Chapter 4: Gender

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What does the term “gender” refer to?

a. fixed physiological characteristics

b. learned social and cultural characteristics

c. an act

d. a psychological characteristic

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of these is known as the physiological difference between male and female?

a. sex

b. gender

c. cisgender

d. transgender

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In 2017, there were ______ women serving as U.S. Senators.

a. 2

b. 12

c. 21

d. 30

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. John believes that Abigail is less capable of leading a group because she is a woman. What term describes John’s belief about Abigail?

a. gender phobia

b. homophobia

c. sexism

d. cisgenderism

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi was the ______ woman elected speaker of the House of Representatives in 2007.

a. first

b. fifth

c. tenth

d. twentieth

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of these is NOT a factor that social scientists attribute to gender differences?

a. socialization

b. prejudice

c. discrimination

d. biological differences

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Most individuals identify with the sex they were assigned as birth. What term describes this phenomenon?

a. cisgender

b. gender binary

c. transgender

d. heterogender

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What is the term for people whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned as birth?

a. cisgender

b. gender binary

c. transgender

d. heterogender

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Contemporary feminists see gender as which of these?

a. an individual attribute

b. a role that people are socialized into

c. a system of social practices

d. a biological condition

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain problems related to sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which theoretical perspective would make the claim that true gender equality is possible only if women are able to assume positions of power in the economic and political system?

a. interactionist

b. feminist

c. human capital

d. functionalist

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain problems related to sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which theoretical perspective argues that gender inequality is reflected in language?

a. interactionist

b. feminist

c. conflict

d. functionalist

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The functionalist perspective defines gender inequality as which of these?

a. a consequence of patriarchy

b. a functional necessity

c. a dysfunction of society

d. a product of social interaction

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. According to both Conflict and Feminist perspectives, women’s subordinate position in society is linked to which of these?

a. their relationship to the means of production

b. their desire to be men

c. their socialization

d. their genetic makeup

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. According to both Conflict and Feminist perspectives, gender inequality exists because of which of these?

a. It is natural.

b. It is functional.

c. It benefits the group in power.

d. It is defined as unequal and, thus, becomes unequal.

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Women continue to be the majority of workers in which of these occupational sectors?

a. construction

b. service work

c. carpentry

d. truck driving

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. What is the term for the separation of women into non-manual labor sectors and men into manual labor sectors?

a. horizontal segregation

b. vertical segregation

c. sex typing

d. human capital

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What is the term for the separation of women into lower ranking positions and men into higher-ranking positions in the workplace?

a. horizontal segregation

b. vertical segregation

c. sex typing

d. human capital

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which state has the smallest wage gap?

a. New York

b. Wyoming

c. Louisiana

d. West Virginia

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and work experience are known as which of these?

a. human capital

b. cultural capital

c. social capital

d. economic capital

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which theory is associated with the notion that childbirth and child rearing interrupt women’s work experience?

a. horizontal segregation

b. human capital theory

c. devaluation of women’s work

d. institutional theory

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which is an occupation disproportionately held by men?

a. elementary and middle school teacher

b. registered nurse

c. construction worker

d. customer service representative

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The fact that women are concentrated in lower paying service work occupations is known broadly as which of these?

a. horizontal segregation

b. human capital theory

c. devaluation of women’s work

d. occupational sex segregation

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Jane and John are both employed in the same industry, but John and his male friends have all been promoted to management positions, while Jane and her female friends have not been promoted. What term applies to this phenomenon?

a. horizontal segregation

b. human capital theory

c. vertical segregation

d. occupational sex segregation

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which type of segregation is based on deeply rooted and widely shared cultural beliefs that men are more competent than women and are better suited than women for positions of power?

a. vertical segregation

b. matriarchal segregation

c. horizontal segregation

d. patriarchal segregation

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupational Sex Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. In 2016 working women earned an average of ______ for every dollar working men earned.

a. 50 cents

b. 60 cents

c. 70 cents

d. 80 cents

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Sex Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. According to your text, in 2016 the state where women received the least pay on the male dollar was which of these?

a. Missouri

b. Louisiana

c. New Mexico

d. California

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Sex Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which of these is TRUE of gender nonconformity discrimination in the workplace according to data from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey?

a. Trans women report fewer events of workplace discrimination than trans men.

b. Multi-racial trans people face increased transphobic discrimination and are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviors.

c. Trans people who are viewed as gender nonconforming faced less day-to-day discrimination than trans people who are viewed as gender conforming.

d. Trans people who are viewed as gender conforming face are more likely to engage in health harming behaviors compared to more gender nonconforming trans people.

Learning Objective: 4-4: Discuss the effects and prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Non-conformity Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Research indicates that the most common form of female abuse involves physical violence perpetrated by which of these?

a. a stranger

b. an intimate partner

c. a co-worker

d. a sex trafficker

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. It is estimated that ______ of women worldwide suffer physical or sexual violence.

a. 15 percent

b. 35 percent

c. 55 percent

d. 75 percent

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is TRUE of femicide?

a. It often involves sexual violence.

b. It is comparable to the murder of men.

c. It involves the murder of a child by the child’s mother.

d. It is rapidly increasing in the United States.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. How is intimate partner violence related to women's health?

a. Intimate partner violence primarily occurs in low-income neighborhoods where women's health care is lacking.

b. Most women who experience intimate partner violence eventually acquire HIV.

c. Intimate partner violence typically results in psychological disorders for children who witness it.

d. Women who experience partner violence are more than twice as likely to experience depression as women who do not suffer partner violence.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. When did the U.S. feminist movement begin?

a. 1631

b. 1798

c. 1848

d. 1902

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which wave of feminism is associated with trying to address multiple sources of oppression?

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Title IX was passed during which wave of feminism?

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has yet to be passed?

a. the Equal Rights Amendment

b. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

c. the Nineteenth Amendment

d. Title IX

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. What is the term for the integration of a gender perspective into every step of a country’s policy process?

a. gender equity inclusion

b. Title IX

c. the Lily Ledbetter Act

d. gender mainstreaming

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of these has adopted the process of gender mainstreaming as its main strategy to address inequalities between men and women?

a. the European Union

b. Russia

c. the United States

d. Singapore

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which component of Title IX requires that schools demonstrate that the percentage of men and women athletes is about the same as the percentage of men and women students?

a. the Brawner test

b. the feminist requirement

c. the wage gap

d. the proportionality rule

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Title IX

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. All but which of these are ways schools are allowed to offer women and men equal opportunities to participate in athletics?

a. Schools must demonstrate that the percentage of male and female athletes is about the same as the percent of male and female students enrolled in the school.

b. The school has a history and a continuing practice of expanding opportunities for female students.

c. By getting at least fifty percent of the female students enrolled in the school to sign petitions requesting certain types of sport activities.

d. The school is fully and effectively meeting its female students’ interest and abilities to participate in sports.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Gender differences are fundamental differences between males and females based on biology.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Gender inequality is a persistent feature of ALL modern societies.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Most sociologists believe gender differences are due to biological differences.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The United States is behind other countries in female representation in a national parliament or congress.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Functionalists argue that gender inequality is inevitable because of the gendered division of labor in the household.

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. From a feminist perspective, a change in gender roles undermines the stability of the family.

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Men typically place a greater emphasis on the physician–patient relationship than women, choosing primary care over surgical specialties.

Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the impact of discrimination on gender nonconformists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Horizontal segregation refers to the separation of women into non-manual labor and men into manual labor sectors.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Occupational sex segregation is a worldwide phenomenon.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The systematic killing of women is known as femicide.

Learning Objective: 4-4: Discuss the effects and prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The United Nations has identified violence against women as one of the key means through which men maintain control over women’s agency and sexuality.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Trans people experience worse health outcomes than their cisgender peers.

Learning Objective: 4-4: Discuss the effects and prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Non-conformity Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Fourth-wave feminism is often described as the most cohesive and progressive wave of feminism.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed during the second wave of feminism.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Colleges and universities receiving federal funding are required under Title IX to respond promptly and effectively to sexual violence against students.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Briefly compare and contrast sex and gender and provide examples of each.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe how the different sociological perspectives explain sex and gender-based inequalities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What is the gender binary? Is it possible to raise boys and girls the same way, to be gender neutral in the socialization process? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 4-2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Define horizontal segregation and vertical segregation and provide examples of each. Why are these such important concepts to understand?

Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify the consequences of gender inequality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe the four waves of feminism. Include the rough dates of each wave, the central themes of each wave, and the achievements of each wave.

First wave 1848-1920: women’s suffrage

Second wave: 20^th century: “the personal is political—focused on women’s equality, women’s rights in the workplace. During this time Title VII and Title IX were passed

Third wave: 1990s—attempted to address multiple, intersecting types of oppression and critiqued second wave for being white women’s feminism. Focus more globally

Fourth wave: The wave is defined in various ways. Brazilian sociologists Solange Simões and Marlise Matos (2009) define the term as a process of gendered democratic institutionalization and policy making, which includes a “revitalization of a classic feminist rights agenda under the influence of transnational feminism and the globalization of local women’s agendas” (p. 95). The fourth wave synthesizes the second wave’s emphasis on equality and the third wave’s focus on global inequality. Fourth-wave feminism has also been described as a movement without one cohesive cause, leader, or platform.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responding to Gender Inequalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Who is Lilly Ledbetter and why is her case important?

Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe the four waves of feminism and explore recent social and legal developments in movements for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consequences of Gender Inequality

Difficulty Level: Medium