Families Coping With Alcohol And Substance + Exam Prep Ch.15

Chapter 15: Families Coping with Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Multiple Choice

1. A biopsychosocial focus looks at substance use and abuse from the consideration of

a. Biological considerations, social influences, and psychological factors

b. Social welfare factors, biological and genetic factors, and psychopathology

c. Genetics, social networks, and mental illness

d. Biomechanics, psychological focus, and social factors

Answer location: Introduction, p. 313

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

2. The term substance use refers to

a. Excessive consumption of a substance

b. Both experimental and regular use

c. Severity indicator including mild, moderate, and severe

d. Serious and persistent problems with substances

Answer location: Introduction, p. 313

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

3. The term substance misuse refers to

a. Excessive consumption of a substance

b. Both experimental and regular use

c. Severity indicator including mild, moderate, and severe

d. Serious and persistent problems with substances

Answer location: Introduction, p. 313

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

4. The term substance abuse refers to

a. Excessive consumption of a substance

b. Both experimental and regular use

c. Severity indicator including mild, moderate, and severe

d. Serious and persistent problems with substances

Answer location: Introduction, p. 313

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

5. The areas assessed for all substance abuse disorders include all but

a. Type of substance

b. Impaired control

c. Social impairment

d. Risky use

Answer location: Introduction, p. 314

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

6. When research is done on children and substance abuse prior to adolescence

a. Children are found to use in such small numbers that research is not conclusive

b. Research tends to focus on childhood predictors of later use rather than correlates of actual substance abuse in childhood

c. Research trends focus on childhood use and identified that 15% of children between the ages of 8 and 11 use alcohol

d. Research findings have illustrated that children who show a willingness to follow rules and have one parent who drinks are strong indicators of later use

Answer location: Child Characteristics, p. 315

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

7. Child characteristics that scholars have found to be related to childhood use include

a. Access to alcohol at home

b. Behavioral under control or behavioral disinhibition, especially in females

c. Thrill seeking

d. Less competence, more tolerance of deviance, deviant self-image, follows peer pressure, reports more peer use

Answer location: Child Characteristics, p. 316

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

8. An example of alcohol-specific effects is

a. A parent’s alcoholism

b. An adolescent’s alcoholism

c. A child’s drinking behavior

d. A parent’s stealing behaviors to purchase alcohol

Answer location: Parent Factors, p. 317

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

9. Contextual factors that influence child substance abuse include

a. Low IQ

b. Behavioral under control or behavioral disinhibition

c. Between the ages of 8-11

d. Live in neighborhoods with troublemaking youth

Answer location: Contextual Factors, p. 317

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

10. Substance abuse peaks

a. Between the ages of 13 and 18

b. Between the ages of 16 and 20

c. Between the ages of 20 and 25

d. Between the ages of 25 and 29

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 317

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

11. Researchers explored the trajectories of substance use. Four trajectories emerge and include all but

a. A low or nonusing trajectory

b. A moderate use trajectory

c. A persistently high use trajectory

d. A trajectory of high use that declines over time

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 318

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

12. The age of onset of drinking impacts later use and abuse such that

a. If teens began drinking at 12 years or younger they usually stopped by the time they finished high school

b. If teens began drinking at 12 years or younger they had a higher risk of substance abuse as adults than if they held off until they were 16 years old

c. If teens begin drinking at 12 years or younger their trajectory of later drinking declines by the time they are 25

d. Children typically drink in high school. Researchers disagree on when a youth’s drinking impacts their later use

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 317

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

13. Adolescents with alcohol problems had which of the following compared to teens without alcohol problems?

a. More behavioral problems, less parental rejection, and closer connection with antisocial peers

b. More perceived parental relationship, more isolation from peers, and more behavior problems

c. More perceived parental rejection, less parental warmth, more behavior problems and more peers with the same problems

d. Less perceived parental rejection, less contact with antisocial friends, more behavior problems and significant isolation

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 319

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Application

14. For adolescents considered alcoholic, they experienced all of the behaviors that teens with alcohol problems had plus

a. Depression and anxiety

b. Sleep disorders

c. Severe health issues

d. Aggression and delinquency

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 319

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

15. Adolescent coping is enhanced by

a. Connections with parents and the ability to self-regulate

b. Connection with prosocial peers and a connection with parents

c. Connection with prosocial peers and use of avoidant, denial, and suppression coping styles

d. Self-regulation and avoidant behaviors

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 319

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

16. Severe parental drinking impacts adolescents in several ways including all but

a. Adolescents may drink, but because they witness their parents’ problems they stop drinking once they finish high school

b. When children of alcoholics teens drink, there is a shorter amount of time needed before they develop an alcohol-related disorder

c. When parents abuse alcohol, their teens are more likely to have difficulties in their romantic relationships

d. When parents abuse alcohol, siblings who shared friends had higher use

Answer location: Substance-Specific Parenting Factors, p. 321

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Application

17. A mediator in a research project is an actual mechanism for a behavior to occur. With parental substance abuse and the transmission of substance abuse to adolescents, represent(s) a mediator in that relationship.

a. Cognitive coping strategies

b. Parenting support systems

c. Parenting style

d. Youth peer supports

Answer location: Mediators, p. 321

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

18. A moderator is a factor that buffers/alters the impact of a relationship, for example, gender is a consistent moderator with alcohol use. Predictors for drinking outcomes are stronger for males. When parents abuse alcohol but there is strong family cohesion (moderator),

a. Youth may have closer relationships with peers who drink

b. Youth may be buffered from drinking

c. Youth will drink regardless of the close family relationships

d. Family relationships cannot be close because of the alcohol abuse

Answer location: Moderators, p. 322

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

19. Nonsubstance-specific parenting factors include

a. Parental drinking

b. Parental drug use

c. Supervision and support

d. Attendance at AA meetings

Answer location: Nonsubstance-Specific Parenting Factors, p. 323

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

20. Parent support buffers adolescent substance abuse by

a. Reducing the effects of risk factors and increasing the effects of protective factors

b. Monitoring the youth when they go out with friends

c. By weakening youths’ connection with their prosocial friends

d. By expecting the child to attend church and stay away from negative peers

Answer location, Nonsubstance-Specific Parenting Factors, p. 324

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

21. Stressful life events, trauma, and family structure are considered

a. Substance-specific factors

b. Nonsubstance-specific factors

c. Developmental factors

d. Contextual factors

Answer location: Contextual Factors, p. 325

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

22. Alcoholic parents are at a higher risk for having children with behavior problems, and children’s behaviors problems may increase parental stress and lead to more drinking. This is an example of

a. Circular reasoning

b. Cause and effect

c. Outcomes of poor parenting

d. A bidirectional process

Answer location: Bidirectional Processes, p. 327

Question type: MC

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

True/False

1. If children have positive attitudes about alcohol use at age 10, they are likely to abuse drugs by the time they are 21.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Child Characteristics, p. 316

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

2. Adolescent substance use has been growing at alarming rates (except for marijuana use) since 1991.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 318

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

3. There are no gender differences in the rate of drinking in children younger than 12.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 318

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

4. Rates of alcohol and other substance use have generally been lower for African American youth than for White and Hispanic youth.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 320

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

5. Sexual minority youth are at a higher risk for alcohol and drug abuse because of their increased levels of delinquency and aggression.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Adolescents and Youth and Substance Abuse Problems, p. 320

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

6. Youth who have a strong parent-child relationship are less likely to socialize with deviant peers.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Contextual Factors, p. 325

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

7. Children whose parents abuse substances are less likely to use drugs because they see the damage it does.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Substance-Specific Parenting Factors, p. 320

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

8. One positive effect of parents receiving treatment has been decreased child exposure to parental conflict.

a. True

b. False

Answer location: Substance-Specific Parenting Factors, p. 321

Question type: TF

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Essay

1. A number of factors operate directly and indirectly on adolescent substance use over time. Identify factors (direct and indirect) and why they impact substance use. Identify protective and risk factors as well.

a. Answers may include:

• Quite a body of evidence that drinking or substance using peers influence adolescent use in various ways
• Stressful life events were related to drinking to cope and directly to adolescent alcohol problems and may interact with a family history of alcoholism (i.e., those youth report higher levels of severe stressors; Charles et al., 2014). Specific stressful events linked to adolescent substance abuse include childhood sexual abuse (James, 2014); exposure to violence in families and communities (Schiff et al., 2014); and racial/ethnic discrimination (Sanders-Phillips et al., 2014) (although a cultural orientation serves as a protective factor, Unger, 2014). Adverse childhood experiences have a cumulative effect, with individuals exposed to multiple adverse events demonstrating higher risks for substance abuse (Mersky, Topitzes, & Reynolds, 2013).
• Trauma is another important pathway to adolescent problem behavior (Chassin et al., 2013). The dual risks of COA status and sexual abuse in adolescence have been related to higher levels of adolescent problems, including chemical abuse, than that found in adolescents with only one risk factor (Fenton et al., 2013).
• Employing a national data set, Kilpatrick et al. (2003) found connections between substance abuse and dependence during adolescence and (a) family alcohol problems, (b) having been a witness to violence, and (c) having been a victim of physical assault. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurred when sexual assault was added to the mix.
• Some scholars have theorized that single-parent family structure creates distress in adolescents that may lead to greater affect and mood alteration through substance use.
• The effect of divorce on alcohol use disorders was moderated by parental psychopathology; the effect of divorce was significant only in the presence of parental psychopathology (Thompson et al., 2014).
• Homelessness is another particular risk for adolescent substance abuse (James, 2014), particularly for those with poorer coping skills (Nyamathi et al., 2010), as is living in foster care (Brook, Rifenbark, Boulton, Little, & McDonald, 2014).

Answer location: Contextual Factors, pp. 325-326

Question type: ESS

Cognitive Domain: Analysis