Identity Ch.8 Exam Questions 12th Edition

Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)

Chapter 8 Identity

1) Identity formation is best seen as a

A) series of interrelated developments.

B) single developmental issue.

C) discrete quantitative switch.

D) movement into a new and different person.

2) Researchers have identified which of the following factors as a critical component of the development of identity during adolescence?

A) self-esteem

B) self-determinism

C) self-censorship

D) self-regulation

3) Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?

A) An identity crisis occurs during late childhood and early adolescence.

B) A sense of identity emerges for the first time during adolescence.

C) Identity development is one of the inevitable changes of puberty, but most young people struggle during this time.

D) Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to alter how they view and feel about themselves.

4) Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of

A) imagining their possible selves.

B) future orientation.

C) self-concept.

D) identity formation.

5) Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of

A) self-conception.

B) self-esteem.

C) self-attribution.

D) self-control.

6) Kikko strongly dislikes country music but told Keith, who is a big country music fan and her latest love interest, that country music is her favorite and that she would love to go with him to a country music concert. This type of behavior is called

A) the negative identity.

B) code switching.

C) identity confusion.

D) false-self behavior.

7) Someone who often engages in false-self behavior is relatively likely to

A) report more emotional support from parents and peers.

B) have high self-esteem.

C) report depressive symptoms.

D) report feeling satisfied with life.

8) Adolescents are most likely to behave ________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ________ behavior with close friends.

A) authentically; inauthentic

B) authentically; authentic

C) inauthentically; false-self

D) inauthentically; true-self

9) Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their

A) friends.

B) parents.

C) dates.

D) siblings.

10) Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects

A) the drive toward positive self-esteem.

B) the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

C) a false sense of self-concept.

D) an imbalance between the "big five" personality dimensions.

11) As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more

A) negative.

B) optimistic.

C) disorganized.

D) differentiated.

12) Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?

A) "I am a complicated person."

B) "Most people think I'm very secure, but really I'm pretty shy."

C) "I am a girl. I have two brothers. I like to read."

D) "I am honest. I am helpful. I am friendly."

13) Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

A) Adolescents tend to view the self as involving fewer dimensions than children do.

B) Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves.

C) The child's self varies over time and across situations.

D) When asked to describe themselves, adolescents are more likely to list their possessions than their personal qualities.

14) When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more

A) contradictory.

B) logical.

C) differentiated.

D) intensified.

15) Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to researchers, Gwen is focusing on her

A) identity.

B) self-conception.

C) self-esteem.

D) socialization.

16) Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely to

A) be depressed.

B) achieve more in school.

C) have lots of friends.

D) to be foreclosed.

17) An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is to be able to balance one's ________ self with one's ________ self.

A) actual; other

B) actual; feared

C) ideal; feared

D) ideal; other

18) Sean is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and has low self-esteem. What would a modern researcher most likely say about the connection between these two conditions?

A) False-self behavior generally leads to low self-esteem.

B) Low self-esteem often triggers false-self behavior in adolescents.

C) There is no relation between false-self behavior and low self-esteem.

D) False-front behavior may cause low self-esteem or vice versa.

19) Which of these is one of the "big five" personality dimensions that many researchers use?

A) depression

B) agreeableness

C) self-esteem

D) selfishness

20) What does the five-factor model describe?

A) research methodology

B) personality dimensions

C) false-self behavior

D) self-esteem dimensions

21) The parents of 14-year-old Ignacio call him the mayor of the neighborhood because he knows almost everyone by name. He enjoys talking with friends and strangers and doesn't mind hearing about their problems. Which of the "big five" personality dimensions is Ignacio showing?

A) conscientiousness and openness to experience

B) extraversion and agreeableness

C) neuroticism and conscientiousness

D) agreeableness and neuroticism

22) What does it mean to say that "we grow more like ourselves every day"?

A) As adolescents age, their personalities become more like those of their peers.

B) People are drawn to settings and situations where they can challenge themselves by trying new things.

C) As adolescents age, they become more like their parents and grandparents.

D) People are drawn to situations and settings that reward them for the traits they already have.

23) Jamil is highly organized. Which dimension of the five-factor model measures this quality in him?

A) extroversion

B) agreeableness

C) neuroticism

D) conscientiousness

24) In general, how much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

A) They are usually quite different.

B) There tend to be a few major changes.

C) They usually remain about the same.

D) There is no general pattern.

25) According to personality research, there is evidence that between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals tend to become

A) more extraverted and less conscientious.

B) less extraverted and more agreeable.

C) more emotionally stable and more resilient.

D) less agreeable and more emotionally stable.

26) Temperament and personality tend to become ________ as we ________.

A) stable; take more classes

B) unstable; get older

C) more stable; get older

D) unstable; take more classes

27) Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-perceptions is true?

A) Early adolescent girls' self-esteem is higher than that of same-age boys.

B) Early adolescent girls have lower self-consciousness than same-age boys.

C) Early adolescent boys have a shakier self-image than same-age girls.

D) Early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys.

28) Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be

A) impulsive.

B) angry.

C) anxious.

D) well-adjusted.

29) Which of the following is a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-esteem?

A) Their levels of egocentrism are steadily increasing.

B) They are learning that it is usually possible to tell what people are thinking based on what they say.

C) The opinions of peers take on increased importance in early adolescence.

D) Early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior.

30) Most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves

A) globally, in terms of their overall personalities.

B) along several distinct dimensions, such as academics, athletics, and moral behavior.

C) in constant comparison to their peers and their ideal self.

D) both globally and along several distinct dimensions.

31) Researchers would most likely say that the statement "Adolescence is a time of storm and stress" is

A) overly optimistic.

B) a wise assessment.

C) provably inaccurate.

D) a useful cliché.

32) Findings from research studies have found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image happen

A) during the transition into adolescence.

B) during middle adolescence.

C) over the course of late adolescence.

D) during the transition from late adolescence to adulthood.

33) When considering older adolescents (15 years and older) and early adolescents (8- to 11-year-olds), which of the following statements is true?

A) Early adolescents tend to experience a sharp increase in self-esteem.

B) Self-esteem usually becomes more stable as adolescents grow older.

C) On average, early adolescents are less self-conscious than older adolescents are.

D) Most early adolescents have a particularly stable self-image.

34) During early adolescence, Cathy had a relatively stable self-image. As she enters late adolescence, Cathy's self-image is likely to

A) fluctuate greatly from one day to the next.

B) remain stable.

C) change dramatically, then stabilize.

D) change dramatically, then continue to fluctuate.

35) How positively or negatively an individual feels about himself or herself defines

A) self-regulation.

B) self-esteem.

C) self-attribution.

D) self-idealization.

36) According to researchers, a young adolescent who has ________ is also likely to report high levels of anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems.

A) a volatile self-image

B) high self-esteem

C) low self-consciousness

D) a stable level of agreeableness

37) According to researchers, which of the following might make a young adolescent especially vulnerable to the effects of stress?

A) constantly changing self-image

B) low sense of self-worth

C) egocentrism

D) impression management

38) Dewayne's parents are worried that as he enters adolescence, his self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Dewayne's parents expect the most fluctuations in his self-image?

A) when he is 8–11 years old

B) when he is 12–14 years old

C) when he is 15–18 years old

D) when he is 19–21 years old

39) Alice has high academic self-esteem, whereas Loriann has high physical appearance self-esteem. According to researchers, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?

A) Loriann

B) Alice

C) Loriann and Alice will most likely have equally high self-esteem.

D) There is not enough information to answer this question.

40) Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of an individual's overall self-esteem?

A) athletic ability

B) academic ability

C) physical appearance self-esteem

D) moral behavior and development

41) Although research indicates that physical appearance self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' overall self-esteem,

A) adolescents say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves.

B) adolescents who are not conventionally attractive instead base their self-esteem on other factors.

C) young boys appear to be more concerned than girls about their own physical attractiveness.

D) older adolescents tend to make issues of moral development and independence the most important factor.

42) Which adolescent's global self-esteem is most likely to be affected by his or her academic success?

A) John, a White adolescent

B) Mary, an Asian-American adolescent

C) Justin, a Mexican-American adolescent

D) Virginia, a Black adolescent

43) Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?

A) White females

B) White males

C) Black females

D) Black males

44) Bethany is transitioning from elementary into junior high school, and Emma will be starting her senior year of high school in the fall. According to research, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

A) Bethany

B) Emily

C) Both are equally likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem.

D) Neither is likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem.

45) Which adolescent is likely to be the most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image?

A) Carol, a 13-year-old female

B) Catherine, an 18-year-old female

C) Carl, a 13-year-old male

D) Carlton, an 18-year-old male

46) According to researchers, because ________ girls do not feel as ________ about their appearance as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have ________ overall self-esteem.

A) White; negatively; higher

B) White; insecure; lower

C) Black; negatively; higher

D) Black; positively; lower

47) Susan is a White, female adolescent. As such, she is ________ likely to experience disturbances to her ________ than most other adolescents.

A) less; self-concept

B) more; self-image

C) less; possible selves

D) more; future orientation

48) Which of the following is one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Blacks, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?"

A) Black teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in their communities.

B) Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them.

C) Very few Black adolescents have experienced racism.

D) A weak sense of ethnic identity among Black adolescents prevents harm to their self-esteem.

49) Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

A) Having high self-esteem boosts scholastic achievement.

B) High achievement in school boosts self-esteem.

C) High achievement in school and high self-esteem are inversely related.

D) High achievement in school and high self-esteem are unrelated.

50) Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem, perhaps because involvement in delinquency ________.

A) an increase; earns teenagers approval from certain peers

B) a decrease; leads to social isolation

C) stability; has no effect on an adolescent's self-image

D) sudden fluctuations; is dynamic and unpredictable

51) Tony and Jeff, both Black adolescents, attend different schools. Tony attends a school where his ethnic group is in the majority and Jeff attends a predominantly White school. What do studies predict about Tony and Jeff's self-perception?

A) Tony will have fewer self-image problems than Jeff.

B) Tony will have more self-image problems than Jeff.

C) Both Tony and Jeff will have high self-esteem.

D) Both Tony and Jeff will have low self-esteem.

52) Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

A) balancing a sense of trust with a sense of mistrust

B) developing a sense of autonomy and the ability to do things for oneself

C) establishing a coherent sense of identity

D) developing intimate personal relationships

53) According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called

A) basic trust versus mistrust.

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

C) industry versus inferiority.

D) identity versus identity diffusion.

54) Jessica is 15 years old and spends considerable energy wondering who she is and what kind of person she will become. Erikson would describe her as facing the crisis called

A) basic trust versus mistrust.

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

C) industry versus inferiority.

D) identity versus identity diffusion.

55) The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is

A) identity achievement.

B) family relationships.

C) interactions with others.

D) peer relationships.

56) Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?

A) Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

B) Teresa, who has a moderate number of alternatives available to her in a few different arenas

C) Jay, who has few alternatives available to him and is expected to follow in his father's footsteps

D) Sarah, whose religion insists that women remain at home and raise families

57) According to Erikson, a necessary "time-out" for adolescents is called

A) a psychosocial moratorium.

B) a period of crystallization.

C) deindividuation.

D) a period of separation.

58) Bruce, a second-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is most likely in a state of

A) psychological confusion.

B) crystallization.

C) deindividuation.

D) psychosocial moratorium.

59) Problems in identity development can result when

A) earlier crises have not been resolved.

B) an adolescent's environment does not allow for a period of foreclosure.

C) the adolescent has to endure a period of moratorium.

D) the adolescent has not yet experienced the crisis of generativity.

60) Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called

A) false-self behavior.

B) moratorium.

C) identity diffusion.

D) marginal identity.

61) James has flunked out of high school, has severed all his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing

A) identity diffusion.

B) negative identity.

C) identity foreclosure.

D) psychosocial moratorium.

62) Sixteen-year-old Geneva believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but she has accepted this view as her own. This pattern of following what her parents and peers say and do is pervasive throughout most of her beliefs and behaviors. Which identity state do you think Geneva is in?

A) achievement

B) foreclosure

C) diffusion

D) moratorium

63) Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Edith has most likely adopted a

A) false-self behavior.

B) negative peer culture.

C) negative identity.

D) gender-variant behavior set.

64) Adolescents who are in which identity state are most psychologically healthy, according to researchers?

A) identity maximization

B) identity foreclosure

C) identity achievement

D) identity moratorium

65) Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is

A) warm but not excessively constraining.

B) cool but not excessively demanding.

C) emotionally neutral and focused on achievement.

D) warm but discouraging of individuality.

66) Across all the identity development frameworks, what is a common factor related to healthy development?

A) having authoritarian parents who focus on measurable achievement

B) having a high self-esteem and positive self-regard

C) a period of experimentation and exploration before finalizing choices

D) exploration in depth and exploration in breadth

67) Which identity status is associated with a coherent sense of identity?

A) achievement

B) foreclosure

C) moratorium

D) diffusion

68) What is the most accurate way to describe movement through the four identity states?

A) Progression through the states has a preconceived, orderly sequence.

B) Individuals move from state to state, but not necessarily in an orderly fashion.

C) Conflicts in each state must be satisfied before moving to next state.

D) Each state has developmental tasks that need to be solved, and failure to successfully navigate a state will halt development.

69) Generalizing from research on identity states, which of these individuals is most likely to show authoritarian traits and have the highest need for social approval?

A) Sanjay, identity achieved

B) Ann, identity diffusion

C) Michele, psychosocial moratorium

D) Tara, identity foreclosed

70) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity achieved state?

A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration

C) Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration

D) Francis, who has made identity commitments, but only after a period of exploration

71) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity foreclosure state?

A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration

C) Brandon, who is in the middle of a period of exploration

D) Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity, but only after a period of exploration

72) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state?

A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration

C) Brandon, who is in the middle of a period of exploration

D) Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity, but only after a period of exploration

73) Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Anya, an adolescent who approaches identity-related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks data?

A) informational orientation

B) normative orientation

C) diffuse/avoidant orientation

D) rational orientation

74) Researchers believe that some adolescents forge a sense of self-definition in a difficult environment by

A) selecting a negative identity.

B) staying away from drugs and alcohol.

C) engaging in identity moratorium.

D) engaging in identity foreclosure.

75) Which of these statements would the researcher Erik Erikson most likely agree with?

A) Most adolescents achieve a balanced and coherent sense of identity quite easily.

B) Each adolescent goes through one major psychosocial crisis.

C) Whenever possible, adolescents must be protected from psychosocial crises.

D) Psychosocial crises are a necessary part of adolescent development.

76) A sense of identity is typically crystallized

A) in early adolescence.

B) throughout the adolescent period.

C) in late adolescence.

D) in late adolescence to the early 20s.

77) As a psychology student, you attend a panel discussion that features a psychologist who follows Erik Erikson's theoretical framework and a psychiatrist who is interested in the four identity states. Based on what you have read in the chapter, how would you expect these two experts to react to each other?

A) The psychologist will most likely focus on teens' relationships with parents, while the psychiatrist will most likely focus on teens' relationships with peers.

B) They are likely to have dissimilar views of early childhood development.

C) The psychologist will most likely focus on quantitative research, and the psychiatrist will most likely focus on qualitative research.

D) They are likely to have similar views of adolescent development.

78) As part of a research project, you interview high-school seniors. One senior, Manny, tells you that his mom is a shop steward at the local car manufacturer and will likely get him a job there when he graduates. For this reason, he shows no interest in attending college, joining the military, or starting his own business. Which identity state most accurately describes Manny?

A) identity diffusion

B) identity achievement

C) identity moratorium

D) identity foreclosure

79) Have attempts to speed up the identity development process by training individuals to think more about how specific life events have played a role in their development been effective?

A) Yes, adolescents can be trained to crystallize their sense of identity.

B) No, these training programs have been ineffective.

C) The results of these training programs have been mixed.

D) These types of training programs are unethical and thus have not been attempted.

80) What do the results from longitudinal studies on identity development indicate about the flexibility of identity statuses?

A) The majority of adolescents who were classified as being in a state of identity diffusion were still classified that way four years later.

B) The majority of individuals who had apparently foreclosed the identity development process were in the midst of an identity crisis four years later.

C) A large proportion of individuals who were classified as being in a state of identity achievement remained classified that way at later time-points.

D) For adolescents, states of achievement and foreclosure tend to be permanent.

81) Chloe, who is seventeen years old, says, "My mom keeps bugging me to apply to colleges, but I really don't want to think about it. I probably won't apply to any until the last minute." Which of these terms best describes Chloe?

A) informational

B) information-resistant

C) diffuse/avoidant

D) anti-moratorium

82) Which of the following statements about identity development is true?

A) A coherent sense of identity generally is established before the age of 18.

B) Boys tend to lag behind girls in identity development in early and middle adolescence but catch up by late adolescence.

C) There is clearly an increase with age in the proportion of individuals who are in a state of moratorium, diffusion, or achievement.

D) The sense of identity begins to crystallize in most people around age 12.

83) With regard to adolescent identity development, psychologists are much better at ________ than at ________.

A) describing the various stages that adolescents move through; explaining why or how individuals' sense of identity changes when it does

B) explaining why or how individuals' sense of identity changes across development; describing the various stages that adolescents move through

C) describing the identity states of achievement and moratorium; describing the identity states of diffusion and foreclosure

D) describing the identity states of diffusion and foreclosure; describing the identity states of achievement and moratorium

84) Moving through the early stages of ethnic identity development may be more successful if parents teach their children

A) to ignore society's conflicting messages about race.

B) to respect their elders.

C) to attend church regularly.

D) about dealing with racism.

85) Which of these approaches would a researcher say is most likely to help a student who believes she has been discriminated against by her classmates?

A) Encourage her to make friends with older students rather than with younger ones.

B) Encourage her to make friends with boys rather than girls.

C) Give her opportunities to make friends with students from her own ethnic group.

D) Give her opportunities to make friends with students from other ethnic groups.

86) Awareness of racism is associated with ________, while mistrust is associated with ________.

A) better achievement; doing poorly in school

B) doing poorly in school; low self-esteem

C) low self-esteem; better achievement

D) doing poorly in school; better achievement

87) Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience which of these?

A) a belief that people in their life have succeeded academically

B) a connection to an ethnic group other than their own

C) a belief that people in their life want them to succeed academically

D) little or no awareness of racism

88) Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform

A) better in school, but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior.

B) worse in school, but are less likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

C) better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior.

D) worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

89) What is the immigrant paradox?

A) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

B) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school and are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

C) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school but are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

D) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

90) Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, White adolescents are more likely to

A) identify with a region or neighborhood rather than a country.

B) have a stronger sense of ethnic identity.

C) avoid using "panethnic" labels to describe themselves.

D) identify themselves as "American" rather than with a specific heritage label.

91) Ethnic socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is one of these themes?

A) rejecting mainstream society

B) dealing with racism

C) intolerance of the majority culture

D) understanding many other cultures

92) Research has shown that ethnic socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with

A) having negative attitudes about other ethnic groups.

B) faster identity development among adolescents.

C) problematic interracial relations.

D) positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

93) According to one study, how many biracial adolescents changed their racial self-identification within a four-year period?

A) nearly 25%

B) nearly 50%

C) nearly 75%

D) nearly 100%

94) Why is it considered a paradox that young people who have recently immigrated to the United States tend to do better academically than young people of the same ethnic group whose parents were born in the United States?

A) People who immigrate to another country are likely to perform well academically.

B) Immigration is usually stressful socially, academically, and psychologically.

C) Emigration and immigration have different social, academic, and psychological outcomes.

D) Emigrants usually perform better than immigrants in studies of social well-being.

95) Researchers have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among minorities. This model is called

A) the racial centrality model of identity.

B) the multicultural model of discrimination.

C) the multidimensional model of racial identity.

D) the multitrait multimethod model of discrimination.

96) Adolescents whose parents are from different ethnic or racial groups are known as ________ adolescents.

A) multilingual

B) culture brokering

C) monocultural

D) multiethnic

97) Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children

A) who fare better in the face of discrimination.

B) who fare worse in the face of discrimination.

C) who are more prepared for the "real world."

D) who are more accepting of discrimination.

98) Researchers have found that Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their ethnic group typically

A) are more sensitive to racial cues.

B) are less sensitive to racial cues.

C) have low private regard.

D) have high private regard.

99) Monica believes that people from other ethnic groups dislike and distrust her and other members of the ethnic group that she identifies with. What term would a researcher use to describe this belief?

A) racial disaggregation

B) racial centrality

C) private regard

D) public regard

100) Researchers say that one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is that adolescents who feel discriminated against

A) in school may feel less control over their academic achievement, which may lead to feelings of depression.

B) put less effort into their schoolwork, which may lead to feelings of worthlessness and self-hatred.

C) isolate themselves from their families, which may lead to feelings of despair.

D) are afraid to present their "true self," which may lead to difficulties with peers.

101) Among ethnic minority adolescents, positive mental health is associated with

A) having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and feeling separate from the mainstream culture.

B) separating from one's own ethnic heritage but having strong positive feelings about mainstream culture.

C) having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage while remaining involved in mainstream culture.

D) separating from both one's own ethnic heritage and mainstream culture.

102) Which of these is a likely reason that researchers are spending more time and effort studying multiethnic adolescents?

A) More multiethnic children are being born.

B) Adolescents who identify with more than one ethnic or racial group are becoming rare.

C) Researchers did not understand the negative effects of prejudice until recently.

D) Fewer multiethnic children are being born.

103) Your professor has asked you to take part in a study that will examine moral development in male and female adolescents. Based on previous research, which of these conclusions would you expect to see in this new research?

A) Moral development will probably become more complex in boys over time and less complex in girls over time.

B) There will probably be more differences in moral development between boys-only groups and girls-only groups than there will be within groups of boys and groups of girls.

C) There will probably be more differences in moral development within groups of boys and groups of girls than there will be between boys-only groups and girls-only groups.

D) Moral development will probably become less complex in boys over time and more complex in girls over time.

104) Based on research, which of these labels best describes the psychological differences between men and women?

A) relatively minor

B) surprisingly persistent

C) wide-ranging and dramatic

D) mostly unstudied

105) Which of the following statements regarding transgender adolescents is true?

A) It is more common for youth labeled as women to identify as being transsexual men than for youth labeled as men to identify as being transsexual women.

B) Transgender youths have about the same levels of self-reported eating disorders as other teenagers.

C) Transgender youth who have transitioned socially report high levels of suicidal ideation.

D) Relatively little research has been conducted into the psychological development and mental health of transgender adolescents.

106) One’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender is called

A) multiethnicity.

B) gender identity.

C) sexual orientation.

D) gender role behavior.

107) The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporarily increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls, is called the ________ hypothesis.

A) gender intensification

B) self-image stability

C) sex-role stereotyping

D) androgyny

108) Recently, Maddie, a 15-year-old female from the United States, has begun wearing more makeup and is choosing to wear dresses rather than jeans or tracksuits. What would a psychologist probably call this behavior?

A) sex-specific amelioration

B) gender pressure

C) gender-variant behavior

D) gender-stereotypic behavior

109) Sophia and Emma believe that being attractive to boys and men is an important part of a teenage girl's identity. Which of these terms would a researcher most likely use to describe Sophia and Emma?

A) sexualized

B) divergent

C) gender-aware

D) hyperfeminine

110) Noah and Ava are teenagers. In which situation are they likely to face the most pressure from their peers and from adults in their lives?

A) Ava acts in a way that others do not consider to be stereotypically masculine or feminine.

B) Noah acts in a way that others do not consider to be stereotypically masculine or feminine.

C) Noah acts in a way that others consider to be stereotypically feminine.

D) Ava acts in a way that others consider to be stereotypically masculine.

111) In one study, girls believed that other girls who had highly sexualized Facebook photos were ________ than other girls whose Facebook photos were not as highly sexualized.

A) more socially attractive

B) more physically attractive

C) less competent

D) less trustworthy

112) Boys who have a more traditionally masculine orientation also score higher in feelings of

A) identity crisis.

B) identity development.

C) self-rejection.

D) self-acceptance.

113) Which adolescent male would researchers expect to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Paul, who is extremely masculine

B) David, who is extremely feminine

C) Roger, whose sexuality is ambiguous

D) Donald, who is both masculine and feminine

114) Which of the following statements regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence is true?

A) In recent years, gender-role socialization has all but disappeared.

B) Girls' gender-role socialization is more intense than boys' gender-role socialization.

C) Boys' gender-role socialization is very intense from childhood on.

D) In recent years, gender-role socialization has become much more intense for boys and girls.

115) How do self-conceptions change between childhood and late adolescence? Be sure to define the term "self-conception" and describe how adolescents use abstraction, differentiation, and organization to describe themselves. Give an example of how each of these three qualities affects self-conception.

116) Sarah is an 18-year-old female from Detroit. She admits that she behaves in completely different ways depending on whether she is at school, on a date, with her family, or with her close friends. Based on research, how would you describe Sarah's incongruent behaviors?

117) Has research on Erikson's theory of adolescent identity development supported his original theory? How do identity status researchers get their data? What have these studies found that is (or is not) consistent with Erikson's theory? What do the psychological profiles look like for individuals in each of the identity states?

118) As you join some friends for coffee, they are discussing a group of classmates who seem to have problems with their identity development. Some of these classmates seem to have a rather incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of who they are; one seems to have made no exploration at all in any areas of his development and just does what his parents tell him, which he says is fine with him; and a couple of others behave in ways that are obviously contrary to social norms and mores. Your friends turn to you to ask if there are classifications to describe these behaviors and how they might have developed. What do you tell them?

119) Below is a statement from a Native American adolescent. Analyze the passage below and explain what it indicates about this adolescent's identity development. (HINT: What would identity development research derived from the work of Erikson and later researchers say?)

120) Describe how the identity development of minority adolescents differs from the identity development of White adolescents. What unique challenges do minority adolescents, including multiethnic and foreign-born adolescents, face? How do minorities respond to these challenges? Be sure to describe the pathways related to positive and negative outcomes among minority youth.

121) You have been asked to address a group of high school teachers who are concerned about gender-role socialization in high school. They understand that there is increased pressure on adolescents to act in certain ways. They also want you to address any other issues on this topic that you believe are relevant, so they will be able to come up with a program to help their students move as smoothly as possible through adolescence.