Test Bank Chapter 16 Social Change In The Global Community

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 16 Social Change in the Global Community

1) Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?

A) Social movements

B) Social groups

C) Power movements

D) Pressure groups

2) Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?

A) Relative deprivation

B) Relative mobilization

C) Resource deprivation

D) Resource mobilization

3) Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?

A) A group of sweatshop workers who are incapable of buying adequate food for their families

B) Residents of a squatter settlement in Nigeria who are incapable of affording adequate housing and plumbing

C) Middle-management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have

D) Wealthy, upper-class individuals, who are content with what they have

4) Which term is used to refer to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?

A) Relative deprivation

B) Relative mobilization

C) Resource deprivation

D) Resource mobilization

5) False consciousness is

A) Marx's concept for actions that do not reflect the objective position of workers.

B) Parsons's concept for a state of euphoria when stability is achieved.

C) Marx's term for attitudes that do not reflect the objective position of workers.

D) Leary's term for a false sense of self that is drug-induced.

6) The minimum wage cooks of a successful restaurant refuse to join the wait staff in a strike to improve wages. The cooks feel they are being paid well enough, even though the restaurant owner made 2 million dollars in profit last year. This situation would exemplify which of Karl Marx's concepts?

A) Class consciousness

B) False consciousness

C) Dialectical change

D) Proletariat

7) Which sociological perspective would likely stress how social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Epidemiological perspective

8) Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Epidemiological perspective

9) Which of the following is true regarding women, social movements, and our society?

A) Women and men have held equal status within social movements.

B) Women tend to hold more positions of leadership in social movements.

C) Women tend to find it more difficult to assume a leadership role than men.

D) Women typically do not wish to participate in most social movements.

10) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to study the bestowal of status that activists assume in their new social roles created through social movements?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Epidemiological perspective

11) Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with social movements, such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Epidemiological perspective

12) Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in quality of life are called

A) social movements.

B) new social movements.

C) false consciousness.

D) resource mobilization.

13) New social movements

A) emphasize resource mobilization on a local level.

B) generally do not view government as their ally.

C) tend to emphasize economic issues.

D) have their roots in social class, usually working-class, activism.

14) Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Epidemiological perspective

15) Electronic communication can aid new social movements

A) by strengthening a group's solidarity.

B) through conveyance of leadership.

C) by reducing rumors.

D) by mobilizing the masses.

16) Which of the following statements pertaining to computer-mediated communication is true?

A) The term applies to a variety of text-based or video interactions.

B) It weakens a group's solidarity.

C) Face-to-face contact is still crucial to social movements.

D) They impeded the growth of social movements.

17) Social change has been defined as

A) a theory that holds that society is moving in a specific direction.

B) a view of society as tending toward instability.

C) significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture.

D) society moving in several different directions at the same time.

18) Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?

A) Multilinear evolutionary theory

B) Evolutionary theory

C) Biosocial change theory

D) Dichotomous change theory

19) Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from

A) mythology to scientific method.

B) scientific method to mythology.

C) religion to mythology.

D) monarchy to democracy.

20) Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from

A) simple to sophisticated.

B) non-cultured to cultured.

C) simple to complex.

D) nonliterate to literate.

21) The expectation that African and Latin countries will change by moving in the same direction as Western societies is consistent with

A) disengagement theory.

B) evolutionary theory.

C) world systems theory.

D) resource mobilization theory.

22) Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of

A) anarchy.

B) goal displacement.

C) equilibrium.

D) relative deprivation.

23) Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as

A) the emergent-norm perspective.

B) resource mobilization theory.

C) stagnancy theory.

D) the equilibrium model.

24) Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

25) The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the United States during the past 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?

A) The emergent-norm perspective

B) The equilibrium model

C) Stagnancy theory

D) Resource mobilization theory

26) Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?

A) Differentiation

B) Adaptive upgrading

C) Inclusion

D) Value generalization

27) Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes?

A) Differentiation

B) Adaptive upgrading

C) Inclusion

D) Value generalization

28) A person needing to have his or her car repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as

A) inclusion.

B) exclusion.

C) differentiation.

D) adaptive upgrading.

29) The practice of colleges admitting more ethnic minorities and women, under Talcott Parsons's model, is called

A) differentiation.

B) adaptation.

C) inclusion.

D) generalization.

30) In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as

A) differentiation.

B) adaptation.

C) inclusion.

D) generalization.

31) Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ________, the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.

A) differentiation

B) adaptation

C) inclusion

D) generalization

32) Which sociological perspective is likely to criticize the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Dialectical perspective

33) The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it

A) permits people to take a passive role in responding to inevitable cycles or changes in material culture.

B) permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice.

C) always leads to a reduction in social inequality.

D) both permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice and always leads to a reduction in social inequality.

34) Which of these statements about social change is true?

A) Social change is always good.

B) People who resist social change are doing so for the good of society as whole.

C) Some people have a vested interest in resisting social change.

D) Social change is not often frightening.

35) A group of senators from states that are large suppliers to the space program protest the decision by the federal government to end manned space flights. This group would be an illustration of

A) Gemeinschaft.

B) technocrats.

C) vested interests.

D) bear liberals.

36) If the U.S. Congress passed strict anti-cigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of

A) culture lag.

B) nonmaterial culture.

C) luddite.

D) vested interests.

37) Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called

A) vested interests.

B) apartheids.

C) luddites.

D) technocrats.

38) Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture?

A) William Ogburn

B) Talcott Parsons

C) Sherry Turkle

D) Thorstein Veblen

39) Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?

A) Cultural relativism

B) Culture lag

C) Culture shock

D) Cultural integration

40) Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This illustrates

A) material culture.

B) nonmaterial culture.

C) cultural relativity.

D) culture lag.

41) Which of the following is an example of material culture?

A) Technology

B) Ideas

C) Norms

D) Communications

42) Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

A) Inventions

B) Artifacts

C) Ideas

D) Technology

43) Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates

A) material culture.

B) nonmaterial culture.

C) culture lag.

D) cultural adaptation.

44) Which statement about the Industrial Revolution is true?

A) Some people were resistant to the technological and social changes associated with the Industrial Revolution.

B) The Luddites were very successful in their efforts to sabotage the Industrial Revolution.

C) There is no contemporary equivalent to the Luddites.

D) Wages rose uniformly during the Industrial Revolution.

45) Which of these historical events or phenomena led to the emergence of the Luddites?

A) The Industrial Revolution

B) The computer revolution

C) Socialism

D) The civil rights movement

46) Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new Industrial Revolution were known as

A) Shakers.

B) Luddites.

C) Amish.

D) Rappites.

47) Neo-Luddites are opposed to the technological changes that occurred

A) during the Industrial Revolution.

B) in postindustrial society.

C) during the postmodern revolution.

D) after the American revolution.

48) Neo-Luddites

A) destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution, when they raided factories at night.

B) have questioned the incessant expansion of industrialization.

C) were early supporters of Marxism.

D) both destroyed some of the machinery used in the early Industrial Revolution and were supporters of Marxism.

49) Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily life?

A) Luddite

B) Neo-Luddite

C) Urban Amish

D) Neo-Amish

50) Which term refers to cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires?

A) Invention

B) Society

C) Technology

D) Government

51) Maureen Hallinan, former president of the American Sociological Association, has been critical of the ________ of social change.

A) evolutionary theory

B) equilibrium model

C) chaos theory

D) evolutionary theory and equilibrium model

52) One key feature of current consumer technologies is that they

A) are increasingly manufactured in Canada.

B) last a lot longer.

C) require more frequent upgrading.

D) are less accessible to the middle class.

53) The diffusion of digital technologies into nearly every workplace, remaking the economy and the world of work is referred to as

A) cellular connections.

B) biomechanics.

C) diffusion.

D) digitalization.

54) The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society is referred to as

A) cellular connections.

B) biomechanics.

C) diffusion.

D) digitalization.

55) Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, peripheral nations connecting to the Internet are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to provide

A) cellular connections.

B) Internet hosts.

C) masters.

D) biomechanics.

56) Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Dramaturgical perspective

57) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act, passed in 1986, requires the authorization of both the U.S. attorney general and a federal judge before surveillance of

A) e-mail.

B) faxes.

C) telephone calls.

D) telegrams.

58) The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in

A) gathering electronic data, like banking records.

B) photographing suspects.

C) monitoring the voting patterns of criminal suspects.

D) videotaping suspects who are being interrogated.

59) Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Dramaturgical perspective

60) A new technology meant to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called

A) genetically modified food.

B) cloned food.

C) techno produce.

D) biotech dietary supplements.

61) Genetically modified food is referred to as ________ by its critics.

A) Frankenfood

B) Frankenstein's crops

C) Techno-friendly food

D) Frankoglop

62) Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as

A) transnationals.

B) transglobals.

C) international citizens.

D) global citizens.

63) Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?

A) Functionalism

B) Conflict theory

C) Interactionism

D) World systems theory

64) Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?

A) Functionalism

B) Conflict theory

C) Interactionism

D) Modernization theory

65) The significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture is referred to as social change.

66) The success of a movement for change will depend in good part on what resources it has and how effectively it mobilizes them.

67) Educated, middle-class people are underrepresented in some of these new social movements.

68) The macro-level approach has proved useful in studying the women's movement in South Korea.

69) Computer-mediated communication is difficult to monitor.

70) Websites are not autonomous and independent; they are interconnected.

71) Social theorists seeking an analogy to Darwin's biological model originated evolutionary theory, which views society as moving in a definite direction.

72) Explaining social change is clearly a challenge in the diverse and complex world we inhabit today.

73) The transition from medicine man to physician, nurse, and pharmacist is an illustration of adaptive upgrading in the field of health.

74) Karl Marx suggested human society will move toward the final stage of a classless society through a socialist revolution.

75) The term vested interests refers to those people or groups who will profit in the event of social change.

76) Many sociologists believe that we are living in a postindustrial society.

77) The Luddites were factory owners that made huge profits in England during the Industrial Revolution.

78) The treatment of immigrant laborers in Dubai is a significant social problem.

79) Dubai is considered a democratic utopia.

80) The Luddites were factory owners that made huge profits in England during the Industrial Revolution.

81) Core nations like the United States and Europe have a virtual monopoly on information technology.

82) The affluent have a greater chance of using the Internet than those who are not affluent.

83) Most of the Internet users in the world live in Latin America.

84) Young people who have grown up browsing the Internet seem to accept the existence of "cookies" and "spyware" they may pick up while surfing.

85) Interactionists take a generally positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest function of facilitating communication.

86) Genetically modified food is referred to as Frankenfood by critics of technologically engineered food products.

87) One notable success of biotechnology has been progress in the treatment of traumatic injuries.

88) Transnationals do not participate in social movements.

89) Functionalists see the free flow of immigrants, even when it is legally restricted, as one way for economies to maximize their use of human labor.

90) Compare and contrast the relative deprivation approach and the resource mobilization approach.

91) Discuss new social movements. Provide one to two examples of what is considered a new social movement today.

92) Discuss the impact of computer-mediated communication on social movements.

93) Discuss the various theoretical concepts associated with the functionalist view of social change.

94) Discuss the various theoretical concepts associated with the conflict view of social change.

95) Apply the term vested interests to contemporary society.

96) Discuss the complex issue of "NIMBY." How do we balance the desires of individuals with the needs of our larger society?

97) Discuss the various factors that influence resistance to social change and give examples to support your answer.

98) Discuss social change in Dubai. Could the social problems have been anticipated?

99) Describe the influence technology has on social change.

100) Explain artificial intelligence and the impact that it could have on social change.

101) Discuss the concerns surrounding one's right to privacy on the Internet.

102) Discuss the pros and cons of genetically modified foods and whether you feel we can ever "cross the line" regarding genetic manipulation and our food supply.

103) Discuss the issues involved with transnationals. Explain the different sociological perspectives on the matter. Also, explain whether you would become a transnational if you were in the same position.