Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice and Corrections

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. How many states have laws that allow juveniles to be tried as adults?

A. two

B. ten

C. twenty-six

D. fifty

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The first juvenile court was intended to serve the needs of ______ children who needed supervision.

A. poor

B. homeless

C. all

D. violent

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The first juvenile courts were based on the doctrine known as ______.

A. tender years

B. parens patriae

C. person in need of supervision

D. ex parte crouse

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which adjective best describes juvenile courts prior to 1960?

A. abusive

B. informal

C. rehabilitative

D. infallible

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which two landmark Supreme Court cases signaled the need for change in juvenile courts during the 1960s?

A. Kent v. United States and In re Gault

B. Miranda v. Arizona and Gideon v. Wainwright

C. United States v. Nixon and Brown v. Board of Education

D. Marbury v. Madison and Mapp v. Ohio

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) was passed by Congress in the year ______.

A. 1969

B. 1970

C. 1974

D. 1980

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A. truancy

B. gambling

C. simple assault

D. robbery

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which statement accurately describes juvenile detention and treatment facilities during the 20th century?

A. The rights of juveniles were not yet recognized by the courts.

B. The overall use of detention and out-of-home placement for Black versus White youth increased dramatically throughout the century.

C. Although the overall conditions in juvenile detention and treatment facilities received considerable attention, change was slow to occur.

D. The needs of girls and ethnic minorities were met through ethnocentric programming.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Sebastian is being questioned by police about a breaking and entering case. The presence of which adult(s) would most likely result in Sebastian waiving his juvenile constitutional rights?

A. his attorney

B. the forensic psychologist

C. his parents

D. the victims

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Which two factors are strong predictors of Miranda competence in juveniles?

A. cognitive ability and ethno-racial group

B. socioeconomic status and education level

C. religion and race

D. age and suggestibility

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Juvenile competency to stand trial is measured by which standard?

A. the Dusky standard

B. the Miranda standard

C. the Tarasoff standard

D. the Belgrade standard

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Black youths are detained at ______ times the rate of White youths.

A. two

B. four

C. six

D. eight

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Juvenile Detention

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. It is recommended that attorneys who work with juveniles should receive training in ______ psychology.

A. experimental

B. social

C. developmental

D. rehabilitative

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. ______ is to juveniles as ______ is to adults.

A. Disposition; sentencing

B. Sentencing; disposition

C. Rehabilitation; retribution

D. Retribution; rehabilitation

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Disposition

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Greg was placed in juvenile detention following an arrest for sexual assault. Which program is Greg least likely to participate in while he is being held?

A. a youth math class

B. a sex education class

C. a substance abuse treatment program

D. a treatment program for juvenile sex offenders

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Juvenile Detention

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Compared to rehabilitation, detention is ______.

A. a temporary placement

B. privately funded

C. reserved for younger offenders

D. community-based

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Juvenile Detention

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. A group home that holds juvenile offenders is an example of which type of residential placement?

A. intermediate sanctions

B. community-based

C. detention program

D. rehabilitation institution

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Many juvenile facilities are lacking in ______.

A. staff who are adequately trained on mental health issues

B. caring and dedicated professionals

C. girls and minorities who display symptoms of a mental disorder

D. youth who have a history of aggressive behavior

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Val is a 16-year-old depressed female who has been placed in juvenile detention following her arrest for a property offense. How will Val’s depression likely manifest?

A. She will be sad and withdrawn.

B. She will be irritable and hostile.

C. She will manipulate her treatment team.

D. She will try to run away from the facility.

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Sam is a 16-year-old sex offender who has a history of depression and substance abuse. Research suggests that a ______ will be most effective for Sam.

A. state facility with intense supervision

B. state facility that focuses on low-risk offenders

C. community-based program that focuses on a therapeutic intervention

D. program that focuses on suicidal treatment

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Teaching-family homes operate according to which psychology learning theory?

A. behavior modification

B. psychoanalysis

C. social learning

D. humanism

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Group Home Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. One concern with group homes such as the teaching-family model is that they ______.

A. focus primarily on serious delinquents

B. do not reinforce positive behaviors

C. focus on substance abuse treatment

D. do not address the importance of individual cultural needs

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Group Home Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Compared to delinquent boys, delinquent girls are more likely to ______.

A. lack self-esteem and suffer from mental disorders

B. participate in violent crime

C. be victims of gang-related crimes

D. falsely confess to a crime they did not commit

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Group Home Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which two programs are the most similar in their approaches to the treatment of delinquents?

A. multisystemic therapy and functional family therapy

B. homebuilders and teaching-family

C. boot camps and diversion

D. ART and risk/needs/responsivity

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Group Home Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. What was the overall purpose of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act?

A. to improve the care of juveniles

B. to ensure the safety of the public

C. to abolish status offenses

D. to reduce poverty

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Behavioral parent training approaches such as FFT and MST are effective at reducing ______.

A. marital distress

B. recidivism

C. parental depression

D. behavioral change

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. Day reporting centers and intensive supervision programs are examples of ______.

A. intermediate sanctions

B. private facilities

C. detention institutions

D. innovative amenities

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. One important feature of private facilities is that they ______.

A. are able to admit only youth they believe they can help

B. admit a high proportion of minority youth

C. focus on delinquents of one gender

D. require a shorter length of stay than public facilities

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Which program follows the family preservation model and is designed to work with chronic juvenile offenders in the child welfare system?

A. homebuilders model

B. multidimensional treatment foster care

C. multisystemic therapy

D. functional family therapy

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. All of the following are accurate about juvenile sex offenders EXCEPT ______.

A. a high percentage have been sexually abused themselves

B. they are likely to reoffend if not treated

C. there has been a decrease in their offending

D. they are often mentally disordered

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. When does assessment of juvenile sex offenders typically begin?

A. at the time the offense is committed

B. before adjudication

C. after placement in an institutional setting

D. during intensive group therapy

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The most preferred method of treatment for juvenile sex offenders involves ______.

A. peer groups

B. family counseling

C. individual psychotherapy

D. pharmacological agents

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which two instruments have received favorable reviews for the assessment of juvenile sex offending?

A. the SAVRY and the YLS/CMI

B. the MMPI and the JSOAP

C. the WAIS-R and the NEO-PI

D. the 16-PF and the K-ABC

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which of the following is one reason that violent juveniles are often good candidates for cognitive behavioral intervention?

A. They have developmental delays.

B. They often have a hostile attribution bias.

C. They are predisposed to substance abuse.

D. They begin their behavior at a young age.

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Juvenile delinquents who are asked to identify triggers of their aggression, offered techniques to reduce their anger, and encouraged to find peaceful solutions to a moral dilemma are likely participating in which program?

A. aggression replacement training

B. moral reasoning

C. Paint Creek model

D. anger management

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Juvenile detention refers to the ______ placement of a youth before or during the ______.

A. secure; trial

B. rehabilitative; treatment

C. permanent; crime

D. temporary; adjudication process

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Detention

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which high-profile case was an example of juveniles who falsely confessed to a crime?

A. the OJ Simpson case

B. the Central Park jogger case

C. the Claudine Longet case

D. the Scott Peterson case

Learning Objective: 13-5: Review social science research on false confessions of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: False Confessions

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Disproportionate minority confinement refers to the ______.

A. tendency of police to arrest minorities at sobriety check points

B. societal need to increase secure facilities in order to house minorities

C. change in immigration patterns of ethnic minorities

D. proportion of racial and ethnic minorities who are detained or incarcerated

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. According to research, low-level behaviors such as threatening, bullying, or vandalism are precursors to serious aggression if these behaviors are ______.

A. stifled

B. extinguished

C. reinforced

D. pervasive

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. A primary goal of multisystemic therapy involves helping juveniles break bonds with ______ and develop bonds with ______.

A. teachers; parents

B. addictive substances; healthy lifestyle

C. antisocial peers; prosocial peers

D. peers; family members

Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Multisystemic Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Research suggests that functional family therapy may be especially effective at ______.

A. improving academic performance

B. reducing violent crime committed by juveniles

C. educating juveniles about sexual abuse

D. reducing substance abuse

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Research suggests that which functional family therapist will yield the most positive results for juveniles?

A. a bilingual therapist with a doctorate degree

B. a well-trained therapist who is supervised by a PhD

C. a therapist who is the same gender as the juvenile and vested in the company

D. a therapist who is nurturing and appreciated by the juvenile

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Prior to the establishment of juvenile courts, children who broke the law in large cities were sent to institutional settings called ______.

A. aftercare programs

B. boot camps

C. group homes

D. Houses of Refuge

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. The preferred method of treatment for sex offenders involves ______ and a(n) ______ approach.

A. medication; intensive therapy

B. education; disciplinary

C. peer groups; cognitive behavioral

D. cooperation; curative

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. All of the following are common goals in sex offender treatment programs EXCEPT ______.

A. promoting healthy sexual interests

B. confining offenders during treatment

C. enhancing awareness of the impact of the offense on the victim

D. establishing plans for relapse prevention.

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Relapse prevention is essential to the treatment of juvenile sex offenders.

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Gerald Gault was a 15-year-old whose crime was making an obscene phone call to his neighbor.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. It is important that a forensic psychologist is both evaluator and treatment provider in juvenile competency situations.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Assessment: An Overview

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Research shows that most juveniles cannot understand their constitutional rights.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. All states require an inquiry into adjudicative competency in juvenile courts.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Most judicial waivers are made at the request of defense attorneys who seek to prosecute juveniles in adult criminal courts.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Waiver Decisions

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. When evaluating a juvenile’s amenability for rehabilitation, labeling the juvenile a psychopath would likely result in transfer to criminal court.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conducting the Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Research suggests that it is always best for children to remain in their own homes, despite family dysfunction.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Residential placement facilities may house both offenders and non-offenders.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Cognitive behavioral programs are the most effective at treating juvenile offenders with substance abuse problems.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance Abuse Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study found that age and intelligence were predictors of impaired competence-relevant abilities.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The majority of the literature on juvenile sex offending focuses on adolescent White males.

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Risk assessment of juveniles should take into consideration the enormous changes in adolescent development.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Assessment

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Research has found that compared to juveniles, adults are more susceptible to making false confessions.

Learning Objective: 13-5: Review social science research on false confessions of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: False Confessions

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the phrase “catch it low to prevent it high.” What is the significance of this phrase to our understanding of juvenile aggression?

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss how mental disorders affect a juvenile’s experience and treatment in mental health facilities.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Define a token-economy model. Which approach to rehabilitation used this model? For which group is this model not recommended?

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Group Home Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe the process of juvenile sex offender assessment. Why is assessment of sex offenders controversial?

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Identify the provisions of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 that are relevant to juvenile corrections.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Identify the major problems facing juvenile corrections at the end of the 20th century. Which of these problems continue today?

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Discuss Henggeler’s model of multisystemic therapy including the treatment strategy used and the role of psychologists. What does the research suggest about the effectiveness of this model?

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Multisystemic Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What do Morris Kent Jr. and Gerald Gault have in common?

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions

Difficulty Level: Hard