Chapter 9: Global Stratification

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Stratification on the global level is often seen as a divide of ______ and ______.

a. East; West

b. Global North; Global South

c. First World; Second World

d. core; periphery

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global North and South

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In global stratification, the ______ has dominated, controlled, exploited, and oppressed the ______.

a. West; East

b. bigger continents; smaller continents

c. Global South; Global North

d. Global North; Global South

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global North and South

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. How many countries in the world are categorized as “high-income countries”?

a. 21

b. 41

c. 81

d. 101

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which income category contains the largest number of countries according to the ranking by the World Bank?

a. high-income economies

b. middle-income economies

c. low-income economies

d. The World Bank divided countries equally among these categories.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. In percentages, how much of the world’s wealth is owned by the richest 1% of people in the world as of 2017?

a. 15%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. According to Oxfam, the 42 richest people in the world held as much wealth as the poorest ______ number of people.

a. 100 million

b. 800 million

c. 1.7 billion

d. 3.7 billion

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Where do the clear majority (70%) of those in the bottom billion live?

a. India

b. China

c. Africa

d. Mexico

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The term ______ refers to people who live in extreme poverty and are more likely to live in the least industrialized nations, such as Haiti, Laos, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

a. bottom billion

b. underdeveloped

c. trapped

d. underprivileged

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which of these is characteristic of the bottom billion?

a. a life expectancy of about 67 years

b. an infant mortality rate of about 14% dead before their fifth year of life

c. a 20% likelihood of malnutrition

d. an income of about half of those in the Global South

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of these countries has been able to move most of its people out of the bottom billion?

a. India

b. Haiti

c. Bolivia

d. Laos

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. At least theoretically, the Internet allows for participation by anyone anywhere in the global, digital economy, but NOT everyone has real and practical access. This is called which of these?

a. the global digital divide

b. consumer culture

c. digital stratification

d. the bottom billion

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. What development has helped to narrow the digital divide?

a. the introduction of laptops with long battery lives

b. widespread access to electricity

c. the spread of the use of “smart” mobile phones

d. the social philanthropy of technology billionaires, who are building the necessary infrastructure in the Global South

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of these is TRUE of the global digital divide?

a. It appears to be increasing.

b. It appears to be decreasing.

c. It has stayed the same for many years and will likely continue to be very unequal.

d. It is impossible to predict.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. There have been some improvements in health in the Global South. Most of these improvements tend to be found in which of these countries?

a. those best connected to the global economy

b. those that have the best sanitation practices

c. those with the most tourism from high-income countries

d. those that were once a part of the USSR

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Health Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The chapter text suggests that those in the Global South suffer from a “double nutritional burden.” What makes the burden double?

a. Farmers cannot afford to maintain crops and therefore they don’t have enough to eat.

b. Starvation and being underweight from lack of food is a problem; so is obesity from eating too much and the wrong types of foods.

c. The nutrition of the parents is not good, so they have more difficulty delivering healthy children.

d. There are problems with getting access to enough vegetables and with getting enough protein.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Health Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The 2013-2015 Ebola outbreak illustrated global health issues in what way?

a. Low-income countries with low population density were less likely to be affected.

b. Once someone contracted the disease, they were likely to die regardless of where they were treated.

c. Those treated in the Global North recovered at much higher rates than those in the Global South.

d. Diseases like Ebola, which spreads through casual contact, can quickly be spread around the world in the current global age.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Health Inequality

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. The Global South and the Global North have different and unequal outcomes. Which of these is TRUE of the Global North as it relates to health outcomes?

a. It carries a disproportionate share of the disease burden.

b. It has a disproportionate share of mortality and morbidity.

c. It receives a disproportionate share of medical care.

d. It has a disproportionate share of hunger and malnutrition.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Health Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is TRUE of the disassembly of global e-waste?

a. The Global North has the technologies to destroy large amounts of the Global South’s e-waste and thus receives a disproportionate amount of global e-waste.

b. It requires skilled technicians to remove the valuable components and elements.

c. It is done by churequeros in Managua.

d. It can be transformed into work, jobs, and profits.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Waste and the Churequeros

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Maria is a domestic worker for a household where she has no secure contract, worker benefits, or wage agreement. Maria’s job is categorized as existing in which of these economies?

a. the Global South economy

b. the informal economy

c. the consumer economy

d. the guest-worker economy

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Globally, women are likely to participate ______ in the paid labor force than men and earn ______ than men.

a. more; more

b. more; less

c. less; less

d. less; more

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of these is characteristic of informal employment?

a. Men are more likely than women to be employed in it.

b. Men are more likely to work in informal jobs in agricultural segments while women are more likely to work in non-agricultural segments

c. Informal employment is decreasing worldwide.

d. Informal employment is attractive to workers because it allows them to earn higher pay.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. What term does Arlie Hochschild use to describe the networks of immigrants who migrate to complete domestic work in the global economy?

a. global care chains

b. globalized domestics

c. underground economy networks

d. sex work

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Global Care Chains

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. According to the United Nations Development program, men own ______ of the world’s wealth while women own ______.

a. 60%; 40%

b. 72%, 28%

c. 89%, 11%

d. 99%, 1%

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of the following groups of men did Kimberly Hoang’s research show to frequent hostess bars explicitly to purchase sex?

a. local Vietnamese men

b. western budget tourists

c. Vietnamese men who lived abroad who had returned home

d. other Asian men

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of these describes the “race to the bottom”?

a. the way in which countries near the bottom of the global hierarchy lower their prices to outbid other similar competitors for work

b. the way in which countries that stay near the bottom of the hierarchy too long begin to lose their national infrastructure

c. the way in which Global South countries try to appear poorer than they are to attract more aid from the Global North

d. the way in which poor countries misuse foreign aid as a means of development

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race to the Bottom

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. What did Pietra Rivoli’s study of the global T-shirt market reveal?

a. The T-shirt market did not conform to “race to the bottom” tactics.

b. Countries that bid the lowest will eventually collapse.

c. Countries that won the “race to the bottom” centuries ago now have the most successful economies.

d. Global textiles are a market that has had a strong monopoly in China for centuries.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race to the Bottom

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. What is the name for the process by which countries undertake more complex, higher-value production activities?

a. winning the race to the bottom

b industrial upgrading

c. technologizing

d. manufacturing the economy

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. The industrial upgrading process is threatened by which of these?

a. the uncertainty of the temporary labor force

b. the fluctuations of the global market

c. the ability to acquire the necessary raw materials

d. the dynamics of the race to the bottom

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Maquiladoras exemplify which of these?

a. industrial upgrading

b. global care chains

c. foreign aid

d. the race to the bottom

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Both China and Mexico have gone from a process of assembly to original manufacture. What concept describes this phenomenon?

a. stratification

b. industrial upgrading

c. foreign aid

d. colonialism

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of these describes the phenomenon of economic assistance given by countries or global institutions to foreign countries to promote development or social welfare?

a. outsourcing

b. foreign aid

c. world-systems theory

d. globalization loans

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. When did foreign aid begin in its contemporary form?

a. after World War I

b. after World War II

c. after the Korean War

d. after the Vietnam War

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. ______ is the country that gives the most foreign aid in terms of dollars, but ______ routinely give more in terms of the percentage of their gross national income.

a. The United Kingdom; the Nordic countries

b. The U.S.; the Nordic countries

c. The United Arab Emirates; Western European countries

d. The U.S.; Western European countries

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which of the following is TRUE of foreign aid?

a. It can adversely affect countries seeking assistance.

b. Loans that qualify as aid loans must be provided at current interest rates.

c. Most of it is multilateral.

d. Its largest recipient is the United Arab Emirates.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. One theory of global stratification by the ______ approach is the modernization theory, which explains unequal economic differences based on structural and cultural differences between countries.

a. structural/functionalist

b. conflict/critical

c. interactionist

d. ethnomethodological

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Walt Rostow was an adviser to President John F. Kennedy. Rostow’s use of modernization theory had a major influence on U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. This theory is derived from the ______ school of thought.

a. structural/functionalist

b. conflict/critical

c. interactionist

d. ethnomethodological

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Critics of modernization theory feel that it focuses too narrowly on what?

a. consumption

b. politics

c. technology

d. the economy

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Theories from the ______ approach examine the relationship of dependency between wealthy countries and their transnational corporations that exploit poor countries.

a. structural/functionalist

b. conflict/critical

c. interactionist

d. ethnomethodological

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict/Critical Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The purpose of ______ is to exploit the weaker nation's people and resources for the benefit of the stronger country.

a. neocolonialism

b. colonialism

c. capitalism

d. communism

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of these is a key difference between colonialism and postcolonialism?

a. the presence (or absence) of settlers in colonies

b. the creation of an administrative apparatus

c. Colonialism is from before 1900; postcolonialism is after 1900

d. Postcolonialism is liberated from exploitive actions through colonialism

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which of these describes the process by which one country controls another without the creation of colonies?

a. postcolonialism

b. neomodernization

c. modernization

d. imperialism

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Who is the author of the most notable work on postcolonialism, Orientalism?

a. Walter Rostow

b. Pierre Bourdieu

c. Arlie Hochschild

d. Edward Said

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. According to ______, some areas, such as some Middle Eastern countries, parts of Asia, and much of Africa, are dependent upon and exploited by core nation-states.

a. neocolonialism

b. imperialism

c. colonialism

d. world-systems theory

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: World-Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. According to world-systems theory, the current world system has its roots in which of these?

a. slavery

b. the process of colonization

c. modernization

d. neomodernization

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: World-Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. World-systems theory divides the world into two parts: the ______ and the ______.

a. Global North; Global South

b. colonizers; colonized

c. core; periphery

d. capitalist; noncapitalist

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: World-Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. World-systems theory is a ______ theory that was strongly influenced by ______.

a. conflict/critical; Marx

b. conflict/critical; Merton

c. structural/functionalist; Durkheim

d. historical/comparative; Weber

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: World-Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Kevin has a large house, a big car, and multiple television sets. These are consumption markers for development according to which theory?

a. neomodernization theory

b. world-systems theory

c. postcolonialism theory

d. modernization theory

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Global Consumer Culture and Inequality

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. The idea of reorganizing unequal global trade in a way that minimizes inequalities is called which of these?

a. equal trade

b. honest consumption

c. fair trade

d. neoconsumption

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fair Trade

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. One of the most common products in the fair-trade system is which of these?

a. coffee

b. T-shirts

c. vegetables

d. tobacco

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fair Trade

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Much of the world’s coffee is produced by small farmers in the Global South. When services like Coffee CSA work with these farmers, they agree to lock in a price paid by the Global North for the coffee so long as the producer meets the production criteria set by the CSA. What does this agreement represent?

a. fair trade

b. postcolonialism

c. neomodernization

d. imperialism

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fair Trade

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. China and Japan are part of the Global South.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global North and South

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A society’s position in the larger global stratification system has a significant effect on the stratification that is found within that society.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global North and South

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Countries in the Global North share similar economies.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. As a rule, low-income countries are concentrated in the Global South, while high-income countries are found in the Global North.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global North and South

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Countries that recently industrialized are commonly found in the middle-income category range.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The majority of countries today are considered “low-income” according to your text.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The wealth of the richest people in the world has declined over the past 10 years.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. In 2017, eight billionaires possessed the same wealth as 50% of the world’s population.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The nations in which most of the bottom billion live rank in the middle of the stratification system.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Worldwide, websites now reach all but a few language groups in increasingly equal ways.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The number of Internet users worldwide has declined in the past 5 years.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Globalization is associated with narrowed global disparities in life span and health outcomes.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Research has shown that a society’s level of wealth corresponds with its availability of health care to all its citizens.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) increased the number of uninsured in the U.S.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Digital Divide

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Women’s labor force participation in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa is significantly higher than men’s labor force participation.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Globally, on average, men earn less in the labor force than women.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. One of the reasons that women accept work in the informal economy, despite its insecurity and low wages, is because it enables them to work at home.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Kimberly Hoang’s research showed that local Vietnamese men frequent hostess bars explicitly to purchase sex as an affirmation of their power and masculinity.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Informal Employment

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Countries located at or near the bottom of the global economic market are very likely to stay there.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Foreign aid is defined as economic assistance given by industries to promote capitalism abroad.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The U.S. gives the most in global foreign aid in terms of dollars but is considerably behind other countries when measured as a percentage of GNI.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The countries that typically give the most in foreign aid as a percentage of GNI are China and Brazil.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. One purpose of colonialism is to establish economic colonies that exploit the colonized nation's people and resources for the benefit of the more powerful country.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The world-systems theory focuses on the fact that many peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for basic supplies and financial support, whereas the core exploits these countries for cheap labor.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: World-Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. For Walt Rostow, a country is fully modernized when large numbers of people can enjoy the high standard of living associated with mass consumption.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. According to modernization theory, the development of certain structures (especially technologies) and cultural realities (values, norms) are deemed essential for societies to modernize.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Globalized consumer culture functions to make consumers more likely to take action around global social problems and inequalities.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Global Consumer Culture and Inequality

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Globalization has the effect of increasing the spread of real culture while decreasing the spread of consumer culture.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Global Consumer Culture and Inequality

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. To participate in the fair-trade system, farmers must meet a set of conditions regarding their production practices that are meant to empower workers and improve environmental sustainability.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fair Trade

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. The fair-trade system links consumers in the Global North to producers in the Global South so that consumers know where their products come from and under what conditions they were produced.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Explain how consumption is connected to global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fair Trade

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Name two of the serious problems faced by people who live in the bottom billion.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify positions in global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The Global North produces a disproportionate amount of garbage in the world and passes it along to countries in the Global South. Briefly explain why countries in the Global South would accept the electronic waste of the Global North.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Waste and the Churequeros

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. As women in the Global North seek out full-time professional careers, many choose to outsource domestic labor, and even reproductive labor, to female immigrants who have migrated from the Global South in search of work. How does this affect gender inequality according to the text? What, if anything, is new about this trend?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe forms of global equality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Global Care Chains

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Discuss one trend and one criticism related to the use of foreign aid to address global economic inequality.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Foreign Aid and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss the similarities, differences, and overlap between colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Summarize theories of global stratification.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What is industrial upgrading, and which types of countries do it? List the four stages associated with industrial upgrading. In each of the four stages, be sure to provide more than a phrase—give specific examples of how industrial upgrading occurs in that stage. What is the overall effect of industrial upgrading on wages and working conditions?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss the changing positions in the global stratification system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Industrial Upgrading

Difficulty Level: Medium