Test Bank Answers More About Multi-Factor Experiments Ch.13

Test Bank

Chapter 13: More About Multi-Factor Experiments

Multiple Choice

1. In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A(n) ______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.

a. t-

b. ANOVA

c. FACT

d. descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A test for an interaction effect compares means for ______.

a. all the conditions in the experiment

b. the levels of one independent variable against the levels of another independent variable

c. the levels of one independent variable averaged across the levels of the other independent variables

d. the levels of one independent variable against the levels of a dependent variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify an interaction in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called a(n) ______.

a. main effect

b. interaction effect

c. ANOVA

d. dependent variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify an interaction in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Simple effects tests are used to describe ______.

a. main effects

b. interaction effects

c. nonsignificant results

d. marginal means

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify an interaction in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Main effects compare ______ means and interaction effects compare ______ means.

a. level; condition

b. condition; level

c. independent variable; dependent variable

d. dependent variable; independent variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The primary advantages of a ______ design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the effects of the interactions of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

a. random

b. independent

c. factorial

d. matched

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify an interaction in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Multi-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. If a ______ is created, an interaction can be seen in nonparallel lines.

a. bar graph

b. scatterplot

c. line graph

d. pie graph

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify an interaction in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Main effects test the separate effects of a(n) ______ on a(n) ______.

a. IV; DV

b. DV; IV

c. DV; DV

d. IV; IV

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. A graph is often best to examine whether the effects of a(n) ______ depend on the levels of other ______.

a. IV; DV

b. DV; IV

c. DV; DV

d. IV; IV

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Some researchers conduct experiments that contain a true independent variable and age as a subject variable, making them ______.

a. factorial designs

b. quasi-experiments

c. placebo experiments

d. qualitative studies

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developmental Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Researchers were interested in how memory for the location of objects is influenced by the similarity of objects and whether this relationship is the same for different age groups. This type of study is most likely ______.

a. cognitive

b. developmental

c. biological

d. social

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. A study comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to appetizing food for children and adults is most likely a ______ type of study.

a. cognitive

b. developmental

c. biological

d. social

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants’ behavior, is an example of a ______ type of study.

a. cognitive

b. developmental

c. biological

d. social

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Experiments are ______ in cognitive research.

a. very common

b. not possible

c. not common

d. hard to conduct

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A study testing effects of suggestive retrieval techniques on false memories for having committed a crime is a ______ type of study.

a. cognitive

b. developmental

c. biological

d. social

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. An experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable is called a ______.

a. quasi-experiment

b. true experiment

c. factorial design

d. dependent design

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Multi-Factor Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Testing the combined effects of the ______ variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

a. dependent

b. independent

c. confounding

d. context

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Without including multiple ______ variables in a single experiment, we would not be able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behavior in different situations.

a. dependent

b. independent

c. confounding

d. context

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. An interaction effect occurs when the effect of ______ depends on the levels of ______.

a. one dependent variable; an independent variable

b. one independent variable; a dependent variable

c. one dependent variable; another dependent variable

d. one independent variable; another independent variable

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The levels of the independent variable are the different conditions that are part of the ______ variable.

a. dependent

b. independent

c. confounding

d. context

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. An ANOVA is an analysis of variance test used for designs with ______ or more sample means.

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The interaction effect tests the effect of one independent variable for each level of another independent variable to determine how the independent variables interact to affect the ______ variable.

a. dependent

b. independent

c. confounding

d. control

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. To determine the overall means for a level of an independent variable, the researcher ______ the means for the cells in the columns and the rows of a diagram of the factorial design.

a. multiplies

b. divides

c. averages

d. subtracts

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Main effects are determined by ______ means for the rows and comparing means for the columns in a diagram of the factorial design data.

a. dividing

b. subtracting

c. comparing

d. multiplying

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. To examine the ______, the researcher must consider the differences between the factorial design diagram’s rows or columns.

a. order effect

b. main effect

c. primary effect

d. interaction effect

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Graphs are useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe ______.

a. main effect

b. order effect

c. interaction effect

d. primary effect

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. A statistical test conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA is called ______ test.

a. complex effects

b. simple effects

c. order effects

d. interaction effect

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Interactions between ______ variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.

a. dependent

b. independent

c. confounding

d. control

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Factorial experiments can provide researchers with ______ information about behavior.

a. flawed

b. much more

c. no

d. bogus

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Simple effects tests are statistical tests conducted to characterize a(n) ______ when one is found in an ______.

a. interaction effect; ANOVA

b. main effect; ANOVA

c. interaction effect; ANCOVA

d. main effect; ANCOVA

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Wesselmann et al. (2009) used the Cyberball exclusion game to evaluate effects of exclusion on emotion in their ______ type of study.

a. cognitive

b. developmental

c. biological

d. social

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Many experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs, meaning they contain more than ______ independent variable.

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. One advantage of a factorial design is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple ______ variables in one experiment.

a. independent

b. dependent

c. confounding

d. experimental

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is a unique feature of ______.

a. quasi-experimental studies

b. factorial designs

c. experimental studies

d. placebo studies

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Silvers et al. (2014) study interested in comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to foods found that there were ______ of age and trial type of cravings.

a. simple effects

b. main effects

c. interaction effects

d. no interaction effects

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Example

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Bill is studying how individuals' ability to concentrate is affected by both music type (pop vs. classical) and volume (soft vs. loud). If he finds that music type influences concentration, this will be referred to as ______.

a. interaction

b. factorial effect

c. main effect

d. absence of interaction effect

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. In order to evaluate interaction effects, researchers should ______.

a. graph the main effects

b. compute scores from each independent variable separately

c. graph the simple main effects

d. graph the integration effects

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The average mean scores for each level of an independent variable is the ______.

a. ANOVA test

b. interaction effects

c. main effects

d. marginal means

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Experiments are very common in cognitive research.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Hardly any of the experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. When the effect of one independent variable (e.g., treatment type) depends on the levels of another independent variable (e.g., short or long outing), this is called an interaction effect.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Graphs are not useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe the interaction effect.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Interactions between independent variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The main effect is one type of effect tested in an analysis of variance (ANOVA).

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The primary advantages of a factorial design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the combined effects of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In factorial designs, the comparison of the mean scores for the levels of one independent variable is the test of the interaction effect of that independent variable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The Silvers et al. (2014) examined brain activity using an fMRI scan while participants viewed food in different conditions in their social study.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. A significant interaction cannot occur unless there also exists at least one main effect.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. In the Bub et al. (2013) study it was hypothesized that knowing what action is appropriate for an object (e.g., holding a mug in your hand) can affect your identification of the object.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Thinking About Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. You are tasked with the job of finding out if two proposed changes affect ice cream sales by conducting an experiment to test the effects of proposed changes on consumer preferences. One proposal is to add more chocolate chips to the chocolate chip flavor of the ice cream. The other proposal is to use real vanilla in all the ice cream flavors (currently, the company uses artificial vanilla flavoring). Both proposals cost the company money, so they want you to determine if either proposal increases consumer preference for the ice cream to decide if these additions are worthwhile. What is/are the independent variable(s) in this experiment?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe the interaction effect shown in the graph below.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What is a factorial design? What are the advantages of this design of other experiments?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is an interaction effect? Provide an example.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is a main effect? Provide an example.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What are the levels of the independent variable? Provide an example.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Factorial Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What are simple effects tests and when are they used?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand that crossing levels of independent variables creates conditions in an experiment

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: More About Interactions

Difficulty Level: Medium