More About One-Factor Experiments Full Test Bank Chapter 12

Test Bank

Chapter 12: More About One-Factor Experiments

Multiple Choice

1. An experiment is defined by the following statements except for ______.

a. the manipulation of a variable

b. control of confounding variables

c. tests of causal relationships

d. the manipulation of a dependent variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. An independent variable is ______.

a. a manipulated variable

b. a measured variable

c. an extraneous variable

d. rarely included in an experiment

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Participants receive all levels of a(n) ______ variable, but only one level of a(n) ______ variable in an experimental design.

a. independent; dependent

b. dependent; independent

c. within-subjects; between-subjects

d. between-subjects; within-subjects

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Order effects are particularly problematic for ______ designs, but group differences are a problematic in ______ designs.

a. independent; dependent

b. dependent; independent

c. within-subjects; between-subjects

d. between-subjects; within-subjects

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______ can be used to counter order effects.

a. Randomization

b. Counterbalancing

c. Independent variables

d. Dependent variables

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. ______ can be used to counter group differences.

a. Randomization

b. Counterbalancing

c. Independent variables

d. Dependent variables

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of ______ in the design.

a. independent variables

b. dependent variables

c. conditions

d. confounding variables

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals is called a small ______ design.

a. n

b. p

c. t

d. r

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ represents an experiment.

a. Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups

b. Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task

c. Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance

d. Participants take an anxiety inventory to look for a relationship between handedness and anxiety level

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. An extraneous factor is also called a(n) ______.

a. confounding variable

b. confusing variable

c. inconsistent variable

d. conflicting variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ effects occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study.

a. Testing

b. Order

c. Interaction

d. Significant

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. A ______ design is a between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable.

a. significant

b. corresponding

c. paired

d. matched

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. At minimum, the number of independent variables that must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment is ______.

a. none

b. one

c. two

d. three

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. ______ effects occur when participants are tested more than once in a study, with early testing affecting later testing.

a. Testing

b. Order

c. Interaction

d. Significant

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable, this is called ______.

a. randomization

b. counterbalancing

c. matching

d. ordering

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A manipulation of an ______ variable involves researcher control of the administration of the levels of the variable to the participants.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. causal

d. matched

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable, this is called ______.

a. chance assignment

b. arbitrary assignment

c. haphazard assignment

d. random assignment

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Manipulation of an independent variable in a study ______ the internal validity of the study.

a. can decrease or increase

b. does not impact

c. increases

d. decreases

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Without the manipulation of a(n) ______ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the ______ variable.

a. dependent; independent

b. independent; dependent

c. dependent; confounding

d. confounding; independent

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study is called ______.

a. a second variable

b. a fourth variable

c. a sixth variable

d. a third variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ______ the internal validity of the experiment.

a. can decrease or increase

b. does not impact

c. increases

d. decreases

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. In the ______ design, subjects’ scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. between-subject

d. within-subject

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Random assignment is important for ______ variables in terms of the order in which participants receive the levels of the variable to control for possible order effects of the different levels of the variable.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. between-subject

d. within-subject

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Order effects are a particular form of ______ effects.

a. exam

b. testing

c. biased

d. grading

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The primary concern with ______ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.

a. independent design

b. dependent design

c. between-subject design

d. within-subject design

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. To simplify the counterbalancing, a partial counterbalancing technique, called a ______ square, can be used.

a. Spanish

b. Latin

c. English

d. Canadian

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. There are areas of psychology where experiments are used more often than in others including the following except for ______.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. biological

d. personality

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Experiment Examples

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Much of the research in the ______ area is focused on understanding factors that influence memory, perception, language processes, and decision-making.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. biological

d. personality

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Latin squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have ______ level(s).

a. one

b. zero

c. a number of

d. minimal

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Counterbalancing is ______ when there are only two conditions that participants experience in an experiment.

a. difficult

b. easy

c. impossible

d. pointless

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In the ______ design, each subject serves as their own comparison.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. between-subject

d. within-subject

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives ______ levels of the independent variable.

a. just two

b. just three

c. all

d. just four

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and ______ variables.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. causal

d. matched

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. A participant’s gender, personality, and smoking status ______ be independent variables.

a. can sometimes

b. can never

c. can occasionally

d. can always

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. A(n) ______ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. causal

d. matched

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify an independent variable in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. One benefit of within-subject designs is that they control for ______.

a. carryover effects

b. individual differences

c. contrast effects

d. fatigue effects

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. To account for possible confounds, Zula assigns to the control group and experimental group one male with high math scores, and one male with low math scores and the same with female students. This appears that Zula is using ______ to control confounds.

a. randomizing

b. counterbalancing

c. squaring

d. matching

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Diana has an independent variable with three levels. She uses a Latin-square design to help ensure that the orders in which participants experience the levels of the independent variable occur equally as often across participants. She is ______ the order of treatments.

a. randomizing

b. counterbalancing

c. squaring

d. matching

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. To attempt to equate the groups, participants are assigned to the different experimental treatment groups, they aren’t allowed to choose the group they prefer. This is an example of ______ to control confounds.

a. randomizing

b. counterbalancing

c. squaring

d. matching

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Researchers may (have)used twins to create a matched set of participants based on genetics.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. All experiments contain at least one independent variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify an independent variable in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Random assignment of participants to levels allows random distribution of participant differences across the levels.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The primary concern of between-subjects variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The presence of individual differences across groups is the greatest concern for within-subjects experiments.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Counterbalancing is relatively easy when there are only two conditions that participants will experience in an experiment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Latin Squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have the same number of levels.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. In experiments where individual differences are likely to be present and a small sample size is used, random assignment may not be sufficient to control for these differences.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. In a research design where participants are randomly assigned to either an all-male confederate group, or a mixed gender confederate group, the study is experimental.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Random assignment is useful because it removes all possibilities that groups will be biased.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Between-subjects designs require more participants than within-subjects designs.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. An advantage of within-subjects manipulations is that each participant serves as his or her own comparison.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Give an example of a matched design experiment participants grouping.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What aspects of an experiment allow tests of causal relationships?

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a within-subjects experiment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Within-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a between-subjects experiment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Between-Subjects Experiments

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Provide an example of a confounding variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Provide an example of a research study with a small-n design.

KEY: Learning Objective: 12.2: Understand how independent variables allow for tests of causal relationships

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: More About One-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Hard