Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Sex is based on ______ distinctions, whereas gender is based on ______ distinctions.

a. social; physical

b. cultural; biological

c. biological; social

d. social; cultural

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Challenging Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. One of the first questions asked when someone is having or adopting a baby is “boy or girl?” This is because we consider sex and gender to be which of these?

a. a master status

b. hegemonic masculinity

c. socially constructed

d. insignificant

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Challenging Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as which of these?

a. transgender

b. heterosexual

c. intersex

d. gay

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Emily likes to wear dresses, play with dolls, and paint her nails. These are examples of ways that Emily expresses which of these?

a. sex

b. gender

c. sexuality

d. intersexuality

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of these is used to mean a dominant or idealized form?

a. heteronormative

b. hegemonic

c. hermaphroditic

d. hierarchical

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of these is an idealized vision of manhood linked to patriarchy?

a. hegemonic masculinity

b. masculinized society

c. proletarianism

d. oligarchy

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. During the 1950s, women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husband and children's needs. What is the term for this type of socially constructed femininity?

a. hegemonic femininity

b. social femininity

c. cultural femininity

d. emphasized femininity

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Levandus is biologically a male but prefers to dress in a very feminine manner and wear makeup. Levandus prefers to use the pronouns she/her/hers. Levandus would most likely identify as which of these?

a. intersexual

b. heterosexual

c. gay

d. transgender

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Zana does NOT identify with a gender. Which of these terms is most likely to describe Zana?

a. gender fluidity

b. agender

c. transgender

d. gender-conforming

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. A gender binary involves how many genders?

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. more than three

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Lan picks out clothing that will emphasize femininity and feels that they should speak in a feminine tone of voice, allowing men to dominate the conversation. Lan has adopted a set of which of these?

a. traditional gender roles

b. genderqueer identities

c. hegemonic masculinity behaviors

d. intersexual roles

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. In 2017, what percentage of adults personally knew someone who is transgender?

a. 7%

b. 37%

c. 57%

d. 77%

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Randy is an avid multi-player online role-playing gamer. He often creates a female avatar and represents himself as female online. Which of these terms represents Randy’s behavior?

a. transgender

b. gender roles

c. gender-swapping

d. gender socialization

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In First Nations, two-spirit individuals are considered neither male nor female. In Afghanistan, sons are required, so some girls are treated as boys until the age of puberty. Which of the following terms is applicable to these situations?

a. gender fluidity

b. non-binary

c. gender roles

d. gender hegemony

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Diversity

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Recently, Target decided to stop labeling toys by gender. This is like actions in what other area of the world according to the text?

a. Ireland and the United Kingdom

b. Australia

c. China

d. Brazil

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gendered Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. According to the World Economic Forum, which country is the most gender equal in the world?

a. Iceland

b. Ireland

c. the U.S.

d. Yemen

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gendered Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which of these is a school’s unofficial practices and structures that dominant traditional messages about gender?

a. Hidden Curriculum

b. No Child Left Behind Curriculum

c. Occupational Segregation Curriculum

d. Gender Fluid Curriculum

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Why do girls often outperform boys in primary and secondary school on most academic indicators?

a. Girls are smarter than boys.

b. Girls have faster cognitive development than boys.

c. Girls have been socialized to be better than boys at noncognitive skills such as following rules and doing homework.

d. Girls generally work harder than boys.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Women have made big gains in higher education. How has this effected the pay gap between men and women?

a. Women have surpassed men in pay.

b. The pay gap between men and women remains significant.

c. The pay gap has disappeared for all women.

d. The pay gap has disappeared for White women only.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. When compared to males, females are ______.

a. less likely to graduate from high school

b. more likely to receive a bachelor's degree

c. less likely to receive a bachelor's degree

d. less competent in reading and writing assessments

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. What percentage of the students at two- and four-year colleges today are women?

a. 25%

b. 46%

c. 56%

d. 65%

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. How did industrialization affect gender roles?

a. It led men and women to occupy both the public and the private spheres.

b. It led to the separation of the public and the private spheres.

c. It led to a blending of the public and private spheres.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Separate Spheres

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of these was a characteristic of the cult of domesticity?

a. promiscuity

b. aggressiveness

c. piety

d. education

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Separate Spheres

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The public-private division applied to which of these?

a. all women

b. all men

c. only single women

d. only white middle- and upper-class women

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Separate Spheres

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. How much do women earn on average for every dollar earned by a white man based on 2017 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics?

a. 65 cents

b. 75 cents

c. 82 cents

d. 93 cents

Learning Objective: 11-1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Inequality at Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Research on women in the workplace shows that women ______ authority on the job had more diminished mental health than ______.

a. without; men with authority

b. without; women with authority

c. with; men without authority

d. with; women without authority

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Inequality at Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Since the Industrial Revolution, which of these has been considered the primary consumers in the household?

a. men

b. women

c. teenagers

d. infants

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Consumer Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. How have women’s consumption patterns changed as they have entered paid work?

a. They consume less.

b. They consume more.

c. They consume different types of services.

d. Their consumption patterns have remained the same.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Consumption, Work, and Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Women are thought of as a multiple market. What does this mean?

a. Women have more diversity when purchasing items for themselves.

b. Women purchase much of the food but also many types of clothing.

c. Women buy not only for themselves but make purchases for other people.

d. Women tend to buy things in multiples.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consumption, Work, and Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. According to the chapter text, when did “shopping for fun” originate?

a. in the 1900s, when department stores spread

b. in the 1920s, after the end of alcohol prohibition

c. in the 1950s, during post-war economic growth

d. in the 1970s, with expansion of imported goods

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Consumers

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of these has become a global concern related to consumption and marketing for girls in the Internet age?

a. truthful advertising

b. hypersexualization

c. self-esteem

d. ambiguous gender messaging

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Consumers

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Globally, which of these is TRUE of men’s consumer habits?

a. Men and boys have similar buying patterns to women and girls.

b. Men’s shopping habits vary by country.

c. Men do not shop online.

d. Unlike women, men’s consumption patterns have been studied since the 1800s.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Men and Boys as Consumers

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The way that people think about and behave toward themselves and others as sexual beings is called which of these?

a. gender identity

b. sexuality

c. sexual orientation

d. gender binary

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Sociology of Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Jay was brutally beaten by some of the boys in his class because they thought he was gay. This is an example of which of these?

a. homophobia

b. heterosexuality

c. sexism

d. hazing

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Identities and Orientations

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which of these is the belief in the superiority of heterosexuality?

a. homophobia

b. heterosexism

c. sexism

d. sexual scripting

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identities and Orientations

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Virginity and “coming out” are two examples of what phenomenon?

a. the differences between behaviors and attitudes.

b. the importance of norms.

c. the use of stories to provide scripts about sexuality

d. The ways that U.S. culture around sexuality has changed in the last 20 years.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexual Selves

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of these is TRUE of the heterosexual double standard?

a. Men are supposed to want sex only within committed relationships while women can have sex outside of them.

b. Men are supposed to be sexual and women are not.

c. Women having sex with other women is seen as erotic while men having sex with other men is seen as deviant.

d. Men are expected to desire and seek sex from whomever while women are expected to be sexual only within committed, romantic relationships.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Spotlight on “Hooking Up”

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. According to the chapter text, which of these previously unacceptable behaviors do the 69% of people in the U.S. now report as “morally acceptable” based on a 2017 report?

a. sex between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman

b. married men or women having an affair

c. polygamy

d. dual-income marriages with no kids

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Constraints on Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which of these is a characteristic of informed sexual consent?

a. Once consent is given it is ongoing.

b. Silence can be consent if both people agree.

c. Pressure is okay, but coercion is not.

d. Both parties demonstrate a clear and mutual understanding of what they are consenting to.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture and Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which social change is linked to the globalization of sexuality?

a. localized technologies

b. increasing urbanization

c. globalized religion

d. decreased mobility

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which term was exported globally in the global diffusion of sex and sexuality?

a. rape

b. pornography

c. gay

d. sexuality

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Flows Related to Sex and Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which statement is TRUE of globalization and sexual minorities?

a. Globalization has primarily functioned to spread homophobia.

b. Globalization has primarily functioned to pull LGBTQ people to urban communities.

c. Globalization has functioned to both push and pull LGBTQ people from Global North and Global South.

d. Globalization has been overwhelmingly positive for LGBTQ people.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sexualities in a Global Context

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Joe is a gay male who vacations in Jamaica with the plan to hire a live-in sexual companion for a month. What is the term for Joe’s vacation plan?

a. sex trafficking

b. sex tourism

c. sexual harassment

d. sex consumerism

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sexualities in a Global Context

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. What term describes the increasing participation of women in the labor force?

a. contingent work increase

b. feminization of labor

c. the glass escalator

d. industrialized feminism

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Feminization of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. The increasing number of women who are being channeled into low-status, poorly paid manual work is referred to as which of these ______.

a. feminization of labor

b. female proletarianization

c. globalization of femininity

d. the export processing zone

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which of the following is most closely related to female proletarianization?

a. sexual fluidity

b. the feminization of poverty

c. the glass elevator

d. sex trafficking

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which of these is TRUE of the gendered nature of international violence?

a. Women are more likely than men to be injured in warfare.

b. Women are more likely than men to be killed in warfare.

c. Men are more likely than women to be involved in violent terrorist organizations.

d. Men are more likely than women to be displaced from their homes during times of violence.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender, War, and Violence

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which of these is TRUE of the larger global women's movement?

a. Its focus has been global, not local or regional.

b. It has decreased dramatically since the 2016 election of Donald J Trump and the rise of antifeminist movements.

c. It has a strong but short history, arising in the 1960’s out of worldwide civil rights movements.

d. Its greatest triumphs have resulted in women’s rights to vote globally.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Global Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Biological sex exists on a continuum.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as transgender.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Gender is a master status.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. One effect of hegemonic masculinity is that men do NOT have to think about what it means to be a man.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Emphasized femininity is focused on projecting positive images of women in society.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Intersex is an umbrella term that encompasses a range of gendered identities, feelings, and self-determined labels.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Transgender individuals identify with the gender roles of the sex opposite to themselves.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The hidden curriculum is a term that refers to a school's unofficial rules by which students learn various behaviors, attitudes, and values.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Even though women have made gains in higher education, women still earn far fewer degrees in the STEM disciplines.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Unmarried men have the lowest household income.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender, Family, and Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Worldwide, the second shift has decreased dramatically, and men and women are now putting in close to equal time on those tasks.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender, Family, and Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. One factor in the stalled revolution in gender equality has been attributed to the rise of video games that men tend to do instead of cleaning up after themselves.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Contemporary marketing and advertising is marked by gender fluidity.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Advertising and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. One reason that sociologists are interested in the topic of sexuality is because of social changes in attitudes and behaviors around sex

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Sociology of Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Shawna believes that gay people are inferior to heterosexuals. Shawna’s belief is called homosexism.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Identities and Orientations

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Sociologists believe that socialization plays a key role in determining gender differences.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gendered Sexual Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Rape cultures tend to be prevalent in and around college campuses due to the presence of alcohol and drugs, the age of the population, and the ratio of men to women.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. In consumer society, sex is used to encourage consumption of all sorts of things that are NOT inherently sexual.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex and Consumption

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Tram has been transported from Malaysia to the U.S. against her will and forced to serve as an escort to wealthy men. Tram is experiencing sex tourism.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Global Sex Industry

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Over the last few decades, most of the countries of the Global South and Eastern Europe have experienced a slow decline in sex work.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Sex Industry

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The feminization of immigration describes the phenomenon of increased women’s immigration from the Global North to the Global South.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Feminization of Migration

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. There has been a notable decrease in women’s labor force participation rates worldwide, particularly in the Americas and Western Europe.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Feminization of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Globally, women have entered the labor market in large numbers of countries, a phenomenon referred to as female proletarianization.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Mandatory pregnancy testing is used to control workers in multinational corporations’ export processing zones (EPZs).

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Women in Export Processing Zones

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Export processing zones (EPZs) reduce poverty and unemployment and, as a result, facilitate the economic development of the host countries.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women in Export Processing Zones

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Globally, more women are being drawn into labor-intensive and low-paying industries, such as textiles, apparel, leather products, food processing, and electronics.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women in Export Processing Zones

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. A change warfare in recent years has decreased the number of casualties globally that women suffer in war.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender, War, and Violence

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. The focus of the global women’s rights movement has been on sexual scripts.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Global Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the terms hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. What social consequences are related to these two gender forms?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Femininities and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Transgender is an umbrella term related to several gender identities. What gender identities are grouped under the term transgender? Name one risk factor for people who identify as transgender.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Identify the cultural influences on gender and discuss gendered inequalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is meant by the term sexual scripts? Explain ways that sexual scripts are used and how they influence sexual identities and give one example of a sexual script.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe how social forces constrain sexuality.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gendered Sexual Scripts

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the social changes that are significant to the globalization of sexuality. Name and explain three reasons for these changes.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss the concept of “feminization” as it relates to global flows. Select and explain two forms of feminization discussed by the text. Explain how each affects women.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Examine global flows related to gender.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Flows Related to Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium