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

23) Theory X assumes that people work hard when they ________.

A) are closely controlled

B) enjoy a sense of accomplishment

C) are not compensated

D) experience a sense of fairness

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

24) A manager with a Theory X view of human nature would ________.

A) be unlikely to allow workers to work independently

B) be likely to let workers coordinate their work

C) allow workers to monitor themselves

D) trust his or her workers

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

25) A manager with a Theory Y view of human nature would be likely ________.

A) not to try to inspire his or her workers

B) to try to challenge his or her workers

C) to try to intimidate his or her workers

D) to monitor his or her workers closely

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

26) Workers with a Theory X point of view would be most likely to respond to ________.

A) kindness

B) a hands-off approach

C) fear of losing their job

D) freedom to modify their job

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

27) Workers with a Theory Y point of view would be likely to ________.

A) just want to collect a paycheck

B) love their job more than the money they make

C) avoid work unless rewards were high

D) avoid responsibility for their actions

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

28) According to Herzberg, which kinds of characteristics are most closely associated with job dissatisfaction?

A) intrinsic things that come from within themselves

B) extrinsic things that come from the outside

C) lack of advancement

D) the goals of the job

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

29) According to Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, ________ are associated with job satisfaction.

A) rewards

B) punishments

C) hygiene factors

D) motivators

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

30) According to Herzberg, which one of the following is considered a motivator?

A) pay

B) working conditions

C) hygiene factors

D) responsibility

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

31) According to Herzberg, favorable hygiene factors can cause an employee to feel ________.

A) satisfied

B) not dissatisfied

C) dissatisfied

D) indifferent

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

32) According to Herzberg, the opposite of the state of being satisfied is ________.

A) the opposite of dissatisfied

B) not satisfied

C) an extrinsic factor

D) the opposite of intrinsic

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

33) According to Herzberg, when an extremely dissatisfied employee gets an improved salary and working conditions, he or she ________.

A) becomes more motivated and more satisfied

B) becomes less motivated and less satisfied

C) becomes more dissatisfied, and his or her motivation increases

D) becomes less dissatisfied, and his or her motivation is unaffected

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

34) According to Herzberg, what controls satisfaction and motivation?

A) intrinsic factors

B) extrinsic factors

C) both intrinsic and extrinsic factors

D) extrinsic and security factors

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

35) According to Herzberg, hygiene factors ________.

A) help people avoid infections

B) control motivation but not satisfaction

C) control dissatisfaction but not satisfaction

D) control motivation and satisfaction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

36) According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction, managers should concentrate on ________.

A) salary and status

B) working conditions

C) achievement and recognition

D) security

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

37) Which one of the following holds that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

B) McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

C) Vroom's expectancy theory

D) Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

38) Herzberg has had the greatest influence on which one of the following?

A) employee pay scales

B) work conditions

C) how managers design jobs

D) labor-management relations

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

39) Which one of the following is true of the three early theories of motivation?

A) Maslow focuses on job satisfaction.

B) McGregor focuses on the basic needs of the individual.

C) Both McGregor and Herzberg focus on human nature.

D) McGregor focuses on positive and negative assumptions about human nature.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

40) Which one of the following is true of the three early theories of motivation?

A) Herzberg focuses on job satisfaction.

B) McGregor does not address motivation.

C) Maslow focuses on job satisfaction.

D) Herzberg focuses on needs.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

41) Which one of the following was directly influenced by Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

B) the job characteristics model

C) McClelland's three-needs theory

D) expectancy theory

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

42) Which three needs are recognized in McClelland's three-needs theory?

A) achievement, power, security

B) achievement, power, affiliation

C) power, comfort, stimulation

D) security, self-interest, affiliation

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

43) Which one of the following suggests that humans have an innate desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships?

A) need for achievement

B) need for power

C) need for fulfillment

D) need for affiliation

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

44) You would expect a successful inventor of a new type of heart valve to have a high ________.

A) nAff

B) nPow

C) nAch

D) nFun

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

45) Why are individuals with a high nAch not the most successful managers?

A) They are concerned more about effectiveness than efficiency.

B) They are more focused on organizational goals than their own desires for promotion.

C) They focus too much on their own goals rather than the goals of others.

D) They can easily be distracted by trying to build a better mousetrap.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

46) Successful managers tend to have this more than any other trait.

A) low nPow

B) high nPow

C) high nAch

D) high nAff

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

47) Successful managers tend to be better at ________.

A) doing their own work than helping others

B) identifying their own goals than identifying goals of subordinates

C) helping others achieve goals than achieving their own goals

D) accomplishing goals than identifying goals

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

48) McClelland's need that has received the most attention and research is the ________.

A) need for achievement

B) need for power

C) need for recognition

D) need for affiliation

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

Application of Early Theories of Motivation (Scenario)

Three managers work at the Pabco Company. Aaron really "cracks the whip" on his employees and firmly believes in strict controls and punishment for those employees who do not perform to company expectations.

Zach has very few controls and believes that as long as people know what their objectives are, they will exercise self-control and self-direction.

Susan has been trying to improve working conditions and manager-employee relations to increase the level of productivity in her department.

49) Zach is what type of manager?

A) Theory X-oriented

B) Theory Y-oriented

C) dictatorial

D) autocratic

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

50) Susan was trying to use what type of Herzberg factors to increase productivity?

A) motivators

B) hygiene

C) social

D) esteem

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

51) Zach was using which type of Herzberg factors to increase productivity levels?

A) motivators

B) hygiene

C) social

D) esteem

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

52) Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that all needs are pursued to an equal degree at all times.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

53) Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next becomes dominant.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

54) Maslow contends that lower-order needs are satisfied internally and higher-order needs are satisfied externally.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

55) In Maslow's system, a person takes care of social needs before worrying about personal safety.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

56) In Maslow's view, the key to understanding motivation is to understand where in the hierarchy of needs a person is located.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

57) Maslow states that people can no longer be motivated by a given need if it is largely taken care of.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

58) Maslow's empirical studies provided substantial proof of the validity of his hierarchical model.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

59) According to McGregor, managers should employ a Theory X style of management.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

60) In McGregor's theory of motivation, managers with a Theory Y view of life think people need to be given the freedom to make their own choices.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

61) McGregor holds the opinion that managers are less successful when they adopt a Theory Y view of human nature.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

62) Using fear as a motivator is a Theory X management style.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

63) In Herzberg's view, removing a factor of dissatisfaction makes a person more satisfied with his or her job.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

64) In Herzberg's view, removing a hygiene factor makes a person less dissatisfied with his or her job.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

65) McClelland proposed that people with a high nAch simply want to do things better than other people.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

66) McClelland thinks that having a high nAch guarantees that a person will be a good manager.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

67) In a short essay, explain the concept of motivation with respect to an organization. Then identify and describe the three key aspects of motivation.

It appears that motivation is not a permanent personality trait—an individual can be highly motivated to perform one task and not motivated at all to perform another task. Thus, characterizing an individual as "motivated" usually depends on the situation. It also appears that the best kind of motivation comes from within. People are motivated because they want to achieve certain goals, not because some outside influence is compelling them to perform a task.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

68) In a short essay, list and discuss how Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory works.

Maslow contends that humans must first satisfy their basic needs—food, shelter, sex, safety, and so on—before they move on to less basic requirements. Once one level is satisfied, the person moves on to a higher level. Physiological needs of food and shelter give way to safety needs of protection from harmful people and other dangers. Safety needs give way to social needs—to fit in with other people.

Once social needs are satisfied, more aspirational needs are addressed: self-esteem issues eventually give way to the highest needs for self-fulfillment and self-actualization.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

69) In a short essay, discuss why improving extrinsic hygiene factors does not, according to Herzberg, improve employee satisfaction with a job.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

70) Which is the best summary of goal-setting theory?

A) Goals make no difference in performance.

B) Specific goals increase performance.

C) Always make your goals very difficult to reach.

D) Easy goals make for happier employees.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

71) Setting goals definitely seems to ________.

A) increase performance and motivation

B) increase motivation but not performance

C) decrease performance but increase motivation

D) decrease motivation and performance

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

72) In goal-setting theory, which one of the following is the best kind of feedback?

A) feedback from a superior

B) feedback from a peer

C) self-generated feedback

D) group feedback

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

73) In which kinds of cultures does goal-setting theory work best?

A) high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance

B) low power distance, high uncertainty avoidance

C) high power distance, low uncertainty avoidance

D) low power distance, low uncertainty avoidance

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

74) Goal-setting tends to do well in ________, where its basic ideas align well with general cultural values.

A) North America

B) South America

C) India and China

D) the Middle East

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

75) The job characteristics model (JCM) maintains that ________ is critical to motivating workers.

A) how workers are treated

B) how jobs are designed

C) equal treatment for all

D) setting goals

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

76) The JCM contends that meaningful work is ________.

A) high paying

B) always difficult

C) considered important and valuable by the worker

D) considered unimportant to managers

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

77) The JCM contends that ________ are required in meaningful work.

A) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

B) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback

C) task identity, autonomy, and feedback

D) task significance, autonomy, and feedback

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

78) According to the JCM, which set of three dimensions are required for a high level of motivation among workers?

A) high pay, autonomy, feedback

B) meaningful work, autonomy, feedback

C) meaningful work, autonomy, independence

D) autonomy, feedback, good management

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

79) Autonomy is important in the JCM because it gives the worker ________.

A) time to finish the job

B) help from fellow employees

C) flexibility in dealing with managers

D) a sense of personal responsibility

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

80) In the JCM, motivation and satisfaction increase when ________.

A) the employee feels good about herself.

B) the employee cares about the task.

C) the employee feels rewarded.

D) the employee feels like she belongs.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

81) Job enrichment in the JCM seems to work best with people who have ________.

A) a low growth need

B) a high growth need

C) no growth need

D) a variable growth need

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

82) A theory that suggests that employees compare their inputs and outputs from a job to the ratio of relevant others is known as ________.

A) action motivation

B) goal setting

C) reinforcement theory

D) equity theory

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

83) Equity theory is based primarily on ideas about which of the following?

A) objectivity

B) the importance of work

C) fairness

D) automation

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

84) Equity theory recognizes that individuals are concerned with ________.

A) making enough money to live on

B) employers sharing profits

C) comparing their rewards to those of others

D) justice for all people who work

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

85) Equity theory uses the ratio of outcomes you get from your job to the amount of ________.

A) input you put into your job

B) outcome a referent gets from a job

C) benefit you get from your job

D) compensation you get from your job

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

86) Equity theory compares your own outcomes-to-input ratio to that of ________.

A) your boss

B) a referent

C) the input-to-output ratio of another worker

D) the input-to-output ratio of an idealized worker

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

87) A referent in equity theory refers to which one of the following?

A) a theoretical worker

B) other people and systems only

C) oneself only

D) other people, systems, or oneself

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

88) In equity theory, a worker's "self" category refers to ________.

A) the standards and expectations of other workers

B) their comparisons to the highest paid worker they know

C) their comparisons to the lowest paid worker they know

D) the person's own inputs-outcomes ratios

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

89) Inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent.

A) is greater than but not less than

B) is less than but not greater than

C) is equal to

D) is greater than or less than

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

90) Equity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent.

A) is greater than

B) is less than

C) is equal to

D) is greater than or less than

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

91) In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual ________ the work he or she does.

A) is paid too much for

B) is paid too little for

C) is paid fairly for

D) does not complain about

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

92) Under-rewarded inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent.

A) is greater than

B) is less than

C) is equal to

D) is greater than or equal to

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

93) Over-rewarded inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-inputs ratio ________ that of the referent.

A) is greater than

B) is less than

C) is equal to

D) is greater than or equal to

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

94) In equity theory, distributive justice is concerned with which one of the following?

A) comparing one individual to an entire system

B) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals

C) comparing output-to-input ratios among large groups

D) comparing fairness between different cultures

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

95) In equity theory, procedural justice is concerned with which one of the following?

A) determining how fair the system is

B) determining how honest one's boss is

C) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals

D) comparing fairness between different organizations

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

96) In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual is likely to ________.

A) have high motivation to show his or her value to the organization

B) lack motivation because he or she does not receive enough reward for what he or she does

C) have just the right motivation to get the job done

D) have high motivation due to high self-esteem

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

97) The first variable in expectancy theory involves how much effort a person must exert to ________.

A) receive a given reward

B) attain a certain level of performance

C) finish the job in the shortest period of time

D) finish the job with the lowest possible standards

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

98) The second variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him- or herself: If I perform at a given level, how likely is it that I will ________?

A) attain the reward or outcome I am looking for

B) value a promotion if I get it

C) be treated fairly

D) be noticed by my superiors

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

99) The third variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him- or herself which question?

A) How likely am I to attain this outcome?

B) What do I need to do to attain this outcome?

C) How important is this outcome to me?

D) How important is this outcome to the organization I work for?

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

100) In expectancy theory, a person may have the ability to reach a certain goal but lack motivation because ________.

A) the goal is too easy

B) the goal is too hard

C) the person's desire to reach the goal is too strong

D) the person has no strong desire for the reward

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

101) A key element of expectancy theory might be summarized by saying ________.

A) most people are motivated by money

B) everyone is always motivated by fear of failure

C) everyone is motivated by the same thing

D) different rewards motivate people in different ways

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

102) The key to expectancy theory is that an individual's goals ________.

A) are not too high

B) are not too high and not too low

C) match the goals of fellow workers and superiors

D) match the rewards provided by the organization

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

103) If salespeople in John's company meet their sales goals for the month, they are given an all-expense-paid trip to a Denver Broncos football game. Football is not one of John's favorite sports, and the Denver Broncos are definitely not John's favorite team. John's performance might be influenced by the ________ part of Vroom's expectancy theory.

A) effort-performance linkage

B) performance-reward linkage

C) effort-reward linkage

D) attractiveness

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

104) Katie has just been asked to type up a report in two days using a software program she has never used. Katie wonders if she will be able to get her project accomplished on time and in the format her manager wanted . This is an example of which variable in Vroom's expectancy theory?

A) effort-performance linkage

B) performance-reward linkage

C) valence-reward linkage

D) attractiveness

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

105) Which one of the following theories of motivation is seen as the most comprehensive?

A) JCM theory

B) expectancy theory

C) equity theory

D) goal-setting theory

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

106) The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading features the following basic sequence.

A) effort → performance → rewards → individual goals

B) effort → equity → goals → needs

C) needs → factors → extrinsic factors → individual goals

D) needs → goals → individual effort → organizational goals

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

107) The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading predicts strong motivation for an individual to perform when the reward is based on ________.

A) seniority or years of service in the organization

B) personal favorites of top managers

C) performance above all factors

D) likability of the worker

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

108) In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, high achievers circumvent the entire sequence of steps for motivation because ________.

A) they are motivated by the organization's assessment of their performance

B) they are internally motivated, not motivated by rewards

C) they are motivated by rewards only, not by internal factors

D) their only goal is domination

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

109) In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, how do reinforcement theory and equity theory figure in?

A) Appropriate rewards reinforce a high level of performance.

B) Underrewarding results in "hungry" employees who will work harder.

C) Overrewarding results in "satisfied" employees who will work harder.

D) Reinforcement and equity theories do not influence motivation.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

110) The JCM is seen in the integrated model of motivation in that jobs that are designed around the five JCM dimensions ________.

A) increase motivation because workers enjoy the work and autonomy they provide

B) decrease motivation because the work is too easy to complete and the autonomy lacks structure

C) increase motivation by applying pressure to employees

D) decrease motivation by giving employees too much autonomy

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

Acme Corporation (Scenario)

Acme Corporation's management feels that employees could be more motivated by their jobs. The jobs were enriched earlier and some improvements were seen in motivation.

111) To increase the motivation through enrichment, Acme decides to increase the meaningfulness of the work. This might be done by ________.

A) increasing skill variety

B) increasing autonomy of workers

C) giving workers more feedback

D) giving workers less feedback

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

112) Most jobs at Acme were redesigned to allow the employees to complete a whole and identifiable piece of work. This fits ________, a core dimension of the job characteristics model.

A) skill variety

B) task identity

C) task significance

D) autonomy

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

113) Acme managers explained how important their product was to the world economy. Which core dimension in the job characteristics model is this?

A) skill variety

B) task identity

C) task significance

D) autonomy

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

114) The Acme managers developed a program that allows the employees to have a large degree of freedom carrying out their jobs. Which core dimension are they providing?

A) task significance

B) autonomy

C) task identity

D) skill variety

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Application

115) Goal-setting theory states that having specific goals improves performance.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

116) Goal-setting theory shows that feedback from a superior provides better motivation than self-generated feedback.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

117) The job characteristics model, or JCM, holds that the three core job dimensions—skill variety, task identity, and task significance—combine to give work true meaning.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

118) In the JCM, autonomy and feedback are not core dimensions for a job.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

119) Equity theory has three referent categories to which workers compare themselves: persons, systems, and self.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

120) Equity theory holds that employees who feel underpaid will decrease their level of effort and performance in response to feelings of inequity.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

121) Vroom's expectancy theory sees a link between effort and performance, performance and reward, and rewards and individual goals as the keys to motivation.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

122) Vroom's expectancy theory would say that a worker with a higher expectation of performance will apply more effort to a job.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

123) According to expectancy theory, managers should give all workers the same rewards.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Analytical

124) In a short essay, list and discuss the three-needs theory according to David McClelland. Then identify which of these needs has been studied most extensively and discuss the findings of this research.

Of these three needs, the need for achievement (nAch) has been researched most extensively. Studies show that people with a high need for achievement strive for personal achievement rather than for the trappings and rewards of success. They have a desire to do something better or more efficiently than it's been done before and get satisfaction out of attaining their goal rather than the rewards associated with their goal.

nAch individuals prefer jobs that offer personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems in which they can receive rapid and unambiguous feedback on their performance. High achievers aren't gamblers; they dislike succeeding by chance. They are motivated by and prefer the challenge of working at a problem and accepting the personal responsibility for success or failure.

nAch individuals often don't make great managers. They are better at focusing on their own goals as opposed to helping others achieve their goals.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

125) In a short essay, discuss the equity theory.

A referent can be another worker, a system a worker is familiar with, or a worker's own internal sense of values and fairness. In equity theory, an individual sees inequity in two ways. Under-rewarded inequity results when the individual is putting more into the job than he or she is getting out—the outcomes-to-input ratio is low compared to the referent.

Over-rewarded inequity results when the individual is putting less into the job than he or she is getting out—the outcomes-to-input ratio is high and the individual is not working hard enough to merit his or her reward.

Equity occurs when the outcomes-to-input ratio is sensed to be about right. The individual sees fairness in the situation and is likely to be motivated to perform. In contrast, the two situations of inequity are likely to result in low motivation for workers. A low outcomes-to-input ratio makes the individual feel unappreciated. A high ratio sends the message that the system is flawed and there is no reason to strive to work to capacity.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

126) In a short essay, describe and discuss the job characteristics model.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation.

Question Category: Critical thinking

127) Expectancy theory and goal-setting theory align well with American workers because American culture places a strong emphasis on ________.

A) collectivism and achievement

B) achievement and individualism

C) individualism and high power distance

D) low power distance and high uncertainty avoidance

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

128) In which country is equity meant to closely link pay to performance?

A) Japan

B) United States

C) Greece

D) Mexico

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

129) One factor that seems to motivate workers across all cultures is seeking ________.

A) high status

B) shorter working hours

C) interesting work

D) easy work

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

130) Across cultures, the need for achievement seems to correlate with which one of the following?

A) need for money

B) acceptance of risk

C) little acceptance of risk

D) need for security

Diff: 3

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

131) In countries with high levels of uncertainty avoidance, which one of the following would you expect?

A) little acceptance of risk and high achievement need

B) high acceptance of risk and high achievement need

C) high acceptance of risk and low achievement need

D) little acceptance of risk and low achievement need

Diff: 3

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

132) In today's diverse workforce, which factor do managers need to focus on most to maximize motivation?

A) control

B) well-organized workplace

C) flexibility

D) status and recognition

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

133) ________ allow companies to accommodate the needs of workers with nonstandard family situations.

A) Flextime and expanded workweeks

B) Expanded workweeks and job sharing

C) Flexible pay rates

D) Flextime, compressed workweeks, and job sharing

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

134) What is a potential disadvantage of telecommuting?

A) lack of time for personal or family needs

B) Job satisfaction may decrease based on the number of hours spent telecommuting.

C) less time spent commuting

D) casual dress

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

135) Which one of the following describes the effect of flexible work arrangements on employees?

A) increased job satisfaction

B) a drastic decrease in job satisfaction

C) a small decrease in job satisfaction

D) a sharp increase in job satisfaction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

136) Which one of the following is thought to best motivate professionals?

A) high pay

B) status and power within the organization

C) short hours and good working conditions

D) challenging problems and important work

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

137) Which one of the following is NOT recognized as a way to motivate contingent workers?

A) promise of permanent employment in the future

B) opportunity for training

C) opportunity to develop marketable skills

D) opportunity to work alongside permanent employees

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

138) ________ can improve employee performance by sharing the financial circumstances of the organization with the employee.

A) Pay-for-performance

B) Open-book management

C) Equity management

D) Contingency management

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

139) Open-book management encourages employees to ________.

A) think like an owner

B) share their financial situations with management

C) make all top-level decisions for the organization

D) ignore the needs of the organization

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

140) What is a recognized way for a manager to motivate low-skilled, minimum-wage employees?

A) music in the workplace

B) employee recognition programs

C) coercing low-performing employees

D) employee peer groups

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

141) In employee recognition programs, employees accumulate points for things such as ________.

A) recruiting new workers

B) whistle-blowing on corruption

C) increasing productivity

D) not complaining about working conditions

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

142) Which one of the following is NOT a common way that employee recognition programs recognize worker achievements?

A) added worker responsibilities

B) a party

C) a handwritten note of thanks

D) a public announcement of achievement

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

143) Compensation plans based on employee output or productivity are referred to as ________.

A) pay-for-performance programs

B) prize time programs

C) equity plus methods

D) give-back programs

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

144) Piece-rate pay plans, wage incentive plans, profit sharing, and lump-sum bonuses are examples of ________ programs.

A) open-book management

B) employee recognition

C) pay-for-performance

D) rewards

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

145) During tough economic times, managers find that ________ work(s) best for motivating employees.

A) de-emphasizing how employees work is tied to performance

B) fostering two-way communication

C) promotions in job status without increased pay

D) promises of future compensation

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

146) Motivation theories do not work well in U.S. organizations because of the emphasis Americans place on individualism and achievement.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

147) During tough economic conditions, communicating and sharing more information with employees actually hurts motivation.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

148) Research shows that men and women value different levels of flexibility and autonomy in their jobs.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Information technology

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

149) Telecommuting has been found to initially increase job satisfaction, but later satisfaction decreases and then levels off.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

150) Today's workplaces provide a wide range of scheduling options and benefits that allow employees more flexibility at work and allow them to better balance or integrate their work and personal lives.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

151) Professionals are best motivated by extra pay and promotion within the organization.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

152) Open-book management programs motivate by giving employees a greater sense of ownership in the company.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

153) When it comes to using rewards to motivate employees, money is the only option that has been found to be effective.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Analytical

154) In a short essay, explain which theories work best for certain cultures. The discussion should include Maslow's need hierarchy, the three-needs theory, and the equity theory.

Another motivation concept that clearly has an American slant is the achievement need. The view that a high achievement need acts as an internal motivator presupposes two cultural characteristics—a willingness to accept a moderate degree of risk (which excludes countries with strong uncertainty avoidance characteristics) and a concern with performance (which applies almost singularly to countries with strong achievement characteristics). This combination is found in Anglo-American countries like the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.

Equity theory has a relatively strong following in the United States. In the United States, equity is meant to closely link pay to performance. However, in collectivist cultures, especially in the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, employees expect rewards to reflect their individual needs as well as their performance. Moreover, consistent with a legacy of communism and centrally planned economies, employees exhibit a greater "entitlement" attitude—that is, they expect outcomes to be greater than their inputs.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Critical thinking

155) In a short essay, describe how managers might motivate professional workers.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Critical thinking

156) In a short essay, describe how managers might motivate contingent workers.

From an equity standpoint, managers should also consider the repercussions of mixing permanent and temporary workers when pay differentials are significant. When temps work alongside permanent employees who earn more, and get benefits, too, for doing the same job, the performance of temps is likely to suffer. Separating such employees or perhaps minimizing interdependence between them might help managers decrease potential problems.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 12.4: Discuss current issues in motivating employees.

Question Category: Critical thinking