Test Bank

Chapter 9: Identity Perspectives on Globalization: Development and Environment

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is true about development?

a. It involves the movement, over generations, of the bulk of jobs from agriculture to manufacturing and service industries.

b. The least developed countries have most of their populations employed in manufacturing.

c. The least advanced countries have completed the transition from manufacturing to services and have entered the information age.

d. Technological change does not influence development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which of the following is true about development?

a. It involves the movement, over generations, of the bulk of jobs from manufacturing to agriculture and service industries.

b. The least developed countries have most of their populations employed in manufacturing.

c. The most advanced countries have completed the transition from manufacturing to services and have entered the information age.

d. Agricultural change influences development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which of the following is true about development?

a. It involves the movement, over generations, of the bulk of jobs from manufacturing and service to agriculture industries.

b. The least developed countries have most of their populations employed in manufacturing.

c. The least advanced countries have completed the transition from manufacturing to services and have entered the information age.

d. Technological change influences development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. According to the identity perspective, which of the following shape the likelihood of conflict or cooperation?

a. relative gains

b. absolute gains

c. mutual or collective gains

d. separate or common values

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Since World War II, which of the following areas has been the most successful developing region?

a. Latin America

b. Asia

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

d. Middle East and North Africa

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asia

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The East Asian Miracle refers to which of the following?

a. a period of democratization between 1965 and 2010

b. a period of unprecedented economic growth and development from 1965 to 2010

c. East Asian states’ ability to weather the economic crisis that began in 2008

d. the resiliency of the states to rebound economically after the 1997 Asian financial crisis

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Miracle

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Aung San Suu Kyi is the leader of the democratic opposition in ________.

a. Myanmar

b. Vietnam

c. Laos

d. Indonesia

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following statements is true about India?

a. It is the largest and poorest democracy in the world.

b. It has no nuclear weapons.

c. It has border disputes with Tajikistan and China.

d. It is currently ruled by a military junta.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which of the following statements is true about India?

a. It is the densest and poorest democracy in the world.

b. It has nuclear weapons.

c. It has border disputes with Tajikistan and China.

d. It is currently ruled by a military junta.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following statements is true about India?

a. It is not the largest and poorest democracy in the world.

b. It has no nuclear weapons.

c. It has border disputes with Pakistan and China.

d. It is currently ruled by a military junta.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following Asian states was the only one to never be colonized or occupied?

a. Japan

b. The Philippines

c. Thailand

d. India

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In asking why colonialism did not handicap Asian states as much as states in other regions (like Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa), the identity perspective would most likely point to which of the following factors?

a. Asia was farther away from Western states.

b. Asia (especially Taiwan and South Korea) benefited more from American support during the Cold War.

c. Asia is more central to commerce and shipping.

d. Asia has a more unified regional culture (based on Confucianism).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following describes the macroeconomic policies of the eight states that drove the East Asian Miracle?

a. The policies involved high fiscal deficits, high inflation, and low savings.

b. The policies involved low fiscal deficits, low inflation, and high savings.

c. The policies involved high fiscal deficits, low inflation, and high savings.

d. The policies involved low fiscal deficits, high inflation, and low savings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sound Economic Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following terms refers to the provision of small loans to individuals in developing states (especially women)?

a. informal investment

b. microfinancing

c. crony capitalism

d. human development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Limits to Export-Led Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. What tradition are “Asian values” built on?

a. Protestant Christianity

b. Confucianism

c. Islam

d. Maoism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Asian Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Development in Latin America was predominantly driven by which of the following policies?

a. export-led development

b. import substitution

c. crony capitalism

d. laissez-faire capitalism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Latin America

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which perspective would most likely emphasize U.S. neocolonialism and intervention as drivers of change in Latin America?

a. the realist perspective

b. the liberal perspective

c. the identity perspective

d. the critical theory perspective

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lost Decade

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The United States originally declared the Western Hemisphere to be an American sphere of influence under which of the following policies?

a. Manifest Destiny

b. the Monroe Doctrine

c. the Dayton Accords

d. the Truman Doctrine

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Decolonization and Unstable Governments

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. What are rent-seekers?

a. migrants from rural areas who cannot find housing in urban areas

b. firms that seek to extract monopoly rents by producing at low costs and selling at high prices

c. usually poor residents in rural areas who demand land reform

d. firms that use the government to extract savings from rural areas to fund production

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following terms refers to money moving out of a local currency and country?

a. liquidity

b. financial repression

c. offshoring

d. capital flight

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Arguing that inequality continues to plague Latin American societies because of a long history of oppressing the disadvantaged, predatory external forces, and domestic institutions that serve elites is an example of an argument from which perspective?

a. the realist perspective

b. the liberal perspective

c. the identity perspective

d. the critical theory perspective

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The ejido system is an example of ______.

a. monetary redistribution

b. an economic caste system

c. land reform policies

d. public education policies

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The first real outbreak of democracy in Africa coincided with which of the following?

a. a cessation of foreign aid

b. the discovery of untapped energy resources

c. decolonization

d. the end of the Cold War

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Reforms

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. What type of approach to development did the Millennium Initiative take?

a. an emphasis on domestic reform in developing states

b. an emphasis on international aid to developing states

c. an emphasis on international aid and local policies

d. a hands-off approach that allows developing states to develop on their own

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Millennium Initiative and Foreign Aid

Difficulty Level: Medium

Multiple Response

1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following countries grew rapidly from 1980 to 2010, at rates of 8 percent and 10 percent per year?

a. China

b. Russia

c. India

d. Japan

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following sectors was targeted by microeconomic policies in the eight states that drove the East Asian Miracle?

a. land reform

b. small- and medium-sized enterprises

c. primary education, housing, and health services

d. sound fiscal policy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Miracle

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which levels of analysis describes the identity argument that Asian values encourage competent bureaucracies, but de-emphasize individualism?

a. the individual level of analysis

b. the domestic level of analysis

c. the foreign policy level of analysis

d. the systemic level of analysis

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Limits to Export-Led Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following factors contributed to the lost decade in Latin America?

a. oil crises

b. low inflation

c. high debt

d. bureaucracy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lost Decade

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. In the late 1980s, Latin American states adopted which of the following policies?

a. They accommodated inflation.

b. They liberalized domestic markets.

c. They opened trade and financial ties with foreign firms.

d. They put in place import substitution policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lost Decade

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following reforms did Mexico undertake to liberalize its economy?

a. It reduced tariffs and integrated markets with Canada and the U.S. via NAFTA.

b. It established a Ministry of Commerce and Industry to oversee the economy.

c. It strengthened its public-sector bureaucracy by adding jobs and money.

d. It established an independent central bank and more competitive private banks.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Opening Markets

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which two states originally formed the free-trade community Mercosur in 1991?

a. Peru

b. Venezuela

c. Brazil

d. Argentina

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Opening Markets

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is thought to be holding back Latin American industrial development?

a. paternalism

b. crony capitalism

c. clientelism

d. colonialism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Africa was completely colonized except for which two states?

a. Libya

b. Ethiopia

c. Liberia

d. Nigeria

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poor and Divided Continent

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following factors impede access of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to world markets?

a. indigenous divisions within countries

b. barriers to crossing national boundaries

c. local government policies that discriminate against agriculture

d. policies of industrialized countries

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Reforms

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are true about the AIDS epidemic in Africa?

a. Over half of the 25 million people living with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa are women.

b. Infection by HIV has decreased by 25 percent in about half the countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2009.

c. Sub-Saharan Africa has easily dealt with obstacles to treating AIDS, including the development of AIDS education programs.

d. A key obstacle in combating AIDS is difficulty in catching the disease early on in high-risk populations.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Human Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are NOT true about the Middle East and North Africa?

a. The region is very rich in resources, young people, and aid.

b. The region has robust manufacturing and services sectors.

c. The region constitutes a strategic piece of land that has endured countless invasions and conflicts.

d. The region has a high amount of foreign investment in strategic trade sectors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Middle East and North Africa

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Domestic governance in the Middle East and North Africa is typically characterized by which of the following?

a. strong parliaments

b. underdeveloped civil societies

c. corrupt public administrations

d. robust political and media competition

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Political Reforms/Regional Peace Settlements

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. How do population growth and resource use reduce biodiversity?

a. They lead to overhunting, overfishing, and transplanting species.

b. They eliminate the natural habitats of various plants and animals.

c. They support the regrowth of wetlands and other habitats.

d. They force governments to adopt preservation laws.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resources

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are forms of pollution that affect Earth’s outermost layers of atmosphere?

a. destruction of the ozone layer

b. smog and acid rain

c. river and ocean pollution

d. contamination with greenhouse gases

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pollution and Global Warming

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Development refers to the process of material, institutional, and human progress in a particular state or region.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Development has major impacts on the environment in two main ways: population growth, and industrial and agricultural growth.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A major factor in the success of East Asian development is regional stability, particularly the lack of major wars.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The second wave of newly industrializing countries, following the success of the four tigers, includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Miracle

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Asian export-led development was limited due to states’ inefficiency in the finance sector of their economies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Miracle

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Successful Asian societies are more ethnically homogenous than Latin American or African countries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Import substitution made Latin American states less vulnerable to international markets.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Latin American states escaped direct colonization earlier than other regions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Decolonization and Unstable Governments

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The ejido system is a Mexican land reform project that redistributed some land to peasants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. ______ is the process of material, institutional, and human progress in a particular country or region.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. ______ separated violently from Indonesia in 1999.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______, a type of microeconomic policy, created a sense of participation on the part of rural areas and formed the basis for successful education programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sound Economic Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. ______ refers to noncompetitive lending and investment relationships between government financial institutions and private industry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Limits to Export-Led Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The debate over ______ concerns whether or not Confucianism motivated domestic stability, bureaucracy, and economic success.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Values

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The policy of ______, initially created to decrease Latin America’s dependence on foreign goods, ultimately made Latin America more vulnerable to international markets.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The term ______ is used to describe the economic stagnation in Latin America that lasted from the early 1970s to the late 1980s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lost Decade

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. ______ is a policy in which states extract savings from one sector, such as agriculture or labor, to benefit another sector, such as industry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The ______ includes business activities that take place outside the legal system of a country because of excessive regulations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Opening Markets

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The ______ system in Mexico is a form of land reform that redistributed some land to peasants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. ______ include necessities such as clothing, shelter, food, education, and health care.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Many small states in sub-Saharan Africa are ______, meaning they have no access to the coast.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poor and Divided Continent

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The emigration of educated people from developing countries is better known as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Human Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. ______ are periods of accelerating population growth even as living standards increase because death rates decline faster than birthrates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Coal, oil, and natural gas are all examples of ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Air pollution, especially as a result of vehicle exhaust and industry, is better known as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pollution and Global Warming

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. ______ is the heating up of the Earth’s atmosphere caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pollution and Global Warming

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. ______ are outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as AIDS, avian flu, and SARS, that spread or threaten to spread worldwide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pandemics

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The ______, a specialized UN agency, is one of the largest and most technical international institutions focused on health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pandemics

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What is export-led development?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Miracle

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. How did export-led development in Asia reach its limits by the late 1990s?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic Miracle | Stable Governments in an Unstable Region

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How do the realist, liberal, and identity perspectives understand the causes of Latin America’s lost decade?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lost Decade

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What factors characterized Latin American politics throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early Decolonization and Unstable Governments

Difficulty Level: Hard

5.What is import substitution?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Import Substitution Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What are the three main reasons why development is held back in Latin America?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Inequality

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What three major obstacles impede sub-Saharan African access to world markets?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Poor and Divided Continent

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What obstacles prevent dealing effectively with HIV/AIDS?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Human Development

Difficulty Level: Hard