12th Edition Test Bank Docx Chapter.9 Autonomy

Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)

Chapter 9 Autonomy

1) The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called

A) rebellion.

B) autonomy.

C) detachment.

D) morality.

2) Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish

A) autonomy.

B) responsibility.

C) maturity.

D) self-reliance.

3) Whereas ________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

A) independence; self-sufficiency

B) autonomy; independence

C) independence; autonomy

D) autonomy; self-sufficiency

4) Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is true?

A) Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.

B) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive.

C) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is rather dramatic.

D) The development of adolescent autonomy mainly involves acting independently.

5) An adolescent's desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects

A) adolescents' competitiveness with their same-sex parent.

B) an individual's desire to live in an environment with the least amount of competition for key resources.

C) an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity for reproduction outside the family.

D) a desire to seek a better living environment than the one in which the adolescent was raised.

6) The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that

A) adolescents today are more economically dependent than in previous times yet have fewer responsibilities than their peers in previous eras.

B) whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.

C) whereas adolescence extends longer today than it did in previous eras, today's adolescents are more autonomous than in previous times.

D) adolescence is shorter today than in previous eras, but today's adolescents are expected to be less psychologically and socially autonomous from their parents.

7) Many young people find it frustrating that

A) they feel emotionally independent but must abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically.

B) their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age.

C) they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues.

D) they are working the same jobs as some adults but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults.

8) Issues of autonomy

A) are typically resolved during toddlerhood.

B) are typically resolved during adolescence.

C) are typically resolved in early adulthood.

D) recur throughout the life span.

9) Which of the following is one theory as to why individuals develop autonomy during adolescence?

A) The physical changes of puberty trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home.

B) Puberty drives the adolescent toward increasing emotional dependence on the family.

C) Individuals develop a system of values based on rules and authority during adolescence.

D) Adolescents are capable of less abstract thinking and unable to weigh different perspectives.

10) Juanita has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that drinking is wrong and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What of the three types of autonomy is Juanita exhibiting?

A) behavioral

B) emotional

C) cognitive

D) psychosocial

11) Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?

A) behavioral

B) emotional

C) cognitive

D) psychosocial

12) Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

A) behavioral autonomy

B) psychosocial autonomy

C) emotional autonomy

D) cognitive autonomy

13) As Da-Xia moves into adolescence, her opinions begin to differ from those of her parents. She realizes that her parents are not always right and is starting to develop her own values. Which type of autonomy is Da-Xia developing?

A) behavioral autonomy

B) psychosocial autonomy

C) emotional autonomy

D) cognitive autonomy

14) Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?

A) behavioral autonomy

B) psychosocial autonomy

C) emotional autonomy

D) cognitive autonomy

15) Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed, and they can confide in Karen more than they used to. What type of autonomy is Karen developing?

A) emotional

B) cognitive

C) behavioral

D) psychosocial

16) Which of the following examples reflects the development of emotional autonomy in an adolescent-parent relationship?

A) Dima talks to his father about everything and sees his father the ultimate authority on politics, relationships, and life in general.

B) Although Mila has a few friends from school, she spends little time on relationships outside her family. Mila is mostly emotionally invested in her parents.

C) When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice.

D) Haziq's parents do not confide in him. Haziq is usually preoccupied with his own feelings and unable to sympathize when his mother and father are having a difficult day.

17) In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as

A) detachment.

B) separation anxiety.

C) distinction.

D) individuation.

18) Which of the following examples describes the psychoanalytic theory of detachment?

A) During puberty Lazar is always fighting with his father. He stops confiding in his parents and turns solely to his friends for support.

B) As Mayuree begins adolescence, she frequently bickers with her parents, but she still talks to her mother when she needs support.

C) Lashawn relies less on his mother than he did when he was younger. He takes more responsibility for his own actions and decisions.

D) Susan's relationship with her father is changing. She is beginning to think of him more as a friend than an authority figure.

19) Which statement regarding autonomy development best fits with Anna Freud's theory?

A) The physical changes of puberty cause little disruption in the family system.

B) Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members.

C) Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.

D) Intrapsychic conflicts arise from ambivalent feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex.

20) In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is in the process of

A) autonomy.

B) individuation.

C) self-evaluation.

D) detachment.

21) Research indicates that ________ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas ________ has positive effects.

A) dependence; detachment

B) detachment; individuation

C) individuation; dependence

D) individuation; detachment

22) Which of the following parenting behaviors encourages healthy adolescent individuation?

A) having rigidly enforced rules until the adolescent has developed autonomy

B) providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships

C) accepting that conflict and hostility are a normal part of the parent-child relationship

D) providing few guidelines so the adolescent develops their own standards for behavior

23) Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing

A) individuation.

B) detachment.

C) self-esteem.

D) de-idealization.

24) Which of the following statements about emotional autonomy is true?

A) Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships, rather than detachment.

B) Children tend to be closer to their parents emotionally in early adolescence than during childhood.

C) An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in the development of emotional autonomy.

D) Adolescents cannot develop emotional autonomy without detachment from their parents.

25) Which of the following is a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy?

A) Adolescents become more likely to believe their parents are all-knowing.

B) Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents.

C) Adolescents become less attached to relationships outside the family.

D) When something goes wrong, adolescents assume their parents will "fix everything."

26) Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

A) Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems.

B) Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful.

C) Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

D) Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

27) Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong, and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't used to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating

A) rebellion.

B) de-idealization.

C) detachment.

D) responsibility.

28) As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they tend to

A) increasingly view lying to their parents as unacceptable.

B) improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected.

C) lie to their parents more and more often.

D) realize that their parents frequently lied to them when they were children.

29) Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is true?

A) As adolescents develop this ability, they become more emotionally distant from their families.

B) This aspect of emotional autonomy often develops later in adolescents' relations with their fathers than with their mothers.

C) After puberty, adolescents clearly see their parents as individuals and not just as parents.

D) High-schoolers are much better at seeing their parents as individuals than middle-schoolers.

30) Kalyani spends a lot of time with her boyfriend, but she also makes sure she has enough time at home to relax and get her homework done. Kalyani most likely

A) lies to her parents and feels distant from them.

B) argues frequently with her parents and relies on her peers for support.

C) balances autonomy and connectedness in her relationship with her parents.

D) sees her parents as individuals and not merely as parents.

31) Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?

A) puberty

B) identity development

C) detaching from parents

D) seeing parents as people

32) Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage ________ and ________.

A) individuation; emotional closeness

B) individuation; emotional distance

C) detachment; emotional distance

D) independence; interdependence

33) Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by ________ family relationships.

A) constraining

B) authoritarian

C) close

D) distant

34) During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report which of the following?

A) better communication with their parents

B) more strained family relationships

C) lower levels of satisfaction with their family relationship

D) less affection for their parents

35) Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being

A) emotionally distant and permissive.

B) overprotective and intrusive.

C) authoritative and critical.

D) autocratic and harsh.

36) Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

A) authoritarian

B) indulgent

C) authoritative

D) indifferent

37) Kiana believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kiana is probably from

A) a permissive home.

B) an authoritarian home.

C) an authoritative home.

D) an indifferent home.

38) When Ramesh gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Ramesh relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Ramesh is probably from an

A) indulgent home.

B) authoritarian home.

C) authoritative home.

D) autocratic home.

39) Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy likely to affect Michelle?

A) Michelle will be emotionally detached from her parents.

B) Michelle will be genuinely autonomous.

C) Michelle will frequently lie to her parents.

D) Michelle's will have a close relationship with her parents.

40) Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

A) authoritarian

B) autocratic

C) authoritative

D) indulgent

41) Craig's parents were permissive when he was a child and mostly let him spend his time as he liked. Now that he is 14, they are becoming stricter. They do not let him make decisions about what to do with his free time, and they closely monitor his activities. How is Craig likely to respond to this shift?

A) He will confide in his parents more and rely less on his peers.

B) He will decide to spend more time on schoolwork.

C) He will withdraw from his family and friends.

D) He will resist obeying his parents' rules.

42) With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. These improvements seem to be due to which of the following?

A) the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards

B) being more drawn to the potential benefits of a decision than the potential costs

C) decreases in self-regulation during middle and late adolescence

D) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

43) Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become

A) less likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision.

B) more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices.

C) less likely to control their impulses.

D) more influenced by anticipated rewards.

44) When researchers have used brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, they have found that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to ________ intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than in adulthood.

A) rewards are more

B) rewards are less

C) punishment are more

D) punishment are less

45) Before Hila fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Hila also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Hila demonstrating?

A) cognitive autonomy

B) behavioral autonomy

C) emotional autonomy

D) psychosocial autonomy

46) According to research on adolescent "reward sensitivity," who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow rather than receive $1,000 a year from now?

A) 10- to 11-year-olds

B) 14- to 15-year-olds

C) 16- to 17-year-olds

D) 22- to 25-year-olds

47) Between early and late adolescence, individuals increase in their

A) susceptibility to their peers' opinions.

B) ability to seek and evaluate the advice of others.

C) sensitivity to immediate rewards.

D) emotionally influenced, risky decision making.

48) When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to recommend that the person

A) remain silent.

B) demand a lawyer.

C) confess.

D) blame someone else.

49) Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because

A) the basic cognitive abilities necessary to make such decisions are mature by the age of 16.

B) it will help them to develop behavioral autonomy.

C) they are at an age where they could legally become emancipated.

D) they are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

50) Emilio is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Emilio most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

A) where to take his girlfriend on a date

B) the issue of capital punishment

C) the choice of religious affiliation

D) the value of a college education

51) Peers usually have more influence than parents over adolescents' decisions regarding

A) work.

B) education.

C) social matters.

D) moral issues.

52) Research comparing the decision-making abilities of young adults with people in their mid-20s has found that the young adults demonstrate ________ self-control than the people in their mid-20s when the two groups are ________.

A) better; calm

B) better; emotionally aroused

C) worse; calm

D) worse; emotionally aroused

53) Otis, a 17-year-old male, is most likely to be influenced by the opinions of his parents when dealing with which of the following questions?

A) Should I copy Niall's homework?

B) What should I wear to the party?

C) Who should I vote for in the student council election?

D) How do I get Brianna to like me?

54) For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice?

A) What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college?

B) How should I decorate my first dorm room?

C) Will it be hard to make friends at college?

D) Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?

55) The family of which of the following adolescent girls is most likely to have earlier expectations for their child's autonomy?

A) Olivia, a White adolescent

B) Guan-yin, a Chinese adolescent

C) Chetana, an Indian adolescent

D) Min-seo, a Korean adolescent

56) Which statement accurately describes research findings on sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy?

A) Sex differences are small, but later-born adolescents are granted more autonomy earlier.

B) Sex and birth order differences are very small and often inconsistent.

C) Birth order differences are small, but boys are usually granted more autonomy than girls.

D) Girls are granted more autonomy than boys, and older siblings are usually given more freedom earlier.

57) Research studies have indicated that the extent to which parents grant their children autonomy depends on the constellation of sons and daughters in the home and

A) their children's IQ.

B) the family's financial situation.

C) parents' attitudes toward sex roles.

D) whether the home is a single-parent family.

58) In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more ________ with respect to parents, and more ________ with respect to peers.

A) autonomous; conformist

B) conformist; autonomous

C) autonomous; autonomous

D) conformist; conformist

59) Which statement about conformity to peers is true?

A) Conformity is higher during later adolescence.

B) Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial.

C) Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence.

D) Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

60) Which of the following statements about peer influence on Latino adolescents is true?

A) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers.

B) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents who were born abroad than Latino adolescents born in the United States.

C) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents.

D) Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among Latino adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents.

61) At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest?

A) 8 years

B) 11 years

C) 14 years

D) 19 years

62) One recent brain imaging study that was investigating individual differences in susceptibility to peer pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social evaluation were

A) more able to resist peer influences.

B) less able to resist peer influences.

C) less likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions.

D) more likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions.

63) Which of the following adolescents is likely to be the most susceptible to peer pressure?

A) Giang, an Asian male adolescent

B) Kyle, a White male adolescent

C) Aurelia, a Black female adolescent

D) Camila, a Latina female adolescent who was born in Colombia

64) Which of the following adolescents is likely the most susceptible to peer pressure?

A) Bethany, a 17-year-old female, who spends time studying or going to the movies with her friends

B) Gavin, a 14-year-old male, who frequently spends time with friends who use alcohol and shoplift

C) Kazimir, an 11-year-old male, who spends most of his free time with his parents and sister

D) Toula, a 16-year-old female, who reads fashion magazines and blogs with her friends

65) Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents are more likely than others in their age groups to do which of the following?

A) spend time with friends under adult supervision

B) affiliate with antisocial peers

C) spend time with their siblings

D) obey their parents' rules

66) Research suggests that adolescents ________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

A) whose parents become more authoritarian over time

B) whose parents encourage autonomy

C) who have positive regard for their parents

D) from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

67) Adolescents are more likely to engage in problem behaviors if they are

A) distant from their parents.

B) close with their parents.

C) close with their peers.

D) distant from their peers.

68) Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) is likely to have a heightened susceptibility to peer pressure?

A) Stephen, a White male adolescent

B) Paul, a Black male adolescent

C) Alexis, a White female adolescent

D) Jocelyn, a Black female adolescent

69) During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure

A) remains stable.

B) increases

C) is highly variable.

D) decreases.

70) Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of cognitive autonomy?

A) decreasingly abstract thinking about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues

B) increasing emotional distance from parents

C) beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis

D) beliefs that are increasingly founded in the values of one's family

71) Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?

A) establishing more adult-like relationships with family members

B) relying less on your parents for emotional support

C) refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room

D) seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

72) Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes shifts in

A) the kind of reasoning that individuals use to make decisions.

B) the content of the moral decisions that individuals make.

C) an individual's actions as a result of moral reasoning.

D) an individual's level of responsiveness to moral dilemmas.

73) As a child, Jose doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of

A) moral development.

B) peer pressure.

C) moral disengagement.

D) prosocial behavior.

74) Reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called ________ reasoning.

A) principled

B) conventional

C) postconventional

D) preconventional

75) Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as

A) emotional reasoning.

B) principled moral reasoning.

C) self-reliant reasoning.

D) autonomous reasoning.

76) An individual who sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective is at which stage of moral reasoning?

A) preconventional

B) postconventional

C) conventional

D) This description does not match any stage of moral reasoning.

77) A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development?

A) prosocial

B) conventional

C) postconventional

D) preconventional

78) According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, the most important indicator of an individual's stage of moral reasoning is

A) whether the individual chose the correct answer.

B) how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma.

C) the reasoning behind an individual's response.

D) an individual's choice of words in his or her response.

79) Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

A) prosocial

B) conventional

C) postconventional

D) preconventional

80) Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as

A) preconventional stage.

B) conventional stage.

C) postconventional stage.

D) prosocial stage.

81) Which of the following is an example of conventional moral reasoning?

A) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because she is afraid her mother will find out and stop letting her hang out with friends.

B) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because it is against the law, and her family and friends do not approve of breaking the law.

C) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because the shop owner is a nice person who donates to charity.

D) Marcy decides to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because she is excited about wearing the jewelry to her school's winter formal dance.

82) Individuals who reason at lower levels of moral thought are thought to be

A) less likely to commit antisocial acts.

B) more tolerant of diversity.

C) more accepting of others' misbehavior.

D) more influential over their friends in moral decisions.

83) Aden reasons at the preconventional stage. Aden is more likely than people who reason at other stages to

A) engage in delinquency and aggression.

B) engage in prosocial behavior.

C) influence his friends in moral decisions.

D) engage in political protests.

84) Which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is true?

A) Adolescents with high levels of moral disengagement tend to display the most moral behavior.

B) There is little correlation between an adolescent's moral reasoning and his or her moral behavior.

C) Situational factors influence moral choices.

D) Adolescents with advanced moral reasoning tend to be more conformist in their moral behavior.

85) Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as

A) a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma.

B) an ethical dilemma rather than a personal choice.

C) a private issue rather than a public one.

D) a public issue rather than a private one.

86) Vondra, an 18-year-old, reasons at the postconventional stage. On which of the following matters is there most likely to be a gap between her moral reasoning and her behavior?

A) whether she should steal a computer she wants but cannot afford

B) whether she should join a protest against animal cruelty

C) whether she should smoke marijuana, even though it is illegal

D) whether she should cheat on a test she forgot to study for

87) Lucas believes that it is acceptable to cheat on his math exam because he wants to retaliate against his teacher, who has given him detention repeatedly. Lucas probably scores high on measures of

A) postconventional reasoning.

B) preconventional reasoning.

C) moral disengagement.

D) conventional reasoning.

88) Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to ________ prosocial acts that are done for ________ reasons.

A) respect; self-serving

B) seek out; non-biased

C) devalue; self-serving

D) devalue; humanitarian

89) More advanced levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behavior in adolescents are associated with which parenting style?

A) authoritarian

B) indulgent

C) indifferent

D) authoritative

90) Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning correlates positively with

A) prosocial behavior, but not with attitudes toward helping others.

B) attitudes toward helping others, but not with actual prosocial behavior.

C) both sympathy and empathy, but not with actual prosocial behavior.

D) prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.

91) Which adolescent is least likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

A) Latonya, who scores high on both masculine and feminine traits

B) Talia, who scores high on femininity

C) Michael, who scores high on femininity

D) Rufus, who scores high on masculinity

92) Which of the following individuals is least likely to be engaged in volunteerism?

A) Aislinn, whose parents actively volunteer in the community

B) Joshua, who is an introvert and rarely engages with others socially

C) Zoya, who is actively involved in her church

D) Carolina, who helps her classmates with their homework

93) Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is true?

A) Engaging in community service is not correlated with short-term gains in social responsibility.

B) Engaging in community service has not been shown to increase the importance individuals place on helping others.

C) Engaging in school mandated community service gives students a negative attitude toward volunteering.

D) Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.

94) Which of the following is a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature?

A) decreased abstraction

B) increased authoritarianism

C) movement away from obedience

D) less independent

95) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be more rigid and authoritarian in his or her political thinking?

A) Ginny, a 12-year-old girl from the United States

B) Kourosh, a 14-year-old boy from Iran

C) Nosiba, a 16-year-old girl from Sudan

D) Liang, an 18-year-old boy from China

96) Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to

A) be trusting, uncritical, and obedient.

B) take an acquiescent stance toward government.

C) favor rigorous and harsh enforcement of the rules.

D) challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

97) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to attribute issues like poverty or unemployment to individual factors, rather than societal factors?

A) Edite, who lives a middle-class, suburban neighborhood

B) Milo, who lives in a poor, rural area

C) Wardell, whose parents have doctoral degrees

D) Yushika, whose mother runs a financial investment company

98) According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following statements regarding adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true?

A) Since 1990, there has been a steady decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities.

B) Between 1976 and 1990, there was a decrease in the proportion of young people participating in conventional civic activities (e.g., voting, contacting elected officials).

C) Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has increased.

D) Between 1976 and 1990, participation in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) decreased.

99) In parallel with the development of moral and political reasoning, during late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on

A) their own system of personal religious beliefs.

B) the teachings of their parents.

C) the beliefs of their peers.

D) the teachings of their chosen religious leaders.

100) Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that

A) adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment.

B) children are more strict observers of religious customs.

C) college students are more religiously oriented than children.

D) religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

101) According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him or her?

A) an adolescent from Mexico

B) an adolescent from China

C) an adolescent from the United States

D) an adolescent from France

102) When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

A) during junior high

B) during middle school

C) during high school

D) during the early years of college

103) During adolescence, the importance of religion generally

A) increases.

B) decreases.

C) decreases at first, then increases.

D) remains the same.

104) According to U.S. surveys, what percentage of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group?

A) about 85%

B) about 50%

C) about 35%

D) less than 20%

105) The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy.

A) moral

B) behavioral

C) emotional

D) cognitive

106) Madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline would be

A) more likely to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion.

B) more likely to rebel against constraints placed on her by her parents.

C) less likely to use drugs or engage in premarital sex.

D) less likely to be involved in the community.

107) There are two components of religious development: (1) ________, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) ________, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life.

A) spirituality; religiosity

B) religiosity; spirituality

C) ritual; philosophy

D) behavior; thinking

108) You are giving a guest lecture to a group of college students. Define three types of autonomy and describe an example of each.

109) Discuss Anna Freud's view, the psychoanalytic approach, of autonomy during early adolescence. Does research on teenagers' relationships with their parents support Freud's view? Why or why not? Describe an alternative to Freud's approach.

110) The process of individuation is integral to adolescent development. Discuss two ways in which this process is triggered and give an example of one of the first signs that this might be taking place.

111) Your next-door neighbor tells you she read an article about a 17-year-old girl who was severely punished by her parents when they were found out she began taking birth control without telling them; then your neighbor relates a second article about a 15-year-old boy who is being tried as an adult for murdering his abusive stepfather. Your neighbor doesn't understand why the girl was not allowed to make this personal choice for herself because she was considered a minor, but the boy, who is younger, is being treated as an adult. What can you tell her?

112) Your aunt and uncle are concerned about whether their teenage children, your cousins, will develop into moral adults. They ask you about adolescent moral development and, in particular, they want to know what they should expect in regard to moral behavior for their children. They want to know what they can do to ensure the healthy moral development of their teens. They are also specifically concerned about whether there is a gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. Explain what you know about the three levels of moral reasoning. Give an example of when and why there might be a gap between a teenager's moral reasoning and behavior.

113) Analyze the changes in the ways adolescents think about prosocial issues and the changes in their willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. Do adolescents' beliefs about prosocial phenomena predict the extent to which they engage in prosocial behavior? What do adolescents think about prosocial acts that have a self-serving goal? What types of prosocial behavior are common among adolescents? Who is most likely to engage in service learning and what are the effects of volunteering? Is "forcing" adolescents to "volunteer" likely to have positive impacts?

114) Now that Stella is an adolescent, she has changed the way in which she thinks about religion, morals, and politics. Specifically, she disagrees with her parents and believes that a protest blocking the construction of coal-fired power plant is acceptable because protecting the environment is more important than living in accord with the law. She knows that breaking the law is wrong, but she believes that the enforcement of certain laws should depend on the context in which the law is being evaluated. She believes that some laws are outdated and should be reexamined and perhaps amended. Stella's parents think she is just trying to rebel against them. How can you explain Stella's change in political ideology based on cognitive research in adolescence? Compare the political thinking of younger adolescents to that of older adolescents who are developing moral reasoning and cognitive autonomy.