Ch8 Deformation And Metamorphism Verified Test Bank

Exploring Geology, 5e (Reynolds)

Chapter 8 Deformation and Metamorphism

1) What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A) normal faults that uplift the ridges and downdrop the valleys

B) glacially carved valleys and curved ridges of glacial deposits

C) large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded

D) high-grade metamorphic rocks and ridges of granite

2) What type of tectonic event formed the main structures in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A) rifting and stretching of the continental crust

B) rifting and thickening of the continental crust

C) melting associated with an ocean-continent convergent margin

D) a continental collision

3) What type of rock forms through solid-state alteration of a previously existing rock, by heating, pressure, and/or fluid chemistry?

A) metamorphic

B) igneous

C) precipitates

D) alternative

4) If a rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that

A) forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount.

B) stresses are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount.

C) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure.

D) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others.

5) What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement

B) rotation

C) internal strain of the rock

D) columnar joints

6) What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement

B) rotation

C) internal strain of the rock

D) columnar joints

7) What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement

B) rotation

C) internal strain of the rock

D) columnar joints

8) Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?

A) ductile behavior

B) brittle deformation

C) growth of new minerals

D) recrystallization of minerals

E) metamorphism

9) Which of the following is a valid statement about how rocks respond to stress?

A) If the stress is very high, the rock will be unchanged.

B) Stress can cause a rock to be displaced, but not rotated.

C) If a rock has strained, then it has changed its size or shape.

D) A rock can be displaced or strained but not both at the same time.

10) How would the force and stress on the wooden pillar in this figure change if the stone weight were the same size but the wooden pillar were narrower?

A) The amount of force and amount of stress would be unchanged.

B) The amount of force and the amount of stress would both increase.

C) The amount of force and the amount of stress would both decrease.

D) The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would increase.

E) The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would decrease.

11) How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?

A) Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust.

B) Rocks weaken with depth and then get stronger deep in the crust.

C) Rocks systematically get stronger from the surface to deep in the crust.

D) Rocks systematically get weaker from the surface to deep in the crust.

12) When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under

A) confining pressure.

B) fluid pressure.

C) shear stress.

D) burial compression.

13) When a rock is subjected to tectonic forces and experiences stress that is not the same in all directions, it is under

A) differential stress.

B) convergent stress.

C) tensional stress.

D) alternating pressure.

14) Which of the following are forms of differential stress?

A) compression

B) shear

C) tension

D) All of these are forms of differential stress.

15) What are the three main types of stress?

A) compression, tension, and shear

B) confining stress, deformation, and folding

C) convergence, divergence, and transform faulting

D) positive, negative, and neutral

E) None of these choices are correct.

16) What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure

B) compression

C) confining pressure

D) tension

17) What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) compression

B) confining pressure

C) tension

D) shear

E) None of these choices are correct.

18) What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure

B) compression

C) shear

D) tension

E) None of these choices are correct.

19) What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure

B) compression

C) tension

D) test anxiety

E) None of these choices are correct.

20) What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) compression

B) tension

C) shear

D) None of these because no fracture was formed.

21) Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A) relatively shallow

B) brittle conditions

C) conditions that favored fracturing

D) All of these choices are correct.

22) Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A) relatively shallow

B) brittle conditions

C) conditions that favored fracturing

D) hot and deep conditions

23) Which of the following is most likely to occur at deep crustal levels?

A) ductile behavior

B) brittle deformation

C) fracturing

D) only minor changes in minerals

E) None of these choices are correct.

24) How do geologists determine the stability conditions of minerals?

A) studying rock samples from drill holes

B) observing deep rocks that were uplifted due to tectonics and exposed

C) conducting laboratory experiments with high T and P conditions

D) All of these choices are correct.

25) High fluid pressure in a rock body will

A) act to decrease the confining pressure.

B) cause an increase in confining pressure.

C) tend to increase the differential stress.

D) keep a rock from being deformed in any situation.

26) What type of structure is expressed in this cliff face?

A) normal faults

B) reverse faults

C) joints

D) folds

27) What type of fault is being formed here?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) oblique-slip faults

28) What type of fault is forming here?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) oblique-slip faults

29) What type of fault is forming here?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) oblique-slip faults

30) What is the difference between a joint and a fault?

A) A joint is formed by confining pressure.

B) A joint is formed by differential stress but a fault is not.

C) A fault is formed by tension but a joint is formed by compression.

D) A fault displaces the rocks on one side relative to another.

31) What types of structures are shown in this photograph?

A) joints

B) normal faults

C) reverse faults

D) anticlines

E) synclines

32) What orientation of stresses is the simplest explanation for the feature shown in this figure?

A) equal amounts of confining pressure

B) tension from upper left to lower right

C) shearing in a vertical direction

D) shearing in a horizontal direction

33) What causes the stress that forms joints?

A) burial and tectonic forces

B) cooling and contraction

C) uplift and unloading of pressure

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

34) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) Joint

B) Normal fault

C) Reverse fault

D) Strike-slip fault

E) Dip-slip fault

35) What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A) joint

B) cleavage

C) fault

D) anticline

E) syncline

36) What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A) joint

B) cleavage

C) fault

D) anticline

E) syncline

37) How did the joints in this photograph form?

A) from uplift

B) from burial

C) from tectonics

D) from weathering

E) from cooling

38) Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called

A) faults.

B) cracks.

C) joints.

D) beds.

39) Fractures that are simple cracks where the rock has pulled apart by a small amount are

A) joints.

B) beds.

C) faults.

D) cracks.

40) Which are true of faults?

A) A lateral fault may result from horizontal compression.

B) Orientation of a fault depends on directions of stresses.

C) Vertical compression may result in a more vertically oriented fault.

D) These are all true of faults.

41) What does the horizontal line along the intersection of the plane and the water represent?

A) the direction of dip on the plane

B) the direction in which a fault slipped

C) the hanging wall

D) a normal fault

E) the strike of the surface

42) What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) thrust fault

43) What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) dip-slip fault

B) normal fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) reverse fault

44) What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure

B) horizontal tension

C) horizontal compression

D) horizontal pushing

E) Any of these choices are correct.

45) What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure

B) horizontal tension

C) vertical tension

D) horizontal compression

E) Any of these choices are correct.

46) What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure

B) vertical tension

C) shear

D) None of these choices are correct.

47) What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault

B) strike-slip fault

C) reverse fault

D) None of these choices are correct.

48) What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) dip-slip fault

B) normal fault

C) strike-slip fault

D) reverse fault

49) What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) strike-slip fault

50) The special geologic terms used to represent the direction of a horizontal line on an inclined surface (as in a fault) and the angle of that surface to the horizontal are

A) strike and dip.

B) fracture and joint.

C) footwall and hanging wall.

D) horst and graben.

51) Which of the following are true for horsts and grabens?

A) A horst is a block that is uplifted relative to blocks on either side.

B) A graben is a block that is dropped down relative to blocks on either side.

C) They may form associated with multiple normal faults.

D) These are all true of horsts and grabens.

52) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) basin

53) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) basin

54) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) basin

55) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline

B) horizontal syncline

C) plunging anticline

D) plunging syncline

E) asymmetric anticline

56) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline

B) horizontal syncline

C) plunging anticline

D) plunging syncline

E) asymmetric anticline

57) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal syncline

B) plunging anticline

C) plunging syncline

D) asymmetric anticline

E) asymmetric syncline

58) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline

B) horizontal syncline

C) plunging anticline

D) plunging syncline

E) asymmetric anticline

59) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline

B) plunging anticline

C) plunging syncline

D) asymmetric anticline

E) horizontal syncline

60) What type of stress is the cause of most folding?

A) tension

B) compression

C) confining pressure

D) fluid pressure

61) What type of fold is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) basin

62) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) basin

63) What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault

B) anticline

C) syncline

D) monocline

E) dome

64) A fold in which rock layers warp up in the shape of an A is a(n)

A) anticline.

B) syncline.

C) monocline.

65) A fold in which rocks fold down in the shape of a U is a(n)

A) anticline.

B) syncline.

C) monocline.

66) A fold that has only one dipping segment is a(n)

A) anticline.

B) syncline.

C) monocline.

67) Folds are most often created through what type of stress?

A) compression

B) tension

C) shear

D) confining

68) Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?

A) a dominant orientation of crystals, such as mica

B) light- and dark-colored bands

C) flattened shapes of deformed objects, such as pebbles

D) crystals that grow in a random orientation

E) All of these choices are correct.

69) Which of the following does NOT help define lineation in some metamorphic rocks?

A) a dominant orientation of long crystals

B) alternating layers of dark- and light-colored rock types

C) stretched crystals

D) stretched pebbles

E) linear streaks formed by smearing of minerals

70) What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) thrust fault

B) normal fault

C) cleavage

D) hornfels

71) What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) anticline

B) syncline

C) monocline

D) lineation

72) What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) cleavage in slate

B) hornfels

C) foliation in banded gneiss

D) thrust fault

73) Which of the following describes lineation?

A) May be due to elongated mineral crystals that grow in linear orientation.

B) Stretched-out mineral crystals may show lineation.

C) Can form under ductile shearing.

D) All of these describe lineation.

74) What type of metamorphic rock is shown here?

A) slate

B) hornfels

C) greenstone

D) banded gneiss

75) Which of the following does NOT match a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A) sandstone-quartzite

B) limestone-marble

C) shale-schist

D) shale-gneiss

E) All of these are correct matches.

76) Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A) sandstone-greenstone

B) basalt-marble

C) limestone-quartzite

D) shale-slate

E) None of these choices are correct.

77) Which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed?

A) shale

B) sandstone

C) limestone

D) granite

E) All of these can be metamorphosed.

78) What kind of metamorphic rock is formed where rocks have been heated but not deformed?

A) slate

B) schist

C) metamorphic rock with shear zones

D) a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation

E) It is not possible to metamorphose a rock without deformation.

79) Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and (4) a dull slate with cleavage. Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 4, 3, 2, 1

C) 2, 3, 4, 1

D) 4, 2, 3, 1

E) 3, 2, 4, 1

80) A nonfoliated metamorphic rock not created by pressure or differential stress, but by being baked by an igneous intrusion, is a

A) hornfels.

B) schist.

C) slate.

D) phyllite.

81) What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A) regional metamorphism

B) contact metamorphism

C) subduction

D) thrust faulting

82) What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A) regional metamorphism

B) contact metamorphism

C) subduction

D) normal faulting

83) What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A) regional metamorphism

B) contact metamorphism

C) extension

D) normal faulting

84) Which of the following is a common metamorphic process?

A) deforming objects into new shapes

B) rotation of minerals into a common orientation

C) remobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands

D) dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away

E) All of these choices are correct.

85) Why could the geologic setting in this figure cause metamorphism?

A) because it forces some rocks deeper as they are overridden by rocks above the fault

B) it would only cause metamorphism very near the surface

C) it would only cause metamorphism where the fault intersects the surface

D) it cannot cause metamorphism

E) None of these choices are correct.

86) If a rock is metamorphosed but does not contain foliation or lineation, what has probably happened to the rock?

A) It has not been metamorphosed.

B) It has been deformed but not metamorphosed.

C) It has been metamorphosed but not deformed.

D) It has been flattened and stretched while it was metamorphosed.

E) It was only flattened during metamorphism.

87) What chemical processes can occur during metamorphism and deformation?

A) recrystalization

B) remobilization

C) pressure solution

D) All of these choices are correct.

88) Which of the numbers on this figure indicates low pressure/high temperature metamorphic conditions?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

89) Which of the numbers on this figure indicates typical continental conditions (regional metamorphism)?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

90) Which of the numbers on this figure indicates high pressure/low temperature metamorphic conditions?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

91) Which of these conditions could form rocks that are partly metamorphic and partly igneous?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

92) Which location on this diagram would most likely record contact metamorphism in shallow levels of the crust?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

93) Which location on this diagram would result from burial to moderate depths accompanied by normal heating of rocks (regional metamorphism)?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

94) Which location on this diagram would most likely record metamorphism along a subduction zone?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

95) Which location on this diagram would most likely record hot conditions deep within the continental crust?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

96) What is the typical setting for fold and thrust belts?

A) associated with convergent plate boundaries

B) ocean-ocean divergent plate boundaries

C) continental rifts

D) transform faults

E) Any of these choices are correct.

97) In what site on this figure would you expect high pressure/low temperature metamorphism?

A) A and B

B) B and C

C) C and D

D) D and E

E) None of these choices are correct.

98) In what site on this figure would you expect regional metamorphism?

A) A and B

B) B and C

C) C and D

D) D and E

E) A and C

99) In what site on this figure would you expect low pressure/high temperature metamorphism?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

100) Which of the following does NOT cause metamorphism?

A) heating by magma

B) subduction

C) a change in stress

D) shearing at depth

E) Any of these can cause metamorphism.

101) In what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur?

A) near magma but at shallow levels

B) near magma but at deep levels

C) under normal conditions of burial and heating

D) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism

E) None of these choices are correct.

102) In what environments does high pressure/low temperature metamorphism occur?

A) near magma but at shallow levels

B) near magma but at deep levels

C) under normal conditions of burial and heating

D) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism

E) None of these choices are correct.

103) What structural and metamorphic features form in a fold and thrust belt?

A) anticlines and synclines related to movement of thrust sheets over bends in thrust faults

B) cleavage

C) a predominance of normal faults

D) anticlines and synclines related to movement of thrust sheets over bends in thrust faults and cleavage

E) All of these choices are correct.

104) Based on the image and your knowledge of metamorphic minerals, which of the following is true?

A) Garnet is diagnostic of moderate- to high-grade metamorphic conditions.

B) Garnet tends to be formed under low-grade metamorphic conditions.

C) The occurrence of garnet cannot be used in conjunction with the occurrence of any other minerals for determining metamorphic conditions.

D) Chlorite is diagnostic of the highest grade of metamorphic conditions.

105) Which of the following features can be associated with a strike-slip fault?

A) transform boundaries that connect parts of a mid-ocean ridge

B) a transform fault within a continent

C) a shear zone within a continent

D) All of these choices are correct.

106) Which of the following characterizes mid-ocean ridges?

A) contact metamorphism near magma chambers

B) normal faults

C) tension

D) metamorphism associated with hot seawater

E) All of these choices are correct.

107) Which of the following characterizes a continental rift?

A) contact metamorphism near magma chambers

B) normal faults

C) tension

D) metamorphism associated with shearing

E) All of these choices are correct.

108) Horizontal shear stresses, like those pictured, may produce

A) strike-slip faults in shallow parts of the crust.

B) metamorphism and ductile deformation at depth.

C) shear zones.

D) All of these may be produced.

109) Which of the following structures can be related to or can occur close to faults?

A) joints

B) tilted blocks

C) anticlines

D) synclines

E) All of these choices are correct.

110) What can occur in association with a thrust fault?

A) folding of rocks as the fault grows or propagates upward

B) folding of rocks as layers are forced up and over bends in the fault

C) burial and metamorphism of rocks beneath the thrust fault

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

111) What is the typical relationship of cleavage to folds?

A) Folds and cleavage do not typically occur together.

B) Cleavage is usually later than the associated folds.

C) Cleavage is usually earlier than the associated folds.

D) Cleavage is usually parallel to the axial surfaces of folds.

112) Fold and thrust belts

A) form where thrust faults cut through a thick sequence of layered rocks.

B) contain cleavage and joints.

C) displace older rocks over younger ones.

D) All of these choices are correct.

113) What type of feature is shown in this photograph?

A) fault scarp

B) columnar joints

C) shear zone

D) folded metamorphic rocks

114) What type of feature is shown in this photograph?

A) fault scarp

B) joint set

C) asymmetric fold

D) dip slope

115) What type of feature is present in the notch in the center of the photograph?

A) fault

B) joint

C) columnar joint

D) slate

116) Which of the following indicates that a fault is present in the center of this photograph?

A) the rocks are folded into an anticline

B) the offset and termination of the rock layers

C) the dark coloring on rocks on the left side

D) the lack of dark coloring on rocks to the right

E) All of these choices are correct.

117) What type of feature is shown in this photograph?

A) fault scarp

B) columnar joints

C) cleavage

D) hogback

E) fault zone

118) What type of feature is shown in this photograph?

A) anticline

B) columnar joints

C) scratch marks along a fault

D) folded metamorphic rocks

E) All of these choices are correct.

119) What features are shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sandstone?

A) faults

B) folds

C) cleavage

D) foliation

E) joints

120) What types of features are shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks?

A) erosion of very tightly folded gneiss

B) erosion along joints

C) erosion of strong and weak layers

D) erosion of a series of fault scarps

121) What type of feature is shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks?

A) a fault

B) tight folds formed at moderate to high temperatures

C) cleavage

D) columnar joints

122) What features can be used to interpret which way a prehistoric fault moved?

A) scratch marks on the fault

B) folding of rocks next to the fault

C) The formation of folds along bends in a fault.

D) All of these choices are correct.

123) Which of the following is primarily responsible for the blocky and/or linear features shown?

A) weathering along joint sets

B) contact metamorphism

C) creation of horsts and grabens

D) thrust faulting along fractures

124) What feature is displayed as the two prominent, vertical lines cutting across the metamorphic rock in the image?

A) two thin shear zones

B) two joints

C) two igneous intrusions

D) two layers of foliation

125) Which of the following features is older than fault 1?

A) lava flow

B) granite

C) tilted layers

D) lava flow and granite

E) tilted layers and granite

126) Which of the following features is younger than fault 1?

A) lava flow

B) granite

C) tilted layers

D) lava flow and granite

E) tilted layers and granite

127) Which of the following features is probably the same age as fault 2?

A) lava flow

B) granite

C) tilted layers

D) deposits along the fault

E) All of these choices are correct.

128) Which of the following is NOT something we can learn by studying geologic structures and metamorphic rocks?

A) the location of a fault in the landscape

B) the type of fault that is present

C) whether metamorphic minerals grew before or after deformation

D) temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism

E) We can learn information about all these things.

129) Which of the following might a geologist look for in a rock hand sample to make interpretations regarding deformation and metamorphism?

A) minerals that are present

B) observed sequence of minerals

C) mineral chemistry

D) All of these choices are correct.

130) In which part of New England would you most likely find gneiss?

A) in the Catskill Mountains and nearby parts of New York

B) in Vermont where the metamorphic grades are low

C) in New Hampshire and Maine where domes expose high-grade metamorphic rocks

D) All of these choices are correct.

131) Which of the following statements is valid about the structural and metamorphic history of New England?

A) The geology of New England, like most of the East Coast, is not complicated.

B) The geology of New England has few large folds and thrust faults.

C) The rocks of New England have a similar metamorphic grade from New York to Maine.

D) Most of the metamorphic rocks of New England had the same temperature-pressure history.

E) None of these choices are correct.

132) Based on the map, what is true?

A) Metamorphic conditions were most intense in the center area and decreased toward the east and west.

B) Metamorphic conditions were weakest in the center and increased toward the west and east.

C) Metamorphic conditions did not vary across the area.

D) Metamorphic conditions were most intense in the west and decreased toward the east.

133) What type of fold is shown on this cross section?

A) anticline

B) syncline

C) monocline

D) gneiss dome

134) How would you describe the fold shown in this cross section?

A) an overturned anticline

B) a syncline with a gently inclined axial surface

C) an upright or steeply inclined syncline

D) a dome

135) In what direction were the rocks in the center of this cross section shortened?

A) in a vertical direction

B) in a horizontal direction

C) they were not shortened; they were pulled apart

D) There is no way to tell.

136) What type of fault probably marks the boundary between the cleaved rocks on the left and the black and white banded rocks on the right?

A) normal fault

B) reverse fault

C) transform fault

D) it is not a fault; it is an unconformity

E) it is not a fault; it is an intrusive contact

137) This rock is a black and white banded rock with coarse crystals of biotite, quartz, and garnet. Foliation is associated with the folds. What is the correct name for this rock?

A) slate

B) gneiss

C) marble

D) greenstone

138) This rock is not shiny and has a well-developed cleavage that cuts across bedding. What is the correct name for this rock?

A) schist

B) quartzite

C) slate

D) gneiss

139) This hard rock contains sand-sized grains of quartz. Fractures cut across, not around, the sand grains. What is the correct name for this rock?

A) schist

B) slate

C) gneiss

D) quartzite

140) This light-colored rock is composed of finely crystalline calcite. It also contains metamorphosed fossils and cleavage. What is the correct name for this rock?

A) greenstone

B) quartzite

C) marble

D) deformed granite

141) Which of the following choices best describes the inclination of the axial surface of the fold in the following image?

A) steeply inclined or upright

B) moderately inclined

142) If the view is looking north, which of the following correctly indicates which rocks are higher in metamorphic grade in the following image?

A) the banded rocks to the east

B) the rocks in the grassy area and southern hill

143) If the view is looking north, in what direction were the rocks shortened to form the fold and the cleavage?

A) North-south

B) East-west

C) Northwest-southeast

D) Northeast-southwest