Full Test Bank Ch.26 Nervous System Infections

Chapter 26: Nervous System Infections

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is the innermost membrane surrounding the brain?

A. arachnoid mater

B. dura mater

C. pia mater

D. ventricle mater

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which term describes tingling or numbness in peripheral nerves?

A. neuralgia

B. neurological deficit

C. neuropathy

D. neurotaxis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters?

A. the dendrites
B. the myelin sheath

C. the synapse

D. the synaptic terminals

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following terms describes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain?

A. cephalic tetanus

B. encephalitis

C. meningitis

D. neuritis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Before enrolling in college, students are encouraged to undergo vaccination for which of the following diseases?

A. botulism

B. candidiasis

C. listeriosis

D. meningococcal meningitis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Hansen’s disease is more commonly known as which of the following?

A. leprosy

B. pneumococcal meningitis

C. poliomyelitis

D. tetanus

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is an example of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy?

A. chronic wasting disease

B. St. Louis encephalitis
C. tetanus

D. Zika virus

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which term describes a nervous system infection caused by a fungus?

A. bacillary infection

B. dermatomycosis

C. neuromycosis

D. transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Human African trypanosomiasis is transmitted by which of the following?

A. contaminated water

B. mosquitoes

C. ticks

D. tsetse flies

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Schwann cells serve a function similar to that of oligodendrites, but, unlike oligodendrites, they are located in which part of the nervous system?

A. brain
B. central nervous system

C. peripheral nervous system

D. spinal cord

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following describes the difference between a glial cell and a neuron?

A. Neurons are white matter and glial cells are gray matter.

B. Neurons conduct impulses and glial cells have supportive roles.

C. Only neurons are technically nervous tissue.

D. Only neurons can contribute to myelination.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) reveals the presence of leukocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. This finding most likely indicates which of the following?

A. an adverse medication reaction
B. head trauma

C. infectious meningitis or encephalitis

D. leukemia

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is not a common cause of bacterial meningitis?

A. Haemophilus influenzae

B. Neisseria meningitidis

C. Staphylococcus aureus

D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which fungal pathogen causes brain abscesses, rather than meningitis?

A. Aspergillus fumigatus

B. Candida albicans

C. Coccidioides immitis

D. Rhizopus arrhizus

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is the most common outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans infection?

A. granuloma formation

B. meningitis

C. pneumonia

D. subclinical respiratory infection

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following describes the role of the thick capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A. It facilitates movement across the blood-brain barrier.

B. It inhibits clearance by phagocytosis.

C. It is involved in cell entry.

D. It triggers hypersensitivity reactions.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following statements about antifungal medications is false?

A. They are generally used at low doses.

B. They can only be administered short term.

C. They do not easily cross the blood-brain barrier.

D. They often have strong side effects.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. When histoplasmosis causes meningitis, in which way does the pathogen reach the brain?

A. directly from the external environment

B. from the external environment via the olfactory nerve

C. through dissemination from a respiratory infection

D. through dissemination from a skin infection

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Naegleria fowleri is most common in which of the following habitats?

A. cold mountain lakes

B. northern rivers

C. the ocean

D. warm bodies of freshwater

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which form of Naegleria fowerli causes primary amoebic encephalitis?

A. cyst

B. endospore

C. merozoite

D. trophozoite

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Amoebic keratitis is caused by:

A. Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia

B. Acanthamoeba and Naegleria

C. Balamuthia and Entamoeba

D. Naegleria and Entamoeba

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is a sign or symptom of Winterbottom’s?

A. a central nervous system lesion in individuals with rabies

B. an indication of meningitis

C. lymph node enlargement associated with trypanosomiasis

D. septicemia associated with vector-borne illness

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Trypanosomiasis is generally diagnosed using which of the following?

A. clinical signs and symptoms only

B. microscopy

C. nucleic acid testing

D. serologic testing

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 6, 23

1. Which of the following is one of the most common parasitic causes of brain abscesses in immunocompromised patients?

A. Naegleria fowleri

B. Taenia solium
C. Toxoplasma gondii

D. Trypanosoma brucei

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is usually diagnosed via imaging?

A. African trypanosomiasis

B. arboviral encephalitis

C. neurocysticercosis

D. rabies

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. With which of the following is rabies treated upon exposure?

A. rabies immune globulin

B. rabies vaccination

C. rabies immune globulin and vaccination

D. supportive therapy only

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by which agent?

A. acellular particles that resemble viruses

B. particles consisting of genetic material with no outer covering

C. prions that resemble normal proteins and lack nucleic acid

D. subcellular particles with proteins and DNA

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Meningitis can cause which of the following?

A. abnormal glucose levels in the CSF
B. abnormal protein levels in the CSF

C. leukocytes in the CSF

D. leukocytes and abnormal glucose and protein levels in the CSF

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. For how long should cryptococcal infections in non-HIV–infected individuals be treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine?

A. a few days

B. about a week

C. at least 10 days

D. at least 10 weeks

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Which animals are the most common reservoirs for rabies?

A. birds, mice, and goats

B. cats, dogs, and horses

C. opossums, skunks, and feral cats

D. raccoons, bats, skunks, and foxes

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following causes the symptoms of rabies?

A. Brain cells are destroyed.

B. Hydrophobia results in dehydration.

C. Neurotransmitter function is disrupted in the brain.

D. Peripheral nerves are killed throughout the body.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is the natural reservoir for West Nile Virus?

A. birds

B. humans

C. mosquitoes

D. raccoons

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is not true of Hansen’s disease?

A. It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae.

B. It is highly contagious.

C. It may be transmitted by armadillos.

D. Many humans have natural immunity.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. Demyelination is an important component of infection by which of the following?

A. Clostridium tetani

B. Listeria monocytogenes

C. Mycobacterium leprae

D. Neisseria meningitidis

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. Listeria monocytogenes is able to penetrate the intestinal wall and blood-brain barrier because of which of the following?

A. a capsule

B. internalins

C. neurotoxins

D. small size

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

True/False

1. Neuropathy is caused solely by pathogens.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Rabies cannot be diagnosed in humans before death because diagnosis requires direct examination of central nervous system tissue.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Meningitis can be caused by pathogens or by noninfectious means.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Rabies is always fatal once symptoms begin to appear.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. If someone is bitten by a wild animal that escapes, it is better to wait to confirm a case of rabies through laboratory testing rather than begin treatment as soon as it is suspected.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is used to distinguish Listeria monocytogenes subtypes.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Meningococcal meningitis can result in limb amputation.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. Botulism is caused by the release of tetanus toxin in spoiled food.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

Matching

1. Match each structure with its best definition.

Answers: A. ii., B. iv., C. v., D. i., E. iii.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each vaccine with its best description.

Answers: A. iii., B. i., C. iv., D. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Match each type of meningitis with its best description.

Answers: A. iv., B. v., C. ii., D. iii., E. i.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match each disease with its best description.

Answers: A. iv., B. v., C. i., D. iii., E. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match each disease with its best diagnostic protocol.

Answers: A. iv., B. v., C. i., D. ii., E. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match each virus with the best description.

Answers: A. i., B. v., C. iii., D. ii., E. iv.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

Fill in the Blank

1. The liquid within the central nervous system is called ________ fluid.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. West Nile virus is transmitted by ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. When symptoms are caused by the toxin produced by a pathogen, the condition is called a(n) ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Proteinaceous infectious particles are also known as ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. There is a vaccine available for ________ encephalitis, a type of viral encephalitis.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. The reservoir for eastern equine encephalitis is ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Traditionally, rabies diagnosis relied on identifying ________ in central nervous system tissues.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in sheep.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Individuals with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies develop ________ tangles and ________ plaques.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Patients exposed to rabies can be treated with rabies vaccine and rabies ________.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Naegleria fowleri can be identified in CSF by using a modified trichome or ________ stain.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

Short Answer

1. What composes the central nervous system?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What virus is associated with microcephaly in infants?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. What symptoms appear soon after someone is exposed to botulinum neurotoxin through ingestion of contaminated food?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. What type of meningitis can be prevented by vaccination with the Hib vaccine?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. What is the blood-brain barrier?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. How do prions cause disease?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Why is listeriosis a risk even if food is refrigerated?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. How is botulism treated?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. What makes botulinum toxin useful in medicine?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23, 26

1. What symptoms are most commonly associated with West Nile virus infection?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. What treatments are used for leprosy?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. How is neurocysticercosis diagnosed?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Why is it difficult to eradicate rabies?

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

1. People are often told to get a tetanus shot if they experience a deep puncture wound such as a bite. Why is there a higher risk of tetanus from a deep puncture wound than from a shallow scrape or abrasion?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. What is the difference between tuberculoid and lepramatous leprosy?

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

1. Describe how pathogens can get from the circulatory system into the brain across the blood-brain barrier.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. A college student with possible bacterial meningitis undergoes a lumbar puncture. Describe the test results that would lead to a positive diagnosis and indicate what treatment should be initiated if the results are positive.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Explain why plasmapheresis can be helpful in treating patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome; include an explanation of what this syndrome is.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. When an individual is exposed to rabies, the treatment usually involves multiple components. What are these components and why are they all necessary?

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies cannot currently be treated, so only supportive care is available. Although new diagnostic techniques are being developed, the primary method of diagnosing these diseases is through histological examination of brain tissue. Why has it been difficult to develop treatments for these diseases? If a patient with one of these diseases has surgery at a hospital, do you think that normal sterilization procedures would be sufficient to decontaminate surgical equipment? Explain all your answers.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 14

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