Mader Complete Test Bank Ch.21 Reproductive System

Inquiry Into Life, 16e, Mader

Chapter 21 Reproductive System

1) Sperm mature within the

A) prostate gland.

B) vas deferens.

C) seminal vesicles.

D) ejaculatory duct.

E) epididymis.

2) Which of the following is a component of the female reproductive system?

A) testes

B) epididymis

C) penis

D) prostate

E) fimbriae

3) Which of the following is involved in the ovarian cycle?

A) labia minora

B) prostate gland

C) vaginal wall

D) bulbourethral glands

E) vesicular (Graafian) follicle

4) What component of semen causes the uterus to contract?

A) androgens

B) progesterones

C) fructose

D) prostaglandins

E) estrogens

5) Trace the correct path of the sperm during ejaculation.

A) urethra → vas deferens → seminal vesicles → testes

B) testes → urethra → vas deferens → penis

C) seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

D) seminiferous tubules → vas deferens → epididymis → urethra

E) vas deferens → seminiferous tubules → epididymis → urethra

6) The energy source for sperm to swim comes from

A) stored fat molecules in the acrosome.

B) stored sugar molecules in the sperm head.

C) fructose sugar in the surrounding seminal fluids.

D) protein breakdown by mitochondria in the middle of the sperm.

E) dissolved lipids in the seminal fluids.

7) In the human male, the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the

A) ureter.

B) seminiferous tubule.

C) vas deferens.

D) urethra.

E) fallopian tube.

8) Which association concerning structures in the human male is mismatched?

A) testes—produce sperm

B) vas deferens—carries urine

C) prostate gland—seminal fluid

D) urethra—conducts sperm

E) seminal vesicle—seminal fluid

9) The time interval following ejaculation during which stimulation does not cause erection is called

A) the luteal phase.

B) the proliferative phase.

C) the secretory phase.

D) spermatogenesis.

E) the refractory period.

10) A functional advantage of having human testes in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen is

A) there is more room in the scrotum and the testes can grow bigger.

B) a shorter sperm duct.

C) a more direct blood supply.

D) lower temperature.

E) greater protection to the testes.

11) In the human male, sperm cells are produced in the

A) interstitial tissue.

B) urethra.

C) seminiferous tubules.

D) vas deferens.

E) seminal vesicles.

12) Which part of the sperm contains ATP-producing mitochondria?

A) head

B) middle piece

C) tail

D) acrosome

E) zona pellucida

13) The role of the acrosome during the fertilization process is to

A) provide enzymes that help a sperm penetrate the egg.

B) increase the sperm's motility.

C) direct the sperm to the egg.

D) protect the sperm while traveling to the egg.

E) store energy for swimming to the egg.

14) If we cut a cross-section through the testes, we would see

A) individual sperm follicles with immature sperm.

B) large chambers lined with developing sperm.

C) small tubules lined with developing sperm.

D) flat layers of tissue like pages, lined with developing sperm.

E) fluid-filled structures with developing sperm.

15) What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?

A) produce an alkaline fluid that is added to the semen

B) produce sperm cells through meiosis

C) activate the sperm cells so they can swim rapidly

D) nourish and regulate the spermatogenic cells

E) produce a fluid added to the semen just before ejaculation

16) Which endocrine gland has ultimate control of the testes’ sexual function?

A) anterior pituitary

B) posterior pituitary

C) adrenal glands

D) hypothalamus

E) thymus gland

17) The male sex hormones are secreted by which of the following?

A) spermatids

B) interstitial cells

C) vas deferens

D) prostate

E) seminiferous tubules

18) Which of the following is responsible for controlling the production of male sex hormones?

A) testosterone

B) progesterone

C) GnRH

D) FSH

E) LH

19) Why do testes shrink when male athletes take synthetic steroid testosterone hormones?

A) Testosterone itself has the direct effect of shrinking the testes.

B) Synthetic chemicals are not the same in action as natural chemicals.

C) The guilt reaction in the brain causes a reverse hormonal action.

D) The pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and reduces FSH and LH.

E) Scientists have no explanation for this phenomenon that is opposite of expected.

20) LH stimulates the ________ of the testis to produce ________.

A) seminiferous tubules; sperm

B) seminiferous tubules; testosterone

C) interstitial cells; sperm

D) interstitial cells; testosterone

E) interstitial cells; estrogen

21) Which endocrine gland produces FSH?

A) hypothalamus

B) ovary

C) uterus

D) anterior pituitary

E) interstitial cells

22) Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are directly maintained by the hormone

A) testosterone.

B) estrogen.

C) FSH.

D) LH.

E) progesterone.

23) Another name for the oviduct is the

A) uterus.

B) urethra.

C) cervix.

D) fallopian tube.

E) ureter.

24) Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the

A) uterus.

B) vagina.

C) abdominal cavity.

D) ovarian follicle.

E) oviducts.

25) The egg is propelled down the oviduct by

A) cilia on the layer of nurse cells surrounding the egg.

B) simply drifting on the prevailing current of body fluids.

C) oviduct cilia and tubular muscle contractions.

D) suction from the uterine contractions.

E) flagella present on the egg.

26) Which of the following houses the developing fetus?

A) mons pubis

B) glans clitoris

C) labia minora

D) labia majora

E) uterus

27) The glans clitoris in the female is homologous to the ________ in the male.

A) testes

B) vas deferens

C) penis

D) scrotum

E) prostate gland

28) The order of the structures in the vulva, from the frontal mons pubis to the anus, is

A) glans clitoris → vagina → urethra.

B) glans clitoris → urethra → vagina.

C) urethra → glans clitoris → vagina.

D) vagina → urethra → glans clitoris.

E) vagina → glans clitoris → urethra.

29) How does orgasm in the human male differ from orgasm in the female?

A) The female refractory period is longer than the male refractory period.

B) Blood vessel dilation and tissue congestion only occur in the male.

C) The intensity of pleasure is far greater for the male.

D) The female can experience multiple orgasms during one sexual experience.

E) All of the answer choices are accurate distinctions.

30) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The follicles in the ovary produce estrogen.

B) The corpus luteum produces progesterone.

C) The placenta can produce both estrogen and progesterone.

D) LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

31) The structure from which an egg is released during ovulation is called a(n)

A) ovarian cyst.

B) primary follicle.

C) corpus luteum.

D) secondary follicle.

E) vesicular (Graafian) follicle.

32) LH stimulates the

A) primary follicle to undergo meiosis and develop into a secondary follicle.

B) pituitary to produce ACTH.

C) follicle to produce estrogen.

D) development of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and some estrogen.

E) interstitial cells to produce estrogen.

33) Which of the following hormones is best associated with maturation of the follicle?

A) FSH

B) LH

C) HCG

D) GnRH

E) progesterone

34) Which of the following is true about estrogen?

A) Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.

B) Estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular.

C) As the estrogen level in the blood rises, it exerts negative feedback control over the secretion of FSH so that the follicular phase comes to an end.

D) Estrogen causes a surge in LH production.

E) All of the answer choices are true.

35) In the human female, estrogen and progesterone exert feedback control over the

A) anterior pituitary.

B) ovary.

C) uterus.

D) testes.

E) pineal gland.

36) In the human female, the uterine cycle is an average

A) 20 days.

B) 24 days.

C) 28 days.

D) 32 days.

E) 36 days.

37) During a 28-day uterine cycle, ovulation usually occurs on the

A) 5th day.

B) 9th day.

C) 14th day.

D) 20th day.

E) 25th day.

38) After ovulation, the ruptured follicle

A) disappears and all of its cells disintegrate.

B) passes on as waste material down the oviduct with the egg.

C) mends itself and begins the maturation of another egg.

D) becomes a part of the epithelial covering of the ovary.

E) becomes the corpus luteum and produces progesterone.

39) Menstruation begins because

A) the pituitary triggers it.

B) LH activity is at its peak.

C) estrogen activity is at a peak.

D) progesterone production is highest.

E) progesterone and estrogen levels are both declining.

40) The uterine cycle at day 12 would primarily be under the influence of

A) estrogen.

B) progesterone.

C) epinephrine.

D) thyroxin.

E) testosterone.

41) The lining of the uterus that is discharged during the menstrual phase is the

A) endocardium.

B) oviduct.

C) endometrium.

D) hymen.

E) myocardium.

42) Days 6–13 of a 28-day uterine cycle is called the

A) menstrual period.

B) proliferative phase.

C) ovulation period.

D) secretory phase.

E) fertilization period.

43) In the human female, the luteal phase is part of the

A) ovarian cycle.

B) uterine cycle.

C) sexual cycle.

D) pituitary cycle.

E) testicular cycle.

44) Which of these descriptions could be associated with the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A) low FSH → high estrogen → developing follicle → increase in uterine lining

B) high LH → high estrogen → developing follicle → uterine lining breakdown

C) decrease in LH → increase in progesterone → corpus luteum present → secretory uterine lining

D) decrease in LH → decrease in progesterone → corpus luteum present → secretory uterine lining

E) increase in LH → increase in progesterone → corpus luteum present → endometrium released

45) Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries, it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue. Young female athletes who train strenuously often find that their menstrual cycle shuts down. What would be a reasonable direct cause of this shutdown?

A) The increased need for ATP for the muscle cells deprives ATP for ovaries.

B) The increased use of ATP for muscles deprives ATP needed by the brain where the hypothalamus and pituitary control the menstrual cycle.

C) The cycle requires minimal threshold of estrogen and although the ovaries produce their regular levels, the loss of body fat would lower the estrogen level to below the threshold, thus shutting down the menstrual cycle.

D) Physical trauma to the ovaries themselves would shut down their estrogen production.

E) Less food would result in less hormone production.

46) Pregnancy occurs when

A) the sperm and the egg combine.

B) the fertilized egg implants in the ovary.

C) the developing embryo implants itself in the endometrium.

D) sperm are in the vagina.

E) sperm are in the uterus.

47) Pregnancy tests detect the presence of ________ in the urine.

A) HCG

B) progesterone

C) estrogen

D) FSH

E) LH

48) The organ that exchanges molecules between fetal and maternal blood is the

A) vagina.

B) oviduct.

C) uterus.

D) placenta.

E) mammary gland.

49) Trace the path of the sperm through the female reproductive tract.

A) vagina → uterus → oviduct → cervix

B) urethra → vagina → oviduct → cervix

C) vagina → cervix → uterus → oviduct

D) urethra → uterus → cervix → fallopian tube

E) cervix → fallopian tube → vagina → uterus

50) What two hormones influence the development of the secondary sexual characteristics of the female?

A) testosterone and estrogen

B) progesterone and estrogen

C) androgen and estrogen

D) testosterone and progesterone

E) FSH and cortisol

51) Menopause refers to the

A) menstrual phase.

B) premenstrual phase.

C) time when the menstrual phase becomes unpredictable.

D) cessation of menstruation.

E) onset of menstruation.

52) Normal human sperm and eggs are similar in which one of the following respects?

A) They have the same number of chromosomes in their nuclei.

B) They share a common form of locomotion.

C) They both contribute the same amount of cytoplasm to the zygote.

D) Approximately the same number of eggs and sperm are produced.

E) Both use meiosis to produce four sperm or four eggs from the parent cell.

53) Female birth control pills act by inhibiting the production of

A) ACTH and LH.

B) TSH and FSH.

C) ACTH and LTH.

D) FSH and LH.

E) estrogen and progesterone.

54) Of the following, which is the most effective method of birth control?

A) male condom

B) abstinence

C) female condom

D) diaphragm

E) IUD

55) Which of the following is a physical barrier method of birth control?

A) condom

B) cervical cap

C) IUD

D) diaphragm

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

56) HIV attacks

A) helper T cells.

B) Sertoli cells.

C) B lymphocytes.

D) interstitial cells.

E) follicle cells.

57) The cure for HIV is

A) vaccination.

B) changing the diet.

C) antibiotic treatment.

D) antiviral drugs.

E) not in existence yet.

58) Which of the following STDs is the result of a bacterial infection?

A) AIDS

B) herpes

C) chlamydia

D) genital warts

E) hepatitis B

59) HAART would most likely be used to treat which of the following?

A) herpes

B) syphilis

C) HIV infection

D) hepatitis

E) None of the answer choices would be treated with HAART.

60) Which of the following is the cure for herpes?

A) vaccination

B) changing the diet

C) antibiotic treatment

D) antiviral drugs

E) There is no cure.

61) A liver-damaging disease that is more likely to be contracted from sexual contact than HIV is

A) AIDS.

B) HBV.

C) chlamydia.

D) herpes.

E) gonorrhea.

62) The cure for gonorrhea is

A) vaccination.

B) changing the diet.

C) antibiotic treatment.

D) antiviral drugs.

E) A cure for gonorrhea does not exist.

63) Blindness in newborn infants occurs when the mother

A) is overweight.

B) has gonorrhea.

C) has a yeast infection.

D) has syphilis.

E) uses birth control pills without a prescription.

64) Syphilis is caused by

A) Candida albicans.

B) Trichomonas vaginalis.

C) a virus.

D) Treponema pallidum.

E) genital warts.

65) If a person had recently undergone major doses of antibiotics accompanying surgery, which STD(s) would likely be collaterally treated?

A) AIDS

B) syphilis

C) genital warts

D) HBV

E) HIV

66) A male accessory organ that often becomes enlarged in older men is the

A) testis.

B) prostate gland.

C) epididymis.

D) bulbourethral gland.

E) vas deferens.

67) A more precise term for impotency is

A) sterility.

B) frigidity.

C) sexual psychosis.

D) refractory period.

E) erectile dysfunction.

68) The impotency drug Viagra acts by

A) increasing whole body blood pressure.

B) increasing the activity of the PDE-5 enzyme.

C) increasing blood flow to the penis.

D) decreasing blood flow to the penis.

E) reducing the amount of seminal fluid.

69) A PAP smear is used to detect

A) cervical cancer.

B) ovarian cancer.

C) infertility problems.

D) sperm count.

E) AIDS.

70) Which of the following is a factor that may contribute to infertility?

A) low sperm count

B) body weight of the female

C) endometriosis

D) environmental factors

E) All of the answer choices describe factors that can contribute to infertility.

71) A sophisticated procedure where one sperm is injected into an egg is used in cases where a man has severe infertility problems. What is this procedure called?

A) artificial insemination

B) vasectomy

C) cloning

D) surrogate mothering

E) intracytoplasmic sperm injection

72) During spermatogenesis, what are the first haploid cells produced?

A) primary spermatocytes

B) spermatogonium

C) spermatids

D) sertoli cells

E) secondary spermatocytes

73) A mutation, involving luteinizing hormone, that causes a change in the enzymes contained in the acrosome, would affect

A) the production of sperm.

B) the ability of the sperm to travel to the uterus.

C) the ability of the sperm to fertilize the egg.

D) the implantation of the egg.

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

74) Preven, the first type of morning-after pill, could be taken over the period of one to three days after unprotected sex because

A) sperm do not reach the egg until the third day after intercourse.

B) the release of FSH and LH is at a relatively stable concentration until the third day after intercourse.

C) implantation of the embryo does not take place until around the third day after fertilization.

D) the placenta begins production of HCG on the third day after fertilization.

E) the corpus luteum does not develop until the third day.

75) What is the function of reverse transcriptase in the reproduction cycle of HIV?

A) to transcribe viral DNA into RNA for the production of viral proteins

B) to convert human DNA into viral DNA

C) to produce DNA from viral RNA

D) to produce enzymes that allow the virus to enter the host cell

E) to produce mRNA from viral RNA

76) HIV has a high rate of mutation because

A) HIV reverse transcriptase is likely to make errors when transcribing viral RNA into DNA.

B) because the host cell often incorrectly transcribes the viral RNA.

C) HIV infects T cells in the human immune system, allowing the virus to respond directly to changes in the immune system.

D) HIV can only replicate in a host cell.

E) HIV is a bacteria and they have a higher expected rate of mutation.

77) The inactivation of the host cell protein p53 benefits human papillomavirus (HPV)

A) by removing all of the components in the cell that can attack the infection.

B) by causing the cell to lyse and spill the viral load, allowing the virus to move to other cells.

C) because p53 is a signal to produce T cells to fight the infection.

D) by allowing the infected cell to go through repeated cell division, thus replicating the virus.

E) All of the answer choices are benefits to HPV.

78) It is likely that changes in which organ system can lead to erectile dysfunction (ED)?

A) Changes in the cardiovascular system can lead to ED because it can lead to an inadequate blood supply to the penis.

B) Changes in the endocrine system can lead to ED because this can lower the sperm count.

C) Changes in the digestive system can lead to ED because with poor digestion the body does not extract sufficient energy from food.

D) Changes in the skeletomuscular system can lead to ED because a reduction in muscle fibers will make an erection impossible.

E) Changes in the endocrine system can lead to ED because this will limit the production of testosterone.

79) In the uterine cycle, as the estrogen level in the blood rises

A) it leads to negative feedback control over the anterior pituitary secretions of FSH.

B) the proliferation phase ends.

C) it leads to a large amount of GnRH from secretions of the hypothalamus.

D) the proliferation phase ends and it leads to negative feedback control over the anterior pituitary secretions of FSH.

E) the proliferation phase ends, which leads to negative feedback control over the anterior pituitary secretions of FSH as well as the production of a large amount of GnRH from secretions of the hypothalamus.

80) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Viagra acts to increase blood flow to the penis during sexual arousal.

B) BPH, a benign prostatic hyperplasia, is suspected when men have a more frequent urge to urinate and produce a weaker stream of urine.

C) Prostate enlargement is often due to the presence of a normal hormone (5-alpha reductase) present at an inappropriate time in development.

D) Enlargement of the prostate puts pressure on the vas urethra, leading to difficulty urinating.

E) All of the answer choices are true.

81) Why might men who have a heart condition be warned against taking Viagra?

A) Viagra can cause the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to another heart attack.

B) Viagra blocks the arteries to the heart in order to redirect blood to the penis.

C) Blood pressure falls when Viagra directs blood flow to the penis.

D) Viagra inhibits the immune system and this can open up the heart to increased infection rates.

E) Viagra slows the beating of the heart and this could result in a heart attack.

82) During arousal, the vagina will secrete a lubricating fluid.

83) The refractory period after a female orgasm is significantly longer than that of a male.

84) The only 100% method of preventing pregnancy and the transmission of STDs is the use of a male condom along with a spermicidal jelly.

85) Which of the following birth control methods is generally effective in preventing pregnancy as well as the spread of many STDs?

A) male condom

B) coitus interruptus

C) spermicidal jellies

D) vaginal film

E) intrauterine device

86) The female condom is effective in preventing pregnancy as well as the transmission of many sexually transmitted diseases.

87) Chlamydia is a common STD that can be treated by appropriate antibiotics.

88) Which of the following is a class of antiretroviral drugs that is currently available?

A) reverse transcriptase inhibitors

B) protease inhibitors

C) fusion/entry inhibitors

D) integrase inhibitors

E) All of the answer choices are classes of antiretroviral drugs that are currently available.

89) List four structures involved in the production of seminal fluid and the component of seminal fluid that they produce.

90) Which reproductive technology involves having a physician place the man's sperm into the woman's vagina in an attempt to fertilize her egg?

A) artificial insemination

B) in vitro fertilization

C) gamete intrafallopian transfer

D) surrogate mother

E) intracytoplasmic sperm injection

91) List and describe the function of five of the female reproductive organs.

92) List and briefly describe several assisted reproductive technologies that can help infertile couples have children.

93) If a person believes that they have contracted a STD, taking antibiotics may or may not cure them. Antibiotics would be useless against which of the following STDs?

A) genital herpes

B) chlamydia

C) gonorrhea

D) syphilis

E) All of the answer choices can be cured with antibiotics.