Full Test Bank Volcanoes And Volcanic Hazards Chapter 6 - Complete Test Bank | Exploring Geology 5e | Answers by Steven J. Reynolds, Julia K. Johnson. DOCX document preview.
Exploring Geology, 5e (Reynolds)
Chapter 6 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
1) What type of volcanic eruption is shown in this photograph?
A) a lava fountain
B) collapse of a volcanic dome
C) a fissure eruption
D) a pyroclastic column
E) a volcanic mudflow
2) What event triggered the main eruption of Mount St. Helens May 1980?
A) Melting snow caused a huge steam eruption.
B) Magma encountered groundwater and exploded.
C) A landslide removed rocks and released pressure on the magma.
D) All of these choices are correct.
3) Which of the following types of volcanic eruption have occurred on Mount St. Helens since it began erupting in 1980?
A) eruption column
B) pyroclastic flow
C) volcanic dome
D) All of these choices are correct.
4) Which of the following is typically erupted from a volcano?
A) scalding hot ash, lava, and gases
B) ice and snow, combined with steam
C) large quantities of liquid water
5) Which of the following best describes the temperature of materials typically erupted from volcanoes?
A) extremely hot
B) warm to slighty hot
C) cool to cold
6) The typical shape of most volcanoes, including the one shown here, is
A) conical.
B) cylindrical.
C) domical.
7) This volcano is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
8) This volcano is broad and low, and is composed of basaltic lava flows. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
9) This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
10) This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
11) This volcano is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
12) This volcano is broad and low, and is composed of basaltic lava flows. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) caldera
13) This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) volcanic dome
E) fissure
14) This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?
A) scoria cone
B) shield volcano
C) composite volcano
D) caldera
E) None of these choices are correct.
15) Which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?
A) scoria cone
B) dome
C) composite volcano
D) shield volcano
16) Which of the following is least likely to be a volcano?
A) a vent where magma and other volcanic material is erupted
B) a hill with a crater formed at the site of an eruption
C) a hill capped by volcanic rocks
D) a fissure that erupts hot, molten lava
E) a mountain that erupts only volcanic ash
17) Which of the following are characteristics of actively erupting volcanoes?
A) glowing orange lava flowing downhill
B) fragments of molten rock blasting into the air
C) billowing clouds of ash rising into the air
D) All of these choices are correct.
18) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an actively erupting volcano?
A) totally covered in a fresh blanket of clean, white snow
B) billowing ash column rising into the sky
C) glowing lava flows moving down mountain slopes
D) rapidly melting glaciers/snowpack producing massive mudflows
19) Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a volcano?
A) conical-shaped hill
B) crater at or near the top of a hill
C) fresh ash layers or lava flows covering part of a conical hill
D) flat-topped mesa with eroded volcanic rock cliffs at that top
20) Huge, circular depressions from which volcanoes erupt are called
A) calderas.
B) fissures.
C) cones.
21) Which of the following are erupted by volcanoes?
A) lava
B) ash
C) pumice
D) All of these choices are correct.
22) Which of the following materials is NOT produced by erupting volcanoes?
A) sandstone
B) basaltic lava
C) obsidian/glass
D) ash
23) Which of the following is NOT evidence of recent activity at a volcano?
A) thick, well-developed soil
B) layer of ash blanketing hillslopes
C) unweathered lava flows
D) ash flows lacking a well-developed soil
24) Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time?
A) a layer of ash blanketing hillslopes
B) relatively unweathered lava flows
C) well-developed soils on volcanic rocks
25) Which of the following lists the four types of volcanoes shaped like hills and mountains?
A) scoria cone, shield, composite, dome
B) fissure, shield, scoria cone, dome
C) crater, scoria cone, crater, dome
26) Which of the following is NOT a common type of volcano?
A) mesa
B) shield
C) dome
D) composite cone
27) Comparing these two photographs, which eruption has lower viscosity magma?
A) The fluid cascade of lava.
B) The circular volcanic feature.
C) They could have the same viscosity.
D) There is no way to tell.
28) What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?
A) lava flow
B) lava dome
C) lava fountain
D) pyroclastic column
E) pyroclastic flow
29) What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?
A) lava flow
B) lava dome
C) lava fountain
D) pyroclastic column
E) pyroclastic flow
30) What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?
A) lava flow
B) lava dome
C) lava fountain
D) pyroclastic column
E) pyroclastic flow
31) What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?
A) lava flow
B) lava dome
C) lava fountain
D) pyroclastic flow
32) At what depth do gas bubbles have the most effect on magma?
A) When the magma first forms, before the bubbles can dissolve into the magma.
B) At moderate depths, when the magma is moving rapidly through the conduit.
C) At very shallow levels, such as within the volcano.
D) None of these choices are correct.
33) Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma?
A) Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily.
B) Abundant silica chains in viscous magma allow gas to pass quickly through the magma.
C) Less viscous magma allows gas to escape, which can lead to very explosive eruptions.
D) All of these choices are correct.
34) Which of the following are differences between an eruption column and pyroclastic flow?
A) Tephra in an eruption column stays hotter until it reaches the ground.
B) A pyroclastic flow rises higher into the atmosphere than an eruption column.
C) Damage from an eruption column is more restricted than a pyroclastic flow.
D) A pyroclastic flow forms when the gas flux cannot support the column.
35) Which of the following are NOT differences between an eruption column and pyroclastic flow?
A) Tephra in an eruption column mostly cools before it reaches the ground.
B) A pyroclastic flow mostly flows downhill, whereas a column rises at first.
C) Damage from an eruption column can be more widespread.
D) Pyroclastic flows form from a higher gas flux.
36) Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style?
A) age of volcano
B) chemistry of the magma
C) magma volatile content
37) A single volcano may produce
A) only explosive eruptions.
B) only nonexplosive eruptions.
C) both explosive and nonexplosive eruptions.
D) either explosive or nonexplosive eruptions, but never both.
38) When fluid lava erupts onto the surface, it typically produces
A) lava flows.
B) lava domes.
C) ash columns.
D) pyroclastic flows.
39) Long, thin lava flows are typically produced by
A) volatile-rich eruptions.
B) high-viscosity lavas.
C) low-viscosity lavas.
D) collapsing eruption columns.
40) If bubbles cannot escape easily from a magma, the resulting eruption is likely to
A) be explosive.
B) be nonexplosive.
C) produce long, thin lava flows.
41) The higher the gas pressure builds in a magma
A) the more explosive an eruption it is likely to produce.
B) the less explosive an eruption is likely to produce.
C) the longer the lava flows an eruption will produce.
D) the more likely a volcanic dome is to form.
42) Which of the following are true of felsic magmas?
A) They tend to have high viscosities.
B) They do not allow gas bubbles to escape easily.
C) High gas pressures commonly lead to highly explosive eruptions.
D) All of these choices are correct.
43) What type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?
A) vesicles
B) volcanic bomb
C) a lava flow
D) pahoehoe lava flow
E) pyroclastic flow
44) What type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?
A) vesicles
B) volcanic bomb
C) a lava flow
D) pahoehoe lava flow
E) pyroclastic flow
45) What type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?
A) vesicles
B) volcanic bomb
C) a lava flow
D) pahoehoe lava flow
E) pyroclastic flow
46) What type of volcanic eruption is probably shown in this photograph?
A) pyroclastic flow
B) fire fountain
C) basaltic lava flow
D) felsic lava flow
E) caldera eruption
47) What types of rocks would be most common in the small volcano in this photograph?
A) scoria and other vesicular basalt
B) basalt mostly formed in lava flows
C) felsic and intermediate lava flows
D) welded tuff and tephra
E) None of these choices are correct.
48) A lava solidifies into nonvesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because
A) the magma has a low content of gas.
B) the lava forms a ropy texture.
C) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows.
D) the lava flow forms lava tubes.
49) Which of the following occurs in a lava tube?
A) The surface of the lava flow solidifies to form a roof over the moving lava.
B) Lava tubes insulate a lava flow, allowing it to flow farther.
C) If a lava tube drains, it becomes a tube-shaped cave.
D) All of these choices are correct.
50) Which of the following is common in lava flows associated with scoria cones?
A) Some scoria cones are not accompanied by a lava flow and vice versa.
B) Some lava flows squeeze out near the base of the scoria cone.
C) The lava flow forms before the scoria cone when gas contents are highest.
D) The lava flows are mostly intermediate to felsic.
E) Some scoria cones are not accompanied by a lava flow and vice versa and some lava flows squeeze out near the base of the scoria cone.
51) What type of eruption formed the small volcano in this photograph?
A) fluid lava flows
B) eruption of viscous lava
C) lava fountain
D) eruption column
E) pyroclastic flow
52) Eruptions of scoria cones are commonly associated with
A) basaltic lava flows.
B) lava fountains.
C) pyroclastic flow.
D) viscous lava flows.
E) basaltic lava flows and lava fountains.
53) Scoria cones are composed primarily of
A) ejected fragments of vesicular lava.
B) blocky lava flows and lahar deposits.
C) pahoehoe and/or a'a.
D) volcanic ash.
54) Which of the following is NOT true of basaltic lava flows?
A) They flow downhill from the vent area.
B) They pile up in steep, cone-shaped hills.
C) They form from nonexplosive eruptions.
D) They can issue from the bases of scoria cones.
55) Compared to a younger scoria cone, an older scoria cone would have
A) more soil and plants.
B) darker lava color.
C) a more prominent central crater.
56) What is the main type of eruption that formed the volcano in this photograph?
A) fluid lava flows
B) eruption of viscous lava
C) lava fountain
D) eruption column
E) pyroclastic flow
57) What types of rocks would be most common in the volcano shown in this photograph?
A) scoria
B) basalt mostly formed in lava flows
C) felsic and intermediate lava flows
D) tuff and tephra
E) None of these choices are correct.
58) Shield volcanoes commonly have
A) fissure eruptions.
B) lava flows.
C) fire fountains.
D) dikes at depth.
E) All of these choices are correct.
59) Shield volcanoes commonly involve
A) fluid lava flows.
B) volcanic domes.
C) viscous lava flows.
D) pyroclastic flows.
E) All of these choices are correct.
60) When basaltic lava reaches the ocean it
A) causes lava fountains at the vent on land.
B) forms pillow basalts.
C) can flow long distances on top of the water.
D) forms circular calderas.
E) All of these choices are correct.
61) Which of the following is NOT true about shield volcanoes in the landscape?
A) They are large mountains with steep slopes.
B) They can construct some of the world's largest volcanoes.
C) They can be large or small.
D) All of these choices are correct.
62) When lava flows reach the ocean, they
A) solidify and add land to an island.
B) explode and produce layers of ash.
C) form tubes and continue flowing down to the deepest seafloor.
63) Shield volcanoes are composed primarily of
A) basalt lava flows.
B) andesite lava flows.
C) rhyolite lava flows.
64) Shield volcanoes are built up primarily by relatively
A) nonexplosive outpourings of lava.
B) explosive ash-forming eruptions.
C) high-viscosity dome-forming eruptions.
65) Shield volcanoes, like Mauna Loa, have what kind of slopes?
A) broad, gentle
B) nearly level
C) extremely steep
66) Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because
A) the low viscosity of basaltic magma allows it to flow downhill for long distances.
B) they never erupt from the same place twice.
C) their abundant ash layers spread out large distances.
67) Flood basalts influence life on Earth because
A) large volumes of flood basalts are erupted during a short time.
B) eruptions can release large amounts of gas that cool the atmosphere.
C) eruptions can release large amounts of gas that warm the atmosphere.
D) All of these choices are correct.
68) Which of the following is NOT true about flood basalts?
A) They cover large areas and contain huge volumes of magma.
B) They cover much of the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest.
C) They are fed from large, interconnected composite volcanoes.
D) Some flood basalts erupted at about the same time as major extinctions of species.
69) What are some factors that could allow flood basalts to have high-volume eruptions?
A) A large amount of magma is generated in the mantle.
B) Magma rises to the surface along thick dikes.
C) The magma is hot and has a low viscosity.
D) All of these choices are correct.
70) What is the interpreted origin for magma that forms flood basalts?
A) rapid subduction over tens of millions of years
B) rapid seafloor spreading that forms pillow basalts
C) a rising mantle plume
D) flood waters from melting glaciers
E) None of these choices are correct.
71) Which represents the largest igneous eruptions on Earth?
A) flood basalts
B) rhyolite ash columns
C) curtains of fire
72) The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth are floods of
A) basalt magma.
B) rhyolite magma.
C) andesite magma.
73) Which of the following are locations where flood basalts are known to have occurred?
A) Siberia
B) Brazil
C) India
D) ocean plateaus
E) All of these choices are correct.
74) Which of the following is a location in which flood basalts erupted?
A) Columbia Plateau
B) Texas Gulf Coast
C) Hawaii
75) Flood basalt eruptions are fed by
A) long fissures/dikes.
B) lava tubes.
C) central vents/craters.
76) According to the fossil record, what events have coincided with the approximate times when flood basalts were erupting?
A) mass extinction
B) increased diversity of life
C) climate stability and flourishing of life
77) Which of the following are hypothesized sources of the magma that produces flood eruptions?
A) melted lithosphere over a mantle plume
B) melted asthenosphere from around the plume in the shallow mantle
C) plume material from deep in the mantle that melts at shallow depths
D) All of these choices are correct.
78) Which of the following is a hazard but not a risk, according to the textbook?
A) The Kilauea volcano, which covers subdivisions with molten lava
B) A scoria cone that erupts hot molten fragments on an unpopulated Pacific island
C) A volcano in Iceland that threatens people with dangerous gases
D) A volcano in Iceland that caused catastrophic flooding that destroyed houses and roads
E) All of these are both a hazard and a risk
79) What is a main hazard of this type of volcano?
A) hot fragments thrown a short distance from the volcano
B) burning, building collapse, and suffocation from widely distributed pyroclastic material
C) destruction by viscous lava flows that can flow far from the volcano
D) volcanic mudflows and landslides
E) relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse
80) What is a main hazard of this type of volcano?
A) hot fragments thrown a short distance from the volcano
B) burning, building collapse, and suffocation from widely distributed pyroclastic material
C) destruction by moderately fluid lava flows that can flow far from the volcano
D) volcanic mudflows and landslides
E) relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse
81) Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are
A) burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flows.
B) house fires.
C) floods from catastrophic melting of ice.
D) All of these choices are correct.
82) Which of the following are hazards associated with scoria cones?
A) volcanic bombs and other large projectiles ejected from the volcano
B) toxic gases
C) fine particles of volcanic ash
D) All of these choices are correct.
83) Which of the following is NOT a hazard typically associated with scoria cones?
A) bulldozing of houses from their foundations
B) air quality reduction by ash and volcanic gases
C) falling volcanic bombs and cinders
84) Which of the following is NOT a typical hazard posed to human-made structures by lava flows?
A) burning
B) high winds
C) crushing
D) burying
85) Reduced temperatures and growing seasons in Europe following the 1783 Laki eruption were primarily caused by
A) blocking of sunlight by volcanic ash and aerosols.
B) blanketing of the ground with thick layers of ash.
C) cold glacial meltwater entering the northern Atlantic in massive quantities.
86) A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause
A) a hazardous flood.
B) enormous flows.
C) lengthy lava flows.
87) Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by
A) melting ice sheets.
B) erupting huge quantities of water vapor.
C) displacing water in lakes.
88) Volcanic mudflows (lahars) are common on composite volcanoes because
A) large amounts of rain and snowmelt mix with loose ash on steep slopes.
B) hot mud commonly erupts from their central craters.
C) such volcanoes form preferentially in rainy tropical locations.
89) Which of the numbered features is a lava flow?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
90) Which of the numbered features is a pyroclastic column?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
91) Which of the numbered features is a pyroclastic flow?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
92) Which of the numbered features is a lahar?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
93) What type of material likely composes this volcano?
A) felsic to intermediate lava flows
B) pyroclastic flows
C) volcanic mudflows and landslides
D) All of these choices are correct.
94) What type of eruption formed the volcano in this photograph?
A) fluid lava flows
B) viscous lava and pyroclastic eruptions
C) lava fountains
D) fissure eruptions
E) eruptions beneath the seafloor
95) What types of rocks would be most common in the volcano in this photograph?
A) scoria and other vesicular basalt
B) basalt mostly formed in lava flows
C) felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra
D) pillow basalts
E) None of these choices are correct.
96) Composite volcanoes are so called because they
A) are a combination of shield volcanoes, scoria cones, and other volcanoes.
B) have many different types of geologic hazards.
C) were first discovered on the island of Composita in Italy.
D) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows.
E) None of these choices are correct.
97) What types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?
A) scoria and other vesicular basalt
B) basalt mostly formed in lava flows
C) felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra
D) pillow basalts
E) None of these choices are correct.
98) What types of rocks would be common in a composite volcano?
A) felsic and intermediate lava flows
B) pyroclastic rocks from an eruption column
C) pyroclastic rocks from pyroclastic flows
D) rocks with fragments formed by landslides and mudflows
E) All of these choices are correct.
99) Which of the following is NOT a typical match between the type of eruption and resulting rock type?
A) lava from a composite volcano-andesite
B) eruption column-tephra
C) pyroclastic flow-scoria
D) volcanic-derived mudflow-breccia with angular fragments
100) The classic volcano shape is displayed by
A) a composite volcano.
B) a caldera.
C) a fissure eruption.
D) pillow basalts.
101) The most dangerous type of volcano is a
A) scoria cone.
B) scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater.
C) huge shield volcano.
D) composite volcano.
102) Which of the following are dangerous aspects of composite volcanoes?
A) pyroclastic flows
B) landslides and mudflows
C) an eruption column
D) All of these choices are correct.
103) What is a common hazard of this type of volcano?
A) burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows
B) volcanic mudflows and landslides
C) relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse
D) All of these choices are correct.
104) Which of the following is NOT a typical eruption style during the growth of a composite volcano?
A) lava flows
B) pyroclastic flows
C) tephra falls
D) dome formation
E) caldera collapse
105) The typical form for a composite volcano is a
A) steep-sided cone.
B) shallowly sloping shield.
C) broad, circular crater.
D) steep-sided dome.
106) Which of the following plate boundaries is least likely to produce composite volcanoes?
A) ocean-ocean convergent boundary with a subduction zone (Philippines)
B) ocean-continent convergent boundary with a subduction zone (Andes)
C) continent-continent convergent boundary with a high mountain range (Himalayas)
107) The most common volcanic rock found in lava flows on composite volcanoes is
A) andesite.
B) basalt.
C) obsidian.
108) Which of the following hazards is probably NOT associated with this volcano?
A) destruction by fast-moving lava
B) pyroclastic flows
C) eruption column
D) mudflows
E) collapse of a volcanic dome
109) What was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy?
A) A huge landslide caused a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings.
B) A fast-moving viscous lava flow flowed through the middle of Pompeii.
C) The volcano was so heavy that it caused part of the island to collapse.
D) One or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of Pompeii.
E) None of these choices are correct.
110) The most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Mount Pelée, Martinique, was
A) a huge landslide caused a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings.
B) a fast-moving, viscous lava flow flowed through the middle of St. Pierre.
C) the volcano was so heavy that it caused part of the island to collapse.
D) one or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of St. Pierre.
E) None of these choices are correct.
111) The eruption that occurred on Mount St. Helens was triggered by
A) a huge landslide, caused a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings.
B) a fast-moving, viscous lava flow flowed through the middle of Portland.
C) a volcano that was so heavy that it caused part of the island to collapse.
D) a scoria cone that sent up a large column of pyroclastic material.
E) None of these choices are correct.
112) Which of the following was common to the eruptions of Vesuvius, Mount Pelée, and Mount St. Helens?
A) composite volcanoes
B) earthquakes before the eruption
C) small eruptions of tephra
D) pyroclastic flows
E) All of these choices are correct.
113) Mount Pelée, a composite volcano on Martinique, destroyed the town of St. Pierre in 1902, killing about 30,000 people with
A) pyroclastic flows.
B) basaltic lava flows.
C) lahars and mudflows.
114) Earthquakes at Mount St. Helens prior to the major eruption in 1980 were caused by
A) magma rising in the volcano.
B) tectonic plate movement.
C) landslides.
115) What type of eruption formed this flow-banded rhyolite?
A) a viscous lava flow
B) a pyroclastic column
C) a pyroclastic flow
D) a lava that broke apart while it flowed
E) a lava fountain
116) What type of eruption formed this flow-banded obsidian?
A) a viscous lava flow
B) a pyroclastic column
C) a pyroclastic flow
D) a lava that broke apart while it flowed
E) a lava fountain
117) What type of eruption formed this felsic volcanic breccia?
A) a pahoehoe lava flow
B) a pyroclastic column
C) a pyroclastic flow
D) a lava that broke apart while it flowed
E) a lava fountain
118) What type of eruption formed this unit composed of volcanic blocks and volcanic ash?
A) a fluid basaltic flow
B) a pyroclastic eruption
C) a pahoehoe lava flow
D) a lava fountain
119) What types of rocks would be most common in the volcano in this photograph?
A) scoria and other vesicular basalt
B) basalt mostly formed in lava flows
C) felsic and intermediate lava flows
D) pillow basalts
E) None of these choices are correct.
120) What is a main hazard of this type of volcano?
A) hot molten fragments thrown a short distance from the volcano
B) viscous lava that moves too fast for people to outrun
C) destruction by moderately fluid lava flows that can flow far from the volcano
D) relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse
121) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a volcanic dome?
A) The outer part of the dome contains blocks and other rubble.
B) Some parts contain volcanic glass, such as obsidian.
C) They are one of the largest types of volcanoes.
D) Many domes are associated with composite volcanoes and calderas.
122) Which of the following rock types is NOT characteristic of volcanic domes?
A) Glassy volcanic rocks that are unstable over time.
B) Vesicular basalt with very large holes from dangerous gas.
C) Volcanic breccia formed by fracturing of the outer part of the dome.
D) Mixtures of pieces of the dome and ash from dome collapse.
123) What type of eruption formed the volcano in this photograph?
A) fluid lava flows
B) eruption of viscous lava
C) lava fountain
D) eruption column
E) pyroclastic flow
124) Volcanic domes commonly are partially destroyed when
A) gases are released slowly out the top of the dome, dissolving it.
B) steep parts of the dome collapse and cause small pyroclastic flows.
C) fast-moving, low-viscosity lava carries away part of the dome.
D) the center of the dome collapses, forming a composite volcano.
E) All of these choices are correct.
125) Steep-sided hills of viscous lava that pile up over volcanic vents are known as
A) volcanic domes.
B) scoria cones.
C) composite volcanoes.
126) Which of the following are characteristics typical of volcanic domes?
A) steep-sided
B) rubble-covered surface
C) often occur in clusters
D) All of these choices are correct.
127) Volcanic domes grow from lava being injected into the interior of mounds of cooled lava and from the breaking out and moving down the flanks of
A) viscous lava flows.
B) runny lava flows.
C) basaltic lava flows.
128) Which of the following is NOT a way in which volcanic domes are commonly destroyed?
A) collapse into emptied magma chambers below
B) collapse of steep flanks into block and ash flows
C) internally derived explosions from built-up gas pressure
129) Volcanic domes commonly form from all of the following rocks EXCEPT
A) basalt.
B) andesite.
C) rhyolite.
D) obsidian.
130) What are the rounded hills inside the Valles Caldera?
A) volcanic necks
B) landslides
C) volcanic domes
D) scoria cones
131) The main cause of caldera collapse is
A) a fissure eruption that allows the shield volcano to split into two or more parts.
B) collapse of the north flank by landslides.
C) removal of magmas that form pillow basalt.
D) collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts.
E) All of these choices are correct.
132) What kind of volcano is in this figure?
A) scoria cone
B) large shield volcano
C) small shield volcano
D) composite volcano
E) caldera
133) What is a main hazard of this type of volcano?
A) burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows
B) volcanic mudflows and landslides
C) hot fragments thrown a short distance from the volcano
D) destruction by moderately fluid lava flows that can flow far from the volcano
134) The main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is
A) burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows.
B) volcanic mudflows and landslides.
C) hot fragments thrown a short distance from the volcano.
D) destruction by moderately fluid lava flows that can flow far from the volcano.
135) Which of the following is common in most calderas?
A) a large, circular depression with steep walls
B) thick sequences of volcanic ash
C) rounded mountains that are volcanic domes
D) All of these choices are correct.
136) What type of eruption formed the main volcanic features in this figure?
A) fluid lava flows
B) large pyroclastic eruptions
C) lava fountain
D) fissure eruptions
E) eruptions beneath the seafloor
137) What types of rocks would be common in the volcano in this figure?
A) welded tuff
B) felsic and intermediate lava flows
C) nonwelded tuff
D) volcanic domes
E) All of these choices are correct.
138) The crater at Crater Lake was formed by
A) collapse of overlying rocks into an emptied magma chamber.
B) an asteroid impact.
C) the erosion of ash and cinders from a circular basin filled with pyroclastics.
D) formation of a large sinkhole over a collapsed limestone cavern system.
139) Which of the following is NOT true of calderas?
A) They are produced by removal of easily eroded pyroclastic materials.
B) They commonly contain layers of volcanic ash and volcanic domes.
C) They are bounded by steep topographic scarps with a generally basin-shaped outline.
D) They form from the collapse of the ground surface into an emptied magma chamber below.
140) Which of the following is a recognizable characteristic of recent calderas?
A) steep-sided, basin-shaped depression
B) large, conical mountain form
C) long, narrow valley
141) Which of the following is NOT a rock typically found within calderas?
A) gabbro
B) tuff
C) welded rhyolite
D) granite
142) Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future disaster because
A) the area is part of a caldera.
B) scientists think that magma is still present at depth.
C) past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America.
D) land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others.
E) All of these choices are correct.
143) What tectonic setting is interpreted to be the cause of volcanism at Yellowstone?
A) subduction along the coast of the Pacific Northwest
B) magma that is coming up along a bend in a transform fault
C) movement of North America over a mantle plume
D) a large meteorite impact that struck the area 100 years ago
144) Eruptions on the islands of Santorini in Greece and Krakatau in Indonesia resulted in
A) collapse of a huge caldera that caused part of an island to disappear beneath the sea.
B) a huge ash column and pyroclastic flows.
C) destructive waves that traveled across the sea.
D) All of these choices are correct.
145) Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?
A) caldera-forming
B) scoria cone-forming
C) basaltic shield-forming
D) geysers
146) How many people were killed by the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, Indonesia?
A) almost 4,000
B) almost 40,000
C) almost 400,000
D) almost 4,000,000
147) The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?
A) minoan
B) etruscan
C) persian
D) spartan
148) Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch
A) from Wyoming to Colorado.
B) from California to Washington, D.C.
C) from one side of Yellowstone National Park to the other.
D) from Canada to Mexico.
149) Which of the following sites would most likely have composite volcanoes? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and C
E) B and D
150) Which of the following sites would most likely have less dangerous volcanoes? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and C
E) B and D
151) Which of the following sites has volcanoes related to subduction? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and C
E) B and D
152) Which of the following is the best indicator that a volcano might be very dangerous?
A) gentle slopes that signify fast-flowing lavas
B) rock analyses that indicate a low content of silica
C) a volcano that contains andesite and welded tuffs
D) ages that indicate the volcano last erupted 10 million years ago
153) Which of the following factors makes a site near a volcano relatively more dangerous?
A) The nearby slopes on the volcano are gentle.
B) A site that is within a valley that drains the volcano.
C) A site that is upwind from the volcano.
D) All of these choices are correct.
E) None of these choices are correct.
154) Which of the following sites near a volcano might be relatively less dangerous?
A) A site that is within the shelter provided by the volcano's central crater.
B) A site on a ridge as opposed to a site in a valley.
C) A site protected by steep slopes of the volcano.
D) A site where rocks have been weakened by hot volcanic fluids.
E) All of these choices are correct.
155) Which of the following sites would have the most dangerous volcanoes? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and C
E) B and D
156) Which of the following sites has volcanism related to a hot spot or divergent margin? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and C
E) B and D
157) Which of the following is NOT a volcanic hazard made worse by being located along a river valley directly downhill from a volcano?
A) lava flows
B) small pyroclastic flows
C) mudflows
D) burial by falling ash
158) Which of the following is NOT a way in which a volcano's history indicates the level of hazard it poses to nearby population centers?
A) length of time since last eruption
B) average time between eruptions
C) abundance of felsic pyroclastic materials in its deposits
D) age of the oldest volcanic layer present
159) Potentially explosive composite volcanoes are most common above
A) subduction zones.
B) rift zones.
C) transform zones.
160) The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along the
A) Pacific Ring of Fire.
B) East African rift zone.
C) San Andreas fault.
161) Which of the following factors indicates a high risk for volcanic mudflows or lahars?
A) a shield volcano that forms a low mountain in the tropics
B) a volcano whose hillslopes are covered with hard basaltic lava
C) a volcano with a thick covering of snow or ice
D) All of these choices are correct.
162) Which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes?
A) measuring seismic activity with seismic instruments
B) measuring sulfur dioxide gas emissions
C) measuring changes in heat flow from satellites
D) measuring tilting on the flanks of a volcano
E) All of these are used to monitor volcanoes.
163) Changes in topography, water chemistry, and gas output all are used to help predict
A) volcanic eruptions.
B) mudflows.
C) landslides.
D) harmonic tremors.
164) Which of the following commonly precede a volcanic eruption?
A) increased gas flow from a volcano
B) steam eruptions from the volcanic crater
C) increased heat flow from the volcano
D) All of these choices are correct.
165) Which of the following is NOT a reason why heat flow and gas output from a volcano tend to increase before eruptions?
A) Melting of snow caps dissolves large amounts of water into the magma.
B) Pressure decreases in rising magma, promoting gas release.
C) Approach of hot magma to the surface warms the rocks within the volcano.
166) Magma rising through the crust fractures rocks, producing rhythmic, repeating
A) seismic shaking.
B) eruptions.
C) landslide activity.
D) volcanic mudflows.
167) Prior to an eruption, the surface of a volcano may rise centimeters to hundreds of meters as a result of
A) injected magma inflating the mountain.
B) pent-up gas pressure being released.
C) an increase in SO2 content of volcanic gases.
168) Volcanic mudflows can be detected remotely by monitoring
A) characteristic rumbling produced as they rush down valleys.
B) rapid changes in groundwater chemistry and volcanic gas content.
C) dropping of the ground surface as mudflows are erupted from beneath the volcano.
169) What is the main volcanic hazard at site 1?
A) lava flows
B) small pyroclastic flow
C) large, less frequent mudflows
D) landslides from steep mountain fronts
170) Which site has the lowest hazard for pyroclastic eruptions?
A) 1, the suburbs of Tacoma
B) 2, a valley near the volcano
C) 3, the flanks of the volcano
D) 4, the summit of the volcano
171) Which site has the highest hazard for lava flows?
A) 1, the suburbs of Tacoma
B) 2, a valley near the volcano
C) 3, the flanks of the volcano
D) 4, the summit of the volcano
172) The main hazard that Mount Rainier poses to Tacoma and its suburbs is
A) hot lava flows.
B) numerous small but deadly pyroclastic flows.
C) volcanic mudflows.
D) a hot, glowing lava fountain.
173) What kind of a volcano is Mount Rainier?
A) an exceptionally large volcanic dome
B) a collapsed caldera
C) a large and dangerous shield volcano
D) an explosive scoria cone
E) None of these choices are correct.
174) What is the plate-tectonic setting of Mount Rainier?
A) a hot spot related to Yellowstone
B) spreading along the Juan de Fuca ridge
C) a continent-continent collision
D) subduction beneath the Pacific Northwest
E) None of these choices are correct.
175) What do we know about the main volcanoes in the Cascade Range?
A) Only Mount St. Helens has erupted in the last 4,000 years.
B) Only Mount St. Helens and Mount Shasta in California have erupted in the last 4,000 years.
C) Only Mount St. Helens and Crater Lake have erupted in the last 4,000 years.
D) Nearly all of the large Cascade volcanoes have erupted in the last 4,000 years.
176) Above which type of plate tectonic boundary is Mount Rainier located?
A) convergent
B) divergent
C) transform
177) What type of volcano is Mount Rainier?
A) composite
B) scoria cone
C) shield
D) caldera
178) Which of these volcanic hazards associated with Mount Rainier is the most dangerous to nearby population centers?
A) mudflows
B) pahoehoe flows
C) lava flows
179) Which site on the island is the most dangerous?
A) the location of Rock 1
B) the location of Rock 2
C) the location of Rock 3
D) the area of the landslide blocks
E) the area of the mudflow deposits
180) Which site on the island is the least dangerous?
A) the location of Rock 1
B) the location of Rock 2
C) the location of Rock 3
D) the area of the landslide blocks
E) the area of the mudflow deposits
181) Which site on the island is most likely to have viscous lava flows?
A) the location of Rock 1
B) the location of Rock 2
C) the location of Rock 3
D) the area of the landslide blocks
E) the area of the mudflow deposits
182) Which site on the island has evidence for collapse of a volcanic dome?
A) the location of Rock 1
B) the location of Rock 2
C) the location of Rock 3
D) the area of the landslide blocks
E) the area of the mudflow deposits
183) Which site on the island contains the most evidence for a hot and thick pyroclastic flow?
A) the location of Rock 1
B) the location of Rock 2
C) the location of Rock 3
D) the area of the landslide blocks
E) the area of the mudflow deposits
184) This dark gray igneous rock is glassy and elsewhere contains small vesicles and flow bands. What type of rock is this?
A) basalt
B) rhyolite or obsidian
C) welded tuff
D) volcanic breccia
185) This dark gray igneous rock is glassy and elsewhere contains small vesicles and flow bands. What kind of eruption probably formed this rock?
A) eruption of a low-viscosity, basaltic lava flow
B) eruption of high-viscosity lava in a dome
C) dome collapse that forms volcanic breccia
D) eruption of a pyroclastic flow that forms a thick and hot deposit
E) slow settling of ash from a tall eruption column forming a nonwelded tuff
186) This igneous rock contains flattened pieces of pumice and small crystals of quartz and feldspar. What type of rock is it?
A) basalt
B) rhyolite or obsidian
C) welded tuff
D) volcanic breccia
187) This igneous rock contains flattened pieces of pumice and small crystals of quartz and feldspar. What type of eruption probably formed this rock?
A) eruption of a low-viscosity, basaltic lava flow
B) eruption of high-viscosity lava in a dome
C) dome collapse that forms volcanic breccia
D) eruption of a pyroclastic flow that forms a thick and hot deposit
E) slow settling of ash from a tall eruption column forming a nonwelded tuff
188) What type of eruption formed the small volcano in this photograph?
A) fluid lava flows
B) eruption of viscous lava
C) lava fountain
D) eruption column
E) pyroclastic flow
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Connected Book
Complete Test Bank | Exploring Geology 5e | Answers
By Steven J. Reynolds, Julia K. Johnson