Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which term refers to a form of deviance that becomes negatively sanctioned by the legal system?

a. legalization

b. criminalization

c. criminology

d. demonization

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Norms, Labels, and Judgement

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Deviance can be defined as which of these?

a. an action that always starts with malicious intent

b. an action, belief, or human characteristic that violates group norms

c. an act that is the same everywhere across the globe

d. an act that does not vary across time from one era to another

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Many conditions that were once considered deviant have shifted over time to be which of these?

a. stigmatized

b. normal

c. mental-illness based

d. crimes

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of these is TRUE of tattoos?

a. They have always been and always will be deviant.

b. They used to be considered deviant but now are commonplace.

c. They used to be illegal but is now are stigmatized.

d. They used to be accepted for adults but now are accepted for teens.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shifting Definitions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following is TRUE of smoking?

a. It is considered the norm but not very healthy.

b. It is considered normal in the U.S. but deviant in China.

c. It is considered deviant in the U.S. but normal in China.

d. It is a good example of something that always has been and always will be deviant.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shifting Definitions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of these is TRUE of current global trends toward normalizing sexuality?

a. Five countries recognize same-sex unions.

b. Twenty-five countries punish “deviant” sexual behavior by imprisonment.

c. Eighty-five countries protect “deviant” sexuality by law.

d. No countries punish “deviant” sexual behavior by death.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Global Flows and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Mary downloaded some music from a site on the Internet and didn't pay for it, thinking her actions weren't illegal since many of her friends had done the same. Mary is an example of which of these?

a. nondeviant customer

b. deviant consumer

c. rebellionist

d. revolutionary

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deviance and Consumption

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of these is TRUE of deviant consumption?

a. The poor are most likely to be deviant consumers because they cannot afford consumption.

b. Definitions of what constitutes deviant consumption are widely shared.

c. Some consumers of items in the same group may be labeled deviant while others might not (e.g. wrong or right drug users)

d. Deviant consumption occurs only in the U.S.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deviance and Consumption

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Theorists who attribute some of the causes of deviant behavior to biology are employing ______ theories.

a. structural functionalist

b. constructionist

c. critical

d. explanatory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Explanatory Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Alphonse studies criminal behavior in gangs, focusing on how each gang member defines their behaviors and how they interact with each other. Alphonse is using ______ theories as the basis for his study.

a. structural functionalist

b. constructionist

c. critical

d. explanatory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Who was a key creator of the structural/functionalist theoretical perspective?

a. George Homans

b. Howard Becker

c. Max Weber

d. Émile Durkheim

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which is TRUE of deviance according to the structural-functionalist perspective?

a. Deviance is socially constructed through our interactions with others.

b. Deviance is defined by those who have power.

c. Deviance issued to define and clarify a group’s norms and values.

d. Deviance is unnecessary in society.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. According to ______, there is a discrepancy between what the larger structure and culture of society values, and the structural means available to the individual to achieve that which is valued.

a. control theory

b. strain theory

c. subcultural theory

d. scapegoat theory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Strain

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of these is associated with Strain theory?

a. a gap between cultural values and the means to achieve them

b. stigma encountered because one is labelled deviant

c. lack of social control around deviance

d. physical and mental illnesses

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Strain

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Who developed Strain theory?

a. Travis Hirschi

b. Robert K. Merton

c. Erving Goffman

d. Talcott Parsons

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Strain

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Saul is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money. According to strain theory, Saul exemplifies which of these?

a. ritualist

b. innovator

c. conformist

d. retreatist

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Danielle has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years. She goes through the motions at her job with little motivation, realizing that she will never get promoted. According to strain theory, Danielle exemplifies which of these?

a. ritualist

b. innovator

c. conformist

d. retreatist

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. According to strain theory, ______ reject both cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment.

a. ritualists

b. conformists

c. innovators

d. retreatists

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. In recent developments to strain theory, Robert Agnew developed a theory that focuses on which of these?

a. crime and strain

b. effects on and feelings of the person experiencing strain

c. globalizing effects of strain theory

d. gender and strain

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: More Recent Developments in Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Who created social control theory?

a. William Chambliss

b. Robert Merton

c. Travis Hirschi

d. Erving Goffman

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. When someone commits murder they go to jail, and when someone walks around nude they receive strange looks. These are both examples of how societies use ______ to enforce conformity.

a. social control

b. social agents

c. group action

d. moral panic

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Jimmy wants to go out this weekend, but he has no money. He thinks about stealing some money from a coworker, but he doesn't, because he knows it would be morally wrong. Jimmy’s behavior is an example of which theory?

a. strain theory

b. social control theory

c. labeling theory

d. primary deviance theory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. How does Laub and Sampson’s theory of social control differ from Hirschi’s theory?

a. Laub and Sampson focus on social class as a factor in informal social control.

b. Laub and Sampson focus on race as a factor in informal social control.

c. Laub and Sampson focus on informal social control over the life course.

d. Laub and Sampson focus on sexuality as a main factor in informal social control.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which theory posits that neighborhoods that are disorderly and in disrepair result in an increase in deviant behavior?

a. broken neighborhood theory

b. strain theory

c. broken windows theory

d. urban chaos theory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Broken Windows

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of these is a fear of the broken windows approach?

a. It results in costly fixes in places that can’t afford them.

b. It gives police wide discretion to deal with people even when the people are not harming someone.

c. It disproportionately impacts women.

d. It profiles elderly poor.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Broken Windows

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. With which of these would conflict/critical theorists agree?

a. Deviance is socially constructed through our interactions with others.

b. Deviance is defined by those who have power.

c. Deviance is used to define and clarify a group’s norms and values.

d. Deviance is necessary in society.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict/Critical Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The ______ focuses on how deviance is created by the capitalist economic system.

a. structural-functionalist perspective

b. interactionist perspective

c. conflict–critical theorist

d. functionalist perspective

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deviance and the Poor

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of these do conflict/critical theorists argue about the deviant and criminal behavior of members of the elite?

a. Elites can commit deviant acts and escape penalties.

b. Elites often receive harsher punishment than everyone else.

c. Elites must pay steeper fines in the court system.

d. Elites receive much more attention and are held to higher standards.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deviance and the Poor

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A researcher who studies organized crime and utilizes the interactionist perspective would focus on which of these?

a. How large-scale societal institutions that are affected by organized crime.

b. How elites and non-elites are punished differently for participation in organized crime

c. How a person involved in organized crime chooses to display or hide this association across different settings

d. How organized crime plays an important role in various societies.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Inter/Actionist Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Harold Garfinkel studied how Agnes, a transgender male-to-female, “passed” as a woman in his classic ______ study.

a. ethnomethodological

b. social control theory

c. ethnographical

d. sociolinguistic

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Inter/Actionist Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Labeling theory is one variety of ______ that is useful for thinking about deviance.

a. conflict/critical theory

b. symbolic interactionism

c. rational choice theory

d. structural-functionalism

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. When it was revealed that a prominent member of the community had cheated on his wife with many women, he was called a variety of names associating him with his affairs and his reputation suffered. This is an example of ______.

a. being labeled according to labeling theory

b. being socially controlled according to social control theory

c. being dysfunctional according to functionalism

d. being irrational according to rational choice theory

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Labeling

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. Which of these are more likely to be socially defined as deviant according to labeling theory?

a. poor people

b. middle-class people

c. people with white collar jobs

d. those who do the labeling

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Mary has struggled with prescription drug abuse for years. Her coworkers consider her behavior to be extremely disruptive to her work performance and want her to get help. Mary’s coworkers are examples of which of these?

a. labeling agents

b. deviant agents

c. social control agents

d. strain agents

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Labeling

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Joseph is at a fraternity party and drinks excessively for the first time in his life. Which of these does his behavior exemplify?

a. secondary deviance

b. primary deviance

c. tertiary deviance

d. situational deviance

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. What is the term for the act of internalizing a deviant label and organizing one’s life around it?

a. secondary deviance

b. primary deviance

c. tertiary deviance

d. situational deviance

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is the term for elite members of society who devise its rules and laws?

a. rule creators

b. rule enforcers

c. moral entrepreneurs

d. social controllers

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Key Ideas in the Labeling Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Van moves to a rural town after being let out of prison. He has moved there so that no one will know his identity and what he has done in the past. Van has which of these?

a. a discredited stigma

b. a discreditable stigma

c. a criminal stigma

d. an invisible stigma

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stigmas

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. What is the term for a widespread but disproportionate reaction to a form of deviance?

a. stigma

b. witch hunt

c. secondary deviance

d. moral panic

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Panics

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. What question did early criminology focus on?

a. Which criminals get caught and which criminals go free?

b. How social institutions encourage or discourage crime?

c. What physical or psychological characteristics are unique to criminals?

d. Why some people commit crimes while others do not?

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Recently, criminology shifted from its early focus to a greater concern with ______.

a. the social context of crime and its effect on larger society

b. the social context of controlling crime and its effect on individual criminals

c. the best ways to rehabilitate criminals

d. the role of mental illness in the criminal psychology

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. A key figure in criminology, ______, created the differential association theory and helped to influence the use of a symbolic interaction approach to criminology.

a. Erving Goffman

b. Cesare Lombroso

c. Edwin Sutherland

d. Talcott Parsons

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. The main point in differential association theory is which of these?

a. Criminals are genetically predisposed to maladaptive behaviors.

b. People learn criminal behavior from others.

c. People are associated with crime in different ways depending on stigma.

d. People only commit crimes when they are not able to access other opportunities.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which of the following does the text identify as an important built-in characteristic of the criminal justice system in the U.S.?

a. standardization—treating all people the same way

b. discretion—deciding each case on its own merits

c. thoroughness—everyone who commits a crime should be charged

d. deterrence—basing all actions on deterring more crime

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Burglary and motor vehicle theft represent which type of crime?

a. violent crimes

b. organized crimes

c. white-collar crimes

d. property crimes

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which of these is the repetition of a criminal act by one who has been convicted for an offense?

a. probation

b. recidivism

c. parole

d. rehabilitation

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which country has the highest rate of incarceration in the world?

a. U.S.

b. China

c. Russia

d. Mexico

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. An example of a ______ is when personal information stored on a laptop is hacked and used to steal identity.

a. cybercrime

b. violent crime

c. white-collar crime

d. blue-collar crime

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Crimes

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. The supervised early release of a prisoner for good behavior is called ______.

a. parole

b. probation

c. recidivism

d. supervision

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Prisons are expensive, but their cost might be justified if they help teach people that “crime doesn’t pay.” Do prisons deter those who end up incarcerated from committing more crimes after they are released from prison?

a. Yes, prisons greatly deter most prisoners from future crimes.

b. Yes, prisons deter some prisoners from future crimes.

c. No, prisons have little effect on the rates of prisoners who commit future crimes.

d. No, prisons lead to more, rather than fewer future crimes.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. If the punishment of crimes makes it less likely that individuals are less likely to commit crimes, it is called ______.

a. specific deterrence

b. recidivism

c. general deterrence

d. public deterrence

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. General deterrence involves which of the following?

a. men

b. women

c. youth

d. the population as a whole

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. What are the principle growth areas in the rise of global crime flows?

a. cybercrimes and hacking

b. money laundering and identity theft

c. drugs and terrorism

d. treason and spying

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Globalization and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Which of these aspects of cross-border drug crime help to account for why efforts to counter it have been unsuccessful?

a. Drug criminals do not need many resources.

b. Drug criminals lack expertise to commit crimes.

c. Drug crimes are hard to conceal.

d. inactive law enforcement

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminalization of Global Activities

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. According to the chapter text, which of these is TRUE of global law enforcement around drugs and illegal substances?

a. It is a complete failure.

b. It has adopted U.S. laws, views, and procedures.

c. It fails to enforce law enforcement treaties but has created its own laws

d. It has successfully stopped the flow of drugs in most places.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminalization of Global Activities

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Crimes can be defined as a form of deviance that is negatively sanctioned by law.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Norms, Labels, and Judgement

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Deviance is defined as an action, belief, or human characteristic that is inherently against human nature.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is considered deviant may vary greatly from one geographic area to another.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shifting Definitions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. If a powerful group wants to have a form of behavior defined as deviant, it is likely to be so defined.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. One example of the normalization of deviance is historical change in attitudes towards premarital sex.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shifting Definitions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The acceptability of various forms of sexuality exemplifies how deviance is a global flow.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Flows and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Deviant consumers are those who consume too much.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Deviant Consumption

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Affluent consumers do not engage in deviant consumption because they have enough money NOT to.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Deviant Consumption

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Explanatory theories of deviance focus on upbringing as the factor responsible for deviance.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Constructionist theories of deviance focus on those who create and enforce moral order.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Emile Durkheim believed deviance is necessary because it clarifies shared norms and values.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Emile Durkheim thought that deviance was dysfunctional to society.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. In strain theory, rebels are like retreatants because they both reject traditional means and goals.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. All recent strain theories take a micro approach to deviance and strain.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: More Recent Developments in Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Travis Hirschi’s social control theory focuses on why people do NOT commit deviant acts.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Current research in social control shows that it also plays a major role in deviance in adult life.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. According to Sampson and Laub, delinquent behavior as a youth is a key indicator for whether someone will engage in criminal behavior as an adult.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. One concern with the “broken windows” approach is the fear that it will increase discriminatory behavior by police against minorities.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Control

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Conflict/critical theorists focus on how inequalities cause the less powerful to engage in deviant and criminal acts because they have few, if any, other ways of succeeding in society.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict/Critical Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Labeling theory is concerned with the reactions, actions, and interactions of social control agents who label the person as deviant.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Moral entrepreneurs lead campaigns to define certain acts as deviant and illegal, and therefore subject to law enforcement.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Key Ideas in the Labeling Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Fear of Muslim immigrants as terrorists is an example of what sociologists call a moral entrepreneur.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Panics

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Larry served time for murder and doesn’t want his new wife to know that. Erving Goffman would call the impact of Larry’s crime a discredited stigma.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stigma

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Jumping in front of a moving car to save a child is considered positive deviance.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Positive Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Those in the criminal justice system are given very little discretion to deal with offenders.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. In global crime control, powerful societies are often able to get weaker societies to adopt their ways of doing things.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminalization of Global Activities

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The U.S. has played a central role in criminalizing drug use in many places around the world.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminalization of Global Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Efforts over the past several decades to reduce the flow of illegal drugs globally have largely been ineffective.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. The growth in global crime is traceable to increasing concern about illicit drug use in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize the relationship between globalization and crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Globalization and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. How do sociologists define deviance? How does deviant behavior vary from one time to another? Give one example of this from the past 25 years and discuss how it has changed.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Define deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Use marijuana as an example to discuss the differences between explanatory and constructionist theories in understanding deviant behavior. How would these two approaches to studying deviance look at changes to marijuana’s deviant status differently?

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the origins of the structural-functionalist perspective on deviance and detail how it explains deviance.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Structural/Functional Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the application of conflict theories to deviance, the elite, and the poor. Select one example of how this approach can be applied to a contemporary issue of deviance.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the role of deterrence in the criminal justice system. What are two types of deterrence? How well does the U.S. criminal justice system currently accomplish these two forms of deterrence? Provide examples to support your position.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Discuss the criminal justice system and different types of crimes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium