Globalization 1970 2000 Full Test Bank Pollard Ch.21

a.

Globalization has increased the overall diversity of the world’s languages and cultures.

b.

Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world’s regions and peoples.

c.

Globalization has decreased the diversity of the information and cultural content to which individuals are exposed around the world.

d.

Globalization has uniformly increased the quality of life of people throughout the world’s regions.

a.

The growth of empires

b.

The Cold War

c.

The increasing primacy of the nation-state

d.

The emergence of a unified world market

a.

Soviet citizens marched in support of the military invasion.

b.

India tested new nuclear weapons in fear of further Soviet expansion.

c.

The Soviet army developed new weapons, which were later used to crush the Polish Solidarity movement.

d.

The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed.

a.

High unemployment

b.

Dependence on imported goods

c.

The cost of the arms buildup

d.

Antinuclear protest movements

a.

Some of the Soviet bloc member-states defected to the Balkan alliance.

b.

The Soviet bloc’s Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically.

c.

Religious warfare broke out within the Soviet bloc.

d.

Border disputes devastated the Soviet bloc.

a.

Privatization of state-run businesses

b.

Less autonomy for the individual republics of the Soviet Union

c.

Multicandidate elections for Communist party posts

d.

Legalizing all political parties

a.

The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it.

b.

Solidarity had government support, while the Prague Spring was outlawed by the government.

c.

Both were crushed by Soviet tanks.

d.

Both led to their countries breaking out of the Warsaw Pact.

a.

International diplomatic pressure led to a peaceful transfer of power to Robert Mugabe.

b.

White minority rule ended when Britain granted independence to all its African colonies.

c.

Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe.

d.

African nationalist movements had exhausted Portuguese resources, leading to their withdrawal.

a.

A violent military conflict between African opposition forces and white elites

b.

The intervention of a UN-sanctioned peacekeeping mission

c.

The collective pressure of internal opposition and international ostracizing

d.

A global economic downturn and credit crunch

a.

Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface.

b.

Many postcolonial states were divided into smaller, ethnically homogeneous, political units.

c.

Armed conflicts that started with the Cold War quickly died out.

d.

Rigid dictatorships stifled cultural and economic innovation.

a.

South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections.

b.

South Africa achieved majority rule through a process of mediation led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), followed by free elections.

c.

South Africa achieved majority rule through forcible seizure of power by liberation activists, followed by free elections.

d.

South Africa achieved majority rule through a negotiated transition brokered by the United States and the Soviets, followed by free elections.

a.

Those with laissez-faire economic policies

b.

Those with robust social welfare systems

c.

Those with strong government support for domestic industries

d.

Those focused on the continued extraction of raw materials

a.

The Japanese yen gained strength in currency markets, with a corresponding decline in the value of the Swiss franc.

b.

Nation-states such as Italy and Britain tied their currencies to the U.S. dollar.

c.

Second World nations found it harder to get loans from First World banks.

d.

International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities.

a.

Steel and textiles

b.

Agricultural products and precious minerals

c.

Automobiles and consumer electronics

d.

Pharmaceuticals, computers, and software, as well as services

a.

Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia.

b.

The end of the Cold War allowed the former Soviet bloc to become a manufacturing powerhouse.

c.

North America’s share of world industrial production increased at the expense of Europe and Asia.

d.

The growth of regional trade blocs lessened the global nature of industrial production.

a.

NAFTA

b.

OPEC

c.

The European Union

d.

The IMF

a.

People migrated from the Western world to the Soviet bloc.

b.

People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them.

c.

People moved from wealthier parts of the world to take advantage of investment opportunities in poorer parts of the world.

d.

People migrated from crowded cities to rural areas, seeking a better quality of life.

a.

Immigrants from North Africa were willing to work for less money and supplanted southern Europeans as workers in Germany and France.

b.

Northern European countries established limits on immigration to maintain their countries’ ethnic homogeneity.

c.

The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate.

d.

Japan replaced northern Europe as the economic magnet, luring immigrants with the promise of high-paying jobs and permanent residency.

a.

It challenged their control of their territory.

b.

It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity.

c.

It challenged their ability to provide jobs for their populations.

d.

It challenged the legitimacy of their governments.

a.

Baseball

b.

Soccer

c.

Cricket

d.

Rugby

a.

Commercial Web browsers and the Internet

b.

Satellite phones

c.

Smart phones

d.

Streaming video

a.

Only people living in the West had the skills or expensive hardware to use the Internet.

b.

Many governments imposed heavy taxes on using the Internet, so only wealthy people could afford to shop online.

c.

Large numbers of the world’s people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet.

d.

Use of the Internet required knowledge of English, which many people in poor countries did not have.

a.

Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing.

b.

The expense of raising children became so prohibitive that few people wanted to undertake it.

c.

Effective border controls ended most international migration, eliminating a factor that had inflated population growth.

d.

Cities were unhealthy places to live, so many children died at young ages.

a.

India

b.

Brazil

c.

Nigeria

d.

China

a.

Countries with more traditional cultures adopted the nuclear family.

b.

Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families.

c.

The legal definition of family became more rigid.

d.

The number of out-of-wedlock births decreased throughout the world.

a.

More people were migrating from country to country, searching for farmland or work, spreading the disease.

b.

Doctors from more affluent Western countries refused to go to stricken areas because of concerns for the doctors’ safety.

c.

People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies.

d.

For religious reasons, laws prohibited vaccination in much of the underdeveloped world.

a.

Customs preventing women from participating in the marketplace limited the opportunities for economic transactions in these countries.

b.

Imbalances in the numbers of men and women in the population reduced the number of productive households below what it ideally would have been.

c.

The lack of effective antidiscrimination laws drove wages down throughout these countries’ workforces.

d.

Women’s lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their abilities to become effective economic actors.

a.

The abolition of gender differences

b.

Greater access to gender-specific education

c.

Equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement

d.

Subsidies for businesses owned by women

a.

Rain forest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure.

b.

Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides poisoned the land.

c.

Government geologists supplanted the farmers searching for sources of fossil fuels.

d.

Growing “green” fuels, such as sugarcane biomass, was more lucrative but not suited to the rain forest ecosystem.

a.

Famines are usually caused by scorched-earth tactics during wartime.

b.

Famines are caused by overpopulation and lack of resources.

c.

Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food.

d.

Famines are caused by lack of knowledge about agricultural techniques best suited to the African continent.

a.

The government sponsored new farming methods that were superior to their competitors.

b.

Chinese agronomists bred new strains of rice that were immune to plant diseases.

c.

China’s climate was well suited for food production, especially in the western and northern parts of the country.

d.

The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas.

a.

Nation-states could not define or protect human rights.

b.

Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming.

c.

Nation-states failed to maintain sufficient military might to protect their borders.

d.

Nation-states failed to address economic issues that left their people in poverty.

a.

They backed up their economic prescriptions with military force.

b.

They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance.

c.

They stripped resources and raw materials from poor, underdeveloped nations.

d.

They demanded that client states adopt Western culture.

a.

During the Cold War, the populations of Third World countries needed a voice to advocate for their autonomy from the superpower conflict.

b.

In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world’s many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights.

c.

At the end of the Cold War, the elimination of communism as a system of government created an ideological power vacuum.

d.

During the 1970s, developing nations began to push back against the demands of the World Bank and the IMF.

a.

The women’s movement sought international reforms, bypassing nation-states.

b.

Labor unions often fought for their workers’ rights and destabilized repressive regimes.

c.

Religious groups often came into conflict with one another and with secular governments.

d.

The United Nations charter took power away from individual nation-states.

a.

Protesters were no longer afraid of being deported to Soviet labor camps if they acted violently.

b.

Developers and transnational corporations were fighting over access to the limited industrial infrastructure available in the region.

c.

People sought revenge against those whom they believed had treated them unfairly under communism.

d.

Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities.

a.

Southeast Asia

b.

Latin America

c.

Africa

d.

The Caribbean

a.

By cataloguing and publicizing human right violations

b.

By supplying legal defense for the accused

c.

By setting up a truth and reconciliation commission

d.

By working with the Red Cross to send medical supplies to the prisoners

a.

To punish the perpetrators of violent acts under the old regime

b.

To prevent mass killings

c.

To force the overthrow of governments that violated human rights

d.

To increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government

a.

Hindu nationalism

b.

Christian fundamentalism

c.

Islamic conservatism

d.

Falun Gong

a.

American participation in supranational organizations

b.

Social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s

c.

The growing gap between rich and poor in the United States

d.

American military intervention in Latin America

a.

Frustration over the reversal of the Cultural Revolution

b.

Failure of economic reforms

c.

Increasing public awareness of government corruption

d.

Little change in the standard of living

a.

Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation-states.

b.

Local cultures were encouraged by the expansion of global media.

c.

Local cultures were revived by the arts and crafts movement.

d.

Local cultures were protected by the United Nations as part of its declaration of human rights.

a.

The distribution of wealth became more egalitarian than it had previously been.

b.

Wealth became concentrated in small groups of rich people scattered around the world.

c.

Access to wealth required turning away from the global economy.

d.

Regional disparities of wealth decreased as manufacturing industries spread wealth to the workers.

a.

A request for a U.S. intervention in Mexico supported by the United Nations

b.

Support for international law and humanitarian organizations

c.

Isolationism from the international community

d.

A political union with other states in Latin America

a.

Authoritarian governments are most effective at promoting economic growth.

b.

Government policy should not be based on economic goals.

c.

Political and civil rights are crucial to economic development.

d.

Disasters such as famine are unavoidable.