Ch11 Test Bank – Individual Behavior | 11th Ed

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Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins)

Chapter 11 Understanding Individual Behavior

1) Which one of the following best defines organizational behavior?

A) the actions of organizations in the workplace

B) the study of the workplace

C) the study of organizations

D) the study of the actions of people at work

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

2) Hidden aspects of an organization that OB provides insight into include ________.

A) strategies

B) attitudes

C) structure

D) objectives

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

3) Which one of the following is a visible aspect of an organization?

A) attitudes

B) interpersonal conflicts

C) intergroup conflicts

D) objectives

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

4) Organizational behavior focuses on ________.

A) individual and group behavior as well as organizational aspects

B) group behavior only

C) individual behavior only

D) neither group behavior nor individual behavior

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

5) The goals of organizational behavior include ________.

A) to explain, document, and control behavior

B) to control and influence behavior

C) to explain, predict, and influence behavior

D) to predict, understand, and document behavior

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

6) When managers influence employee behavior, they ________.

A) predict what employees will do

B) steer it in a particular direction

C) understand why a behavior occurs

D) try not to change a behavior

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

7) All of the following are included in the six behaviors that managers try to explain, predict, and influence EXCEPT ________.

A) productivity and absenteeism

B) workplace attitudes and perceptions

C) workplace misbehavior and turnover

D) organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

8) This "behavior" is really an attitude.

A) job satisfaction

B) turnover

C) workplace misbehavior

D) employee productivity

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

9) Of the six behaviors that managers focus on, which behavior typically is the most troubling to an organization?

A) job satisfaction

B) workplace misbehavior

C) organizational citizenship behavior

D) employee productivity

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

10) ________ is a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness of employees.

A) Employee productivity

B) Organizational citizenship behavior

C) Job satisfaction

D) Turnover

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

11) One of the challenges in understanding organizational behavior is that it addresses issues that aren't obvious.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

12) Organizational behavior is primarily concerned with group interactions.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

13) The goals of organizational behavior (OB) are to explain and evaluate behavior.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Analytical

14) Define organizational behavior and describe its goals.

Individual behavior includes topics such as attitudes, personality, perception, learning, and motivation. Group behavior includes norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflict.

The goals of organizational behavior are to explain, predict, and influence behavior. Managers need to be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviors rather than others, predict how employees will respond to various actions the manager might take, and influence how employees behave.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.1: Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Question Category: Critical thinking

15) The three elements that make up an attitude are its ________ components.

A) cognitive, affective, and behavioral

B) affective, effective, and defective

C) cognitive, component, and affective

D) behavioral, cognitive, and misbehavioral

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Concept

16) The component of attitude that is made up of knowledge and information is ________.

A) cognitive

B) behavioral

C) affective

D) practices

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Concept

17) When you stand at attention during the playing of the national anthem, you are revealing which component of your attitude toward your country?

A) cognitive

B) affective

C) metacognitive

D) behavioral

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

18) The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.

A) cognitive

B) behavioral

C) affective

D) action

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

19) After spending several hours looking over an architect's plans, Juanita formed a new impression for a new building design. Which component of attitude did she change?

A) affective

B) behavioral

C) emotive

D) cognitive

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

20) After carefully examining the architect's plans yesterday, today Juanita has decided that she loves the new design. Which component of forming an attitude did she carry out today?

A) cognitive

B) affective

C) behavioral

D) informational

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

21) After deciding that she likes the architect's new building design this morning, this afternoon Juanita has decided to go ahead with the project. Which component of attitude did she use this afternoon?

A) cognitive

B) behavioral

C) emotive

D) affective

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

22) In everyday use, the term attitude refers only to the ________ component of attitude.

A) cognitive

B) informational

C) behavioral

D) affective

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

23) A manager would most likely be interested in employees' attitudes about which one of the following?

A) family responsibility

B) personal responsibility

C) job satisfaction

D) past jobs

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

24) The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in it refers to the employee's ________.

A) job involvement

B) organizational commitment

C) global commitment

D) job satisfaction

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

25) An employee who brags about her company to friends and recommends all company products as gifts is likely to have high ________.

A) job involvement

B) organizational commitment

C) personal commitment

D) organizational citizenship

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

26) With respect to employee engagement in a job, ________ seems to be the most important factor to employees around the world.

A) base pay

B) respect

C) benefits

D) type of work

Diff: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

27) Which one of the following would you expect to see in a company that has highly engaged employees?

A) lower employee retention rates

B) greater employee retention rates

C) a diverse workforce

D) a homogeneous workforce

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

28) Generally, most people try to achieve ________ between their attitudes and their behavior.

A) contrast

B) synergy

C) functionality

D) consistency

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

29) Cognitive dissonance theory states that a person feels ________ when his or her attitudes and actions don't match.

A) comfortable

B) uncomfortable

C) confused

D) confident

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

30) The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that the factors that can mitigate the discomfort caused by dissonance are ________.

A) importance, influence, and rewards

B) influence, rewards, and goals

C) importance, goals, and status

D) influence, reinforcement, and rewards

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

31) A person who is being hypocritical about something that has high importance in her life would be likely to experience ________ discomfort from cognitive dissonance.

A) low

B) no

C) high

D) minimal

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

32) A person who is experiencing cognitive dissonance might justify the dissonance if he has ________ control over his actions.

A) some

B) total

C) almost total

D) little or no

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

33) Taking a job in a repressive country that you disapprove of politically might cause discomfort from dissonance unless ________.

A) the job suits you well

B) the job offers enormous pay

C) the job offers little pay

D) the job does not suit you well

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

34) After the disappointment of not getting a new, highly desired position in a company, an employee states, "That job looks like a real headache, anyway." This is an example of ________ to reduce discomfort from dissonance.

A) reducing importance

B) increasing importance

C) reducing influence

D) increasing influence

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Application

35) Which one of the following is typically the most important reason for why managers want to increase positive job attitudes?

A) lower rates of turnover and absenteeism

B) higher rates of turnover and absenteeism

C) to decrease worker unhappiness

D) to increase worker happiness

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

36) Studies show that the statement, "Happy workers are productive workers," is ________.

A) completely false

B) completely true

C) fairly true

D) largely false

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

37) To reduce dissonance in the workplace, managers are advised to hold ________ responsible for the causes of the dissonance.

A) employees

B) both employees and management

C) fellow workers

D) external forces

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

38) Rather than try to make employees happy, managers might do well to focus on making work ________.

A) easy to accomplish

B) challenging and interesting

C) challenging and difficult

D) simple rather than complex

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

39) Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects, people, or events.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

40) Individuals try to reconcile attitudes and behavior so they are both rational and consistent.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

41) Cognitive dissonance arises when people feel that their behavior and attitudes are consistent.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

42) The discomfort that results from high dissonance can be reduced when an individual feels that he or she has a choice in the matter.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

43) Research shows that there is a fairly strong correlation between high satisfaction and high productivity.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Analytical

44) In a short essay, define attitude and discuss the three components that make up an attitude.

The three components that make up an attitude are cognition, affect, and behavior. The cognitive component of an attitude is made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, and information held by a person. The belief that, "I am underpaid," illustrates cognition.

The affective component of an attitude is the emotional or feeling part of an attitude. The affective component of an attitude would be reflected by the statement, "I am angry that I am underpaid."

Finally, affect can lead to behavioral outcomes. The behavioral component of an attitude refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. For instance, "I will quit my job unless I get a raise," is an example of the behavioral component of an attitude.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Question Category: Critical thinking

45) ________ is the unique combination of psychological traits that describe a person.

A) Character

B) Intelligence

C) Behavior

D) Personality

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Concept

46) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) is based on ________ that are revealed in a 100-item questionnaire.

A) two dimensions

B) four dimensions

C) four personality types

D) eight personality types

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

47) The extroversion versus introversion scale on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® determines whether a person is oriented ________.

A) outwardly or inwardly

B) toward gathering data or the big picture

C) logically or emotionally

D) toward planning or flexibility

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

48) The judging versus perceiving scale on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® determines whether a person is oriented ________.

A) outwardly or inwardly

B) toward gathering data or the big picture

C) toward planning or flexibility

D) logically or emotionally

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

49) The thinking versus feeling scale on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® determines whether a person is oriented ________.

A) logically or emotionally

B) toward gathering data or the big picture

C) outwardly or inwardly

D) toward planning or flexibility

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

50) The sensing versus intuition scale on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® determines whether a person is oriented ________.

A) outwardly or inwardly

B) toward gathering data or the big picture

C) logically or emotionally

D) toward planning or flexibility

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

51) If you are a person who dislikes making plans, you would probably score high on which aspect of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®?

A) extrovert rather than introvert

B) introvert rather than extrovert

C) judging rather than perceiving

D) perceiving rather than judging

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

52) If you are a person who prefers to focus on gut feelings when you make a decision, you would probably score high on which aspect of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®?

A) sensing rather than intuition

B) intuition rather than sensing

C) thinking rather than feeling

D) feeling rather than thinking

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

53) The Big Five model of personality includes all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) extroversion

B) agreeableness

C) conscientiousness

D) intuitiveness

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

54) Job studies show that the Big Five personality dimension of ________ was consistently important for success no matter what the job type.

A) extraversion

B) conscientiousness

C) openness to experience

D) emotional stability

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

55) Surprisingly, studies show that emotional stability is ________.

A) positively related to job performance

B) not positively related to happiness

C) positively related to job type

D) not positively related to job performance

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

56) Emotional intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) cognitive skills

B) self-awareness

C) self-management

D) social skills

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

57) This dimension of emotional intelligence allows people to sense and understand how others are feeling.

A) self-awareness

B) self-management

C) empathy

D) social skills

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

58) A person who takes full responsibility in both his or her successes and failures is likely to have a(n) ________.

A) high self-awareness

B) low self-management

C) external locus of control

D) internal locus of control

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

59) Bell Lab and Air Force studies have shown that emotional intelligence is ________ job performance.

A) not important to

B) almost as important as academic intellect in

C) equally important as academic intellect in

D) more important than academic intellect in

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

60) If you believe that you control your own destiny, then your personality would be described as having a(n) ________.

A) external locus of control

B) high Mach score

C) low Mach score

D) internal locus of control

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

61) A tennis player who blames a loss on windy conditions would be likely to have ________.

A) an external locus of control

B) an internal locus of control

C) no locus of control

D) high self-monitoring

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

62) A person who believes that the "ends justify the means" would be likely to have a high level of which personality trait?

A) empathy

B) Machiavellianism

C) self-awareness

D) social skills

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

63) This kind of individual might be most likely to have legal problems.

A) low Mach

B) high Mach

C) low self-esteem

D) risk-averse

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

64) High self-esteem individuals tend to ________.

A) make excuses for themselves

B) avoid creating high expectations

C) take risks

D) avoid risks

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

65) ________ individuals tend to be dependent on positive evaluation from others.

A) High self-esteem

B) High Mach

C) Low self-esteem

D) Internal locus of control

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

66) A high self-monitoring individual would tend to ________.

A) have no skill in playing different roles

B) have no skill in hiding his or her feelings

C) be good at playing different roles

D) have no experience in hiding his or her feelings

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

67) A low self-monitoring individual would NOT tend to pursue a career as ________.

A) an actor

B) a scientist

C) an accountant

D) an engineer

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

68) A manager who takes very little time to make a decision probably has the trait of ________.

A) high self-esteem

B) external locus of control

C) low self-monitoring

D) high risk-taking

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

69) A NASCAR race car driver would be a good occupational match for which personality type?

A) risk averse

B) risk taker

C) low Mach

D) low self-esteem

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

70) John Holland's theory assumes all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) different types of jobs are suited to different personalities

B) people in jobs that suit their personality are likely to be more satisfied

C) there are intrinsic personality differences in people

D) people in jobs that suit their personality make more money

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

71) A person who rates high on Holland's social scale would probably find a good match with which of the following jobs?

A) farmer

B) painter

C) teacher

D) mathematician

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

72) A person rating high on the investigative personality type would have the best match with which job?

A) nurse

B) mechanic

C) reporter

D) counselor

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

73) According to Holland's social scale, becoming a lawyer would be a good job match for someone with this personality type.

A) realistic

B) investigative

C) conventional

D) enterprising

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

74) Which one of the following pairs would be a good match in Holland's scheme?

A) realistic: psychologist

B) investigative: golf pro

C) social: coach

D) artistic: chemist

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

75) Chinese workers tend to value ________ than Americans.

A) hard work more

B) conscientiousness less

C) agreeableness less

D) agreeableness more

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

76) North Americans seem to be much more likely to have ________ than people from Middle Eastern countries.

A) an internal locus of control

B) an external locus of control

C) no locus of control

D) a variable locus of control

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

77) Managers in Germany and the United States would probably agree that the most important factor for job performance is ________.

A) agreeableness

B) conscientiousness

C) social skills

D) emotional stability

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

78) Personality is defined as a unique combination of behavioral, emotional, and thinking patterns that each person has.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

79) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® test can identify thousands of different basic personality types.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

80) In the Big Five model, emotional stability was positively related to job performance.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

81) The ability to control one's own emotions is an important component in emotional intelligence.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

82) Emotional intelligence and academic intelligence are virtually identical.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

83) A worker with an external locus of control would tend to accept responsibility for his/her own failures.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

84) A high Mach person tends to think that ends justify means.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

85) Employees with high self-esteem tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than low SEs.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

86) A low self-monitoring employee would be likely to be a good poker player.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

87) A person who is risk averse might do well as a stock trader.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Application

88) According to John Holland, the key to job success is how well an individual's personality matches his or her job.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

89) According to John Holland's theory, a realistic personality type might be well suited to be an economist.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

90) People from the Middle East tend to believe that life is not predetermined and they can control their own destiny.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

91) U.S. workers, more than Chinese workers, tend to be less conscientious and more agreeable in nature.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Analytical

92) In a short essay, list and discuss the five personality traits of the Big Five Model of personality.

Agreeableness—the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness—the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented.

Emotional stability—the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure about who he or she is (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure about who he or she is (negative).

Openness to experience—the degree to which someone is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual.

The Big Five provide more than just a personality framework. Research has shown that important relationships exist between these personality dimensions and job performance.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

93) In a short essay, discuss how locus of control can help explain individual behavior in organizations.

People with an external locus of control see themselves as pawns, believing that what happens in their lives is due to outside forces and events over which they have little control or influence. These forces and events include both powerful institutions (the state, the culture) as well as such random things as luck or chance.

Locus of control is largely a cultural phenomenon. In western societies, locus of control tends to be internal; people feel that what they do matters. In societies such as those in the Middle East, locus of control tends to be external—people feel that they have little control over what happens in their lives.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

94) In a short essay, discuss how Machiavellianism can help explain individual behavior in organizations.

In jobs that require bargaining skills or that have substantial rewards for winning, high Machs are productive. In jobs in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute measures of performance, high Machs can vary in performance. One can imagine that high Machs are good at manipulating others and acquiring power in very aggressive, highly competitive "dog eat dog" organizations and circumstances.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

95) In a short essay, discuss how self-esteem can help explain individual behavior in organizations.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

96) In a short essay, discuss how self-monitoring can help explain individual behavior in organizations.

An individual high in self-monitoring can adopt one mode of behavior when, for example, dealing with high-level managers and a completely different behavior mode when in the company of rank-and-file workers. Low self-monitors, on the other hand, seem unable to adjust their behavior according to situation. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation, and therefore would seem less capable of deception and less likely to try to indulge in deception.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

97) In a short essay, discuss how risk-taking can help explain individual behavior in organizations.

To maximize organizational effectiveness, managers should try to align employee risk-taking propensity with specific job demands. For instance, high risk-taking propensity may lead to effective performance for a commodities trader in a brokerage firm because this type of job demands rapid decision making. On the other hand, an accounting job for a person who must be responsible for the financial well-being of an entire organization might be better suited to a conservative, non-risk-taking individual.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.3: Describe different personality theories.

Question Category: Critical thinking

98) ________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning to the environment.

A) Attribution

B) Selection

C) Learning

D) Perception

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Concept

99) Different people typically have ________.

A) the same perception of a single situation

B) the same perception of different situations

C) different perceptions of the same situation

D) an undistorted perception of a situation

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

100) Which three factors act to shape and sometimes distort perception?

A) the perceiver, target, context

B) attitudes, past experiences, expectations

C) temperature, time, location

D) past experiences, context, location

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Concept

101) Factors that can influence the perceiver of a situation include ________.

A) temperature, time, location

B) attitudes, past experiences, expectations

C) size, shape, color

D) lighting, place, date

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Concept

102) Which situation would be an example of the target influencing a perception?

A) viewing a dog through binoculars

B) viewing a dog when you are exhausted

C) a dog barking

D) near dark conditions

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

103) Attribution theory is primarily concerned with explaining ________.

A) the behavior of groups

B) one's own perceptions

C) the behavior of others

D) the perceptions of others

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

104) In attribution theory, ________ behavior is largely beyond an individual's control.

A) externally caused

B) internally caused

C) consistent

D) inconsistent

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Concept

105) In attribution theory, if everyone who is faced with a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________.

A) consensus

B) high distinctiveness

C) low distinctiveness

D) medium distinctiveness

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

106) In attribution theory, if a person is conscientious in five separate tasks, but in the sixth task fails to be conscientious, this task is said to have ________.

A) low distinctiveness

B) high distinctiveness

C) high consensus

D) low consensus

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Application

107) In attribution theory, the behavior of an individual who shows low distinctiveness and low consensus is likely to be attributed as ________.

A) internally caused

B) externally caused

C) beyond his or her control

D) not his or her fault

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

108) In attribution theory, the behavior of an individual who shows high distinctiveness and low consistency is likely to be attributed as ________.

A) under his or her control

B) his or her responsibility

C) internally caused

D) externally caused

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

109) If a person who is always late for work is late once again and blames it on a traffic jam, coworkers would probably attribute that person's lateness to ________.

A) traffic

B) an external source

C) an internal source

D) his or her car

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Application

110) Which pairing is correct?

A) high distinctiveness: internal cause of behavior

B) low distinctiveness: external cause of behavior

C) high consensus: external cause of behavior

D) low consistency: internal cause of behavior

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

111) Which pairing is NOT correct?

A) low consistency: external cause of behavior

B) low distinctiveness: external cause of behavior

C) high consensus: external cause of behavior

D) low consensus: internal cause of behavior

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

112) The fundamental attribution error causes people to tend to attribute ________.

A) successes and failures of others to internal factors

B) failures of others to external factors

C) their own successes to external factors

D) their own failures to internal factors

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

113) The self-serving bias causes people to tend to attribute ________.

A) successes of others to external factors

B) failures of others to external factors

C) their own successes to internal factors

D) their own failures to internal factors

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

114) When people judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group they are a part of, they are using the shortcut called ________.

A) stereotyping

B) selectivity

C) assumed similarity

D) the halo effect

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

115) By using ________, we form an impression about a person based on a single characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance.

A) stereotyping

B) selectivity

C) the halo effect

D) assumed similarity

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

116) A fundamental idea of perception is that all people interpret and see reality in different ways.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

117) Distortion of perception can only come from the person who is perceiving.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

118) Attribution theory is primarily concerned with identifying one's own behavior.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

119) Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays a behavior in many situations or whether it's particular to one situation.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

120) The fundamental attribution error states that individuals tend to overestimate the influence of external factors in others.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

121) Individuals tend to attribute their own successes to external factors.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

122) In stereotyping, observers use group characteristics to judge individuals.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

123) Perceptual shortcuts can sometimes be accurate and valuable.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.4: Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Question Category: Analytical

124) Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience is known as ________.

A) reflex

B) learning

C) instinctual behavior

D) intrinsic behavior

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

125) Operant conditioning is any behavior that occurs as a result of ________.

A) coincidence

B) an innate behavior program

C) reinforcement from reward or punishment

D) reinforcement from reward only

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

126) Social learning theory involves learning through ________.

A) instinct

B) systematic study of books and manuals

C) logical inference

D) observing models

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

127) The amount of influence a model has begins with the ________ process of becoming aware of the model.

A) attentional

B) retentional

C) motor reproduction

D) reinforcement

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

128) When a young basketball player copies the free throw style of an NBA player, he or she is using his or her ________.

A) retention processes

B) motor reproduction processes

C) attentional processes

D) reinforcement processes

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Application

129) Which one of the following is NOT thought to be a tool that managers can use to shape behavior?

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) punishment

D) attentional processes

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Analytical

130) When a manager gives an employee a bonus for a job well done, which behavior-shaping method is the manager using?

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) punishment

D) extinction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Application

131) When a football coach makes the team run laps because they can't get a play right, he is using which behavior-shaping method?

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) punishment

D) extinction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Application

132) When a football coach cancels a grueling "meat-grinder drill" because the team is performing well, he is using which behavior-shaping method?

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) punishment

D) extinction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Application

133) In an attempt to get employees to stop congregating in the lounge, a manager decides to remove free bagels from the company snack bar. Which behavior-shaping method is she using?

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) punishment

D) extinction

Diff: 2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Application

134) Operant behavior deals only with learned behavior.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

135) In operant conditioning, if behavior is positively reinforced, it is less likely to repeat.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

136) Operant conditioning as studied by Skinner has very little applicability to learned behavior in the workplace.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Analytical

137) Operant conditioning attempts to explain the influence that parents and teachers have on individuals.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

138) Social learning theory maintains that reinforcement plays no part in this learning process.

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Analytical

139) When a manager praises an employee for a job well done, she is providing positive reinforcement.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Analytical

140) Negative reinforcement penalizes an individual for an undesired behavior.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

141) Negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of something unpleasant.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Concept

142) In a short essay, list and discuss three shortcuts frequently used in judging others.

When someone is judged on the basis of our perception of a group he or she is part of, we use the shortcut called stereotyping. Racial, ethnic, and gender stereotyping typically are the most harmful form of stereotyping. However, even "innocent" stereotyping, like assuming an individual from a particular group is a "hard worker" can create problems within an organization.

When individuals form a general impression about a person on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, the halo effect is the influencing factor. For example, a manager may attribute a disproportionate amount of responsibility on an employee who is a superb golfer, even though that person's golf abilities might not translate at all to the workplace.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Critical thinking

143) In a short essay, define learning and then explain operant conditioning.

For example, when a sales manager knocks herself out to exceed all previous sales totals in a successful sales drive, she might receive reinforcement from a variety of places: praise from her boss, recognition from the corporation, a promotion, a bonus, admiration from colleagues—all of which strengthen and fortify the notion for the manager to put in extra work. The manager learned from her experience that extra effort pays off.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Critical thinking

144) In a short essay, describe social learning.

Attentional processes focus on how well the model captures a person's attention. For example, a dancer would seek to emulate the moves that he sees in a popular video because they are dramatic and attractive.

Retentional processes measure how well the observer can remember the model and its key features.

Motor reproduction processes focus on how well the observer is able to emulate the model physically.

Reinforcement processes focus on how strong the incentives are for the observer to want to emulate the behavior.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Critical thinking

145) In a short essay, explain how managers can shape behavior using positive and negative reinforcement.

Rewarding a response with the elimination or withdrawal of something unpleasant is called negative reinforcement. A manager who promises to cancel a "no Internet during work" restriction as a reward for increased production is using negative reinforcement. The manager is removing something unpleasant (the restriction) as a reward for desired behavior—increased production.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Critical thinking

146) In a short essay, explain how managers can shape behavior using punishment and extinction.

Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called extinction. When a behavior isn't reinforced, gradually it disappears. For example, a manager may offer rewards to encourage people to volunteer for early retirement. If too many people volunteer for early retirement, putting stress on the organization, the manager may remove the reward and try to eliminate volunteering for early retirement.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Written and oral communication

LO: 11.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Question Category: Critical thinking

147) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gen Y workers?

A) high expectations

B) little interaction with colleagues

C) goal oriented

D) seek out creative challenges

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.6: Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Question Category: Analytical

148) Which one of the following is a common way in which Gen Y workers differ from workers in other generations?

A) office attire

B) ability to work hard

C) ability to focus

D) showing respect

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.6: Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Question Category: Analytical

149) Which one of the following is on the rise in today's organizations?

A) respectful behavior

B) use of good manners

C) hostility and aggression

D) amicable relations

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.6: Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Question Category: Analytical

150) Gen Y individuals are those people who were born after 1997.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.6: Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Question Category: Analytical

151) Gen Y individuals tend to be comfortable with new types of electronic technology.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

LO: 11.6: Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Question Category: Analytical