Exam Questions Personality Chapter 12 - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 12
PERSONALITY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
- Personality refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour.
- Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality depended to a large extent on his ideas about the conscious and unconscious mind. Most of the content of our minds, in Freud’s view, is in the unconscious.
- Freud proposed three central forces in personality development: the id, the ego, and the superego.
- In Freud’s view, personality develops as children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by strong conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego. Failure to resolve these conflicts can result in neuroses.
- Conflicts result in anxiety, and Freud believed that we use unconscious tactics called defence mechanisms to protect ourselves from this anxiety.
- Other psychodynamic theories include those of Alfred Adler, Carl G. Jung, and Karen Horney.
2. Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
- Humanistic theorists, including Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasized people’s basic goodness and their ability to fulfill their potential.
- Maslow proposed that personality arises from people’s striving to meet their needs. Human needs are arranged hierarchically, with self-actualization at the top level.
- Rogers based his theory of personality on his ideas about the importance of self-concept. He believed that children need unconditional positive regard to develop healthy self-concepts.
3. Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
- Personality traits are tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations. Trait theorists such as Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck first proposed that central traits affect a broad range of behaviour.
- Allport conducted detailed case studies that sought to reveal the unique collection of traits at play for each individual.
- Eysenck, using factor analysis, identified three personality superfactors: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
- Other trait theorists proposed the five-factor theory, which identified five major trait categories: agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
- Although traits play an important role in behaviour, they can be inconsistent over time and across different situations.
4. Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
- Personality inventories are questionnaires that require individuals to respond to a series of true-false or agree–disagree statements designed to measure various aspects of personality.
- Two widely-used personality inventories are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) and the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) (NEO-PI-R). The MMPI-2 is typically used to assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations. The NEO-PI-R evaluates traits associated with the five-factor theory of personality.
- Projective tests are intended to tap into people’s unconscious minds by having them interpret ambiguous stimuli. In the case of the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the stimuli are inkblots. In the case of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), they are black-and-white drawings.
5. Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
- Situationism holds that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits. The behaviourist B. F. Skinner could be said to have viewed personality from this perspective.
- Interactionism focuses on interactions between persons and situations. Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory is an example of interactionist theory. In Bandura’s view, the environment, internal mental events, and behaviour all interact to affect behaviour through the process of reciprocal determinism.
6. Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
- Twin studies, such as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, suggest that many personality traits have strong genetic links.
- Certain brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones have been associated with personality variables.
- In interpreting links between genes, physiological factors, and personality, it is important to remember that the relationships are complex and multidirectional.
7. Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
- Research has found many more similarities than differences between men’s and women’s personalities. Nevertheless, some consistent differences have been identified.
- Socio-cultural factors are thought to play an important role in gender differences in personality. According to social role theory, for example, boys and girls develop different behaviours and skills based largely on the division of labour between the sexes and the resulting differences in gender role expectations.
- Cross-cultural research into personality has focused on personality development in individualist and collectivist cultures. Some traits observed in these cultures reflect differing cultural values.
- The relationship between socio-economic conditions and personality traits has received relatively little attention. However, the investigations that have been conducted suggest that at the very least, living conditions have a direct impact on how and whether certain personality traits translate into behaviours.
8. Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
- A personality disorder is an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.
- The American Psychiatric Association outlines 10 personality disorders in its guide for therapists.
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Freud believed that the unconscious or deepest level of the mind contains the greatest amount of content.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
2. An individual who is considered mentally healthy may become fixated at one of Freud’s psychosexual stages and suffer no adverse consequences.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
3. Freud's observations were based on a very small and select group of upper-class individuals from Vienna.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
4. Jung argued that the unconscious drives our behaviour toward joy, creativity, and internal harmony.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
5. Peak experiences have much in common with the beliefs espoused by positive psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
6. Central traits affect a broad range of individuals' behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
7. Eysenck's superfactors represent fundamental dimensions of personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
8. Although the five-factor model of personality generally supports Eysenck's theory, but the five-factor model does NOT include the factor of psychoticism.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
9. Interactionism emphasizes the relationship between underlying personality traits and situational forces.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
10. Researchers use personality assessment tools to learn about their clients' underlying adjustment problems and issues.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
11. When designing tests it is impossible to control for the factor of socially-desirable responding.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
12. In Canada, employers may use any of the available personality tests to assess who is the best candidate for a job they hope to fill.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
13. One of the most famous studies of twin adoption is called the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
14. High dopamine activity in the reward centres of the brain is related to negative emotions.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
15. Individuals with low levels of negative emotionality are peaceful and satisfied with life.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
16. Gilligan found that men score higher on traits that reflect individuality and autonomy.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
17. Women are generally superior to men in reading emotions in others and are more attuned to interpersonal concerns when making moral decisions than men.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
18. Happiness and success are defined differently in diverse cultures.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
19. Personality disorders involve dramatic or emotional behaviours.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
20. People with borderline personalities often form relationships to exploit others for material gain or personal gratification.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
21. What was Freud's original reason for creating psychoanalysis?
a) to compile an official reference on psychological disorders and what he believed were their corresponding repressions
b) to develop his research on the workings of the id, ego, and superego
c) to treat psychological disorders, which he believed were based on repressed instincts and memories
d) to coach patients to access their preconscious minds more efficiently
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
22. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s levels of consciousness?
a) unconscious
b) subconscious
c) preconscious
d) conscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
23. According to Freud, the preconscious
a) is the reservoir of sexual and aggressive instincts.
b) cannot be accessed except through dreams.
c) contains mental content that can be brought into the conscious mind.
d) is occupied mostly by the id.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
24. In the movie Sienna is watching, one of the characters is celebrating their birthday. Suddenly, Sienna remembers that it is her mother’s birthday, so she quickly picks up the phone to call her. According to Freud, her mother’s birthday would have been in Sienna’s ___.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
25. At the end of a very busy week, Sumita is enjoying a jazz concert with her husband in the early evening and plans to have dinner afterwards. Which of the following statements is most likely NOT true regarding her levels of consciousness?
a) Sumita’s conscious mind is aware of the music.
b) A hungry feeling is tucked away in Sumita’s unconscious mind.
c) The middle names of Sumita’s children are in her preconscious mind.
d) With a little prompting, Sumita’s feelings of hunger could come from her preconscious mind to her conscious mind.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
26. Dillon introduced his attractive co-worker, Amber, intending to say, “Amber is the best and brightest new member of our firm.” However, what he said instead was, “Amber is the breast and brightest new member of our firm.” Freud would have said that this slip of Dillon’s was a message from Dillon’s _______ mind.
a) conscious
b) preconscious
c) unconscious
d) subconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
27. Phoebe's high school field hockey team is preparing for the state championships. The bus is pulling into the parking lot and Phoebe is thinking about the opposing team's offensive line. She recalls that the last time she played against this team, one player was particularly aggressive. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which level of consciousness holds her memories of the last time she played this team?
a) conscious
b) preconscious
c) subconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
28. When Callie was seven years old, she was in a very serious car accident. Although she did not suffer a head injury, she does not remember anything about the accident. According to Freud, the accident has become part of Callie’s ___.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
29. Bree’s parents have just told her they are getting a divorce. The thought that her parents will no longer be together makes Bree very sad and she begins to cry. According to Freud, Bree’s thoughts and feelings about her parents’ divorce are part of her ___.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
30. Cassius spent an hour laughing and joking with friends over lunch. Then he settled at the library to study for his trigonometry exam. Although focusing on his studying Cassius suddenly recalls that he told one of the friends over lunch that he would send him a text with a mutual friend’s phone number. This recollection to send the phone number to his friend was in Cassis’s _____ mind.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
31. Nadia is recently divorced and is returning to the dating scene. She has been on a few dates with Max when he says something that reminds Nadia of an argument that she had with her husband several years ago. This is an example of a(n)
a) conscious memory.
b) inferiority complex.
c) unconscious impulse.
d) Freudian slip.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
32 According to Freud, how are the preconscious and unconscious minds distinct?
a) The preconscious mind contains motives that are at the forefront of one's awareness while the unconscious mind contains hidden motives.
b) The unconscious mind contains motives that are at the forefront of one's awareness while the preconscious mind contains hidden motives.
c) The preconscious mind can be easily accessed while the unconscious mind is difficult or even impossible to access.
d) The unconscious mind can be easily accessed while the preconscious mind is difficult or even impossible to access.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
33. In Freud's view, the personality forms as the result of the struggle between
a) conscious and unconscious processes.
b) primal needs and social or moral restraints.
c) the individual and other people.
d) biological drives and cognitive aspects of the personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
34. The ___ operates on the reality principle; the ___ operates on the morality principle; the ___ operates on the pleasure principle.
a) id; ego; superego
b) ego; superego; id
c) superego; ego; id
d) ego; id; superego
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
35. You are in a heated verbal argument with a friend, and although you want to hit him, you refrain and remain calm. You are using
a) defense mechanisms.
b) delayed gratification.
c) the morality principle.
d) the reality principle.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
36. If the ego is NOT able to find compromises between the id and the superego, what is likely to happen, according to Freud?
a) The needs of the id will win out.
b) The conscience and the superego will win out.
c) The ego will repress everything.
d) The person may become neurotic.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
37. Which of the following is primarily associated with consciousness?
a) the libido
b) the id
c) the superego
d) the ego
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
38. Lee’s doctor is concerned that she might be at risk for developing diabetes and has told her to significantly cut back on sugar. Lee is at a party and offered a delicious dessert. Which of the following will Lee's ego likely “say” to the id?
a) “Go ahead – eat it – you deserve a treat after a hard week.”
b) “You should eat it. People will think you are rude if you refuse to eat something everyone else is having.”
c) “You can’t have the entire thing, but a small serving won’t hurt you and it would be polite.”
d) “Eating dessert when you have been told not to is wrong. Do you want your children to have a sick mother?”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
39. Erik is very hungry, but instead of pushing his way near the front of the line in the cafeteria, he decides to wait his turn in line to get food. According to Freud’s theory, which part of Erik’s personality is dominating his behaviour at the present moment?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) pleasure principle
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
40. Clay's friends are trying to convince him to lie to his parents and tell them that he is sleeping at a friend's house. They will really be going to a concert in a city about an hour away, something his parents have already forbidden. How might Clay's superego inform his actions?
a) If tuning in to the superego, which operates on the morality principle, Clay would likely abide by his parents’ rules.
b) If tuning in to the superego, which operates on the reality principle, Clay would likely try to come up with a compromise.
c) If tuning in to the superego, which operates on the morality principle, Clay would likely inform his friends' parents of their plans.
d) If tuning in to the superego, which operates on the reality principle, Clay would likely submit to the peer pressure.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
41. Ryder sees a video game that he wants in the store, but he does not have enough money. He decides to steal it. What aspect of his personality controlling Ryder’s behaviour?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
42. In a healthy personality, Freud believed that
a) the superego chooses the best course of action, considering the reality of the situation.
b) the ego stops the id from satisfying its impulses.
c) the id, ego, and superego are equally powerful.
d) the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the superego.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
43. According to Freud, the part of the personality that we are born with and that represents our instinctual drives is called the
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) consciousness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
44. Which of the following is FALSE about the id?
a) It can delay gratification when necessary.
b) It is present from birth.
c) It operates on the pleasure principle.
d) It is fuelled by the libido.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
45. Aaliyah has been studying for a long time because she knows that she is behind because she has been partying instead of studying over the week and needs to make up the work. She knows she needs to study more but she is hungry and tired. So, she closes her books, eats something, and goes to bed. The part of the personality that influenced her behaviour is the
a) conscious mind.
b) ego.
c) id.
d) superego.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
46. Edward is hungry and so decides to push ahead of the line in the cafeteria to get food. What part of Edward’s personality is dominating in this situation?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) conscious mind.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
47. According to Freud, what part of the personality develops during childhood and is in charge of determining which impulses can be expressed outwardly and which cannot?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) consciousness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
48. Freud identified three central forces in personality development. Which controls the moral limits?
a) id
b) superego
c) ego
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
49. The superego's view of which behaviours are acceptable is based on
a) an understanding of society's laws.
b) an internalization of values that are unconsciously adopted.
c) a desire to avoid punishment.
d) universal standards of moral behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
50. Lauren snooped through her boyfriend's desk because she thought he was cheating on her. She did not find anything suspicious and wishes she had not done it. Now, Lauren is having trouble sleeping. Which part of the personality is keeping Lauren awake?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) defence mechanisms
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
51. "I'm going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the ___________. "But, stealing is wrong," said the ____________. "Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the _______________.
a) ego; superego; id
b) id; superego; ego
c) superego; ego; id
d) id; ego; superego
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
52. The reality principle states that
a) it is not always possible or acceptable to have all desires met.
b) the ego's job is to keep the personality from losing touch with reality.
c) unconscious forces are realistically always going to influence personality.
d) having to deal with other people is a reality of human existence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
53. According to Freud, the most basic human drives are
a) libido and morality.
b) conscious and unconscious.
c) sex and aggression.
d) pleasure and guilt.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
54. According to Freud the ___ is a pleasure-producing area of the body.
a) erogenous zone
b) psychosexual sector
c) Oedipal zone
d) fixated genital region
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
55. The correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages is
a) oral, latency, genital, anal, phallic.
b) oral, anal phallic, genital, latency.
c) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency.
d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
56. Which of the following stages are part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) all the above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
57. According to Freud, the psychosexual stage that occurs when someone is 3–6 years of age is called
a) oral.
b) anal.
c) phallic.
d) latency.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
58. According to Freud, during which psychosexual stage do children begin to resent their same-sex parent?
a) genital
b) phallic
c) anal
d) oral
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
59. What reason does Freud provide for a girl's hostility toward her mother, which develops during the phallic stage?
a) her father's love for her mother
b) not getting enough attention from her father
c) lack of emotional support from her mother
d) blaming her mother for her lack of a penis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
60. Bruni works for a large corporation. He is suspicious of his male boss and puts a lot of effort into proving that he is better than his male coworkers. Which of the following would Freud say is most likely Bruni’s problem?
a) Bruni has penis envy.
b) Bruni is fixated at the latency stage.
c) Bruni is fixated at the phallic stage.
d) Bruni is dominated by his superego.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
61. Gino’s partner is fed up. Gino does not pick up after himself, leaves dirty dishes in the sink, leaves their bathroom a mess, and never washes his clothes. Which of the following would Freud say is most likely Gino’s problem?
a) Gino has penis envy.
b) Gino is fixated at the anal stage.
c) Gino is fixated at the phallic stage.
d) Gino is dominated by his superego.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
62. A child has a specific place for each of her toys, and if someone puts her toys away in the wrong place, she gets very upset. According to Freud, which psychosexual stage might this child be fixated on?
a) phallic
b) oral
c) anal
d) latency
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
63. The Oedipus complex happens to ___ at the ___ stage of development.
a) girls; genital
b) girls; phallic
c) boys; genital
d) boys; phallic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
64. Which of the following conflicts is correctly matched with its stage?
a) phallic; identification with the same-sex parent
b) latency; repression of sexual impulses
c) anal; weaning
d) genital; attraction to opposite-sex parent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
65. At which psychosexual stage do children have no particular psychosexual conflicts?
a) oral
b) phallic
c) latency
d) genital
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
66. Gisèle spends much of her time developing successful relationships with her same-sex peers and on school-related activities. According to Freud’s theory, Gisele is in the __________________ stage of development.
a) anal
b) latency
c) genital
d) phallic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
67. Fenna is becoming just like her mother. She wants to dress like her mother, and she has taken an interest in all the activities that her mother does: gardening, mowing the lawn, and carpentry. According to Freud, what psychosexual stage is Fenna likely in?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
68. Nikola chews incessantly on her fingernails, and when she’s not doing that, she’s smoking or chewing on pens. According to Freud, at what stage of psychosexual development would Nikola be fixated?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
69. Noor is arguing with her boyfriend. “I am tired of your stubborn, controlling attitude! Not only that, but your insistence that everything has to be kept spotless is driving me crazy!” Based on Noor’s comments, it is likely that her boyfriend is fixated at Freud’s ___ stage.
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) genital
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
70. Kayden cries when his mother leaves him with his father, climbs onto her lap whenever she sits down, and only wants her when he is hurt or sick. Kayden often ignores his father or is, at times, rude to him. Based on Kayden’s behaviours, Freud would likely argue that he is in the ___ stage.
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) genital
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
71. Since going through a painful divorce, a man has been unable to have respectful, committed relationships with women. According to Freud, which psychosexual stage might this man have regressed to?
a) latency
b) oral
c) genital
d) phallic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
72. Caleb is secretly thrilled when his friend, Kim, asks him to the school dance. He is devastated when he realizes that she only asked him so that she would have a date while she spied on her real crush at the dance. For the rest of the school year Caleb spends his time with the soccer team and playing video games with his buddies, avoiding girls all together. What is the best explanation for Caleb's behavior?
a) As an adolescent, Caleb is in the genital stage of Freud's psychosexual stages of development but has regressed to the latency stage as a result of this unsuccessful outcome.
b) As an adolescent, Caleb is developmentally in the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stage but becomes fixated in the genital stage due to his attraction to the opposite sex.
c) Due to Caleb's unsuccessful outcome in the genital stage of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, he has developed an inferiority complex that will last indefinitely.
d) Although Caleb is in the genital stage of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, he has not yet acquired the animus archetype that will allow him to understand the opposite sex.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
73. According to Freud, defence mechanisms are used to
a) protect us from anxiety.
b) resolve conflicts between the id and the superego.
c) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.
d) help us resolve our unconscious conflicts.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
74. According to Freud, a defence mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge something unpleasant is called
a) repression.
b) rationalization.
c) displacement.
d) denial.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
75. To prevent the ___________ associated with the ego's failure to satisfy both the id and superego, Freud argued that people develop and use ______________.
a) unconscious guilt; archetypes
b) fixation; an ego-ideal
c) regression; preconscious cognitions
d) conscious anxiety; defence mechanisms
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
76. A young mother, Alma, whose finances are tight, decides to buy an expensive dress. Though she feels guilty, she rationalizes that because she spends so much self-sacrificing time with spit-up in her hair and baby food splattered on her clothes, she deserves something nice to put on once in a while. How might you explain Alma's behavior using Freud's theories?
a) Anxiety is uncomfortable, and when it slips into our conscious awareness, the ego attempts to reduce it by using defense mechanisms, such as rationalization.
b) The ego represents our identity of ourselves and is responsible for such tasks as planning and reasoning. When it is compromised by hypersensitive emotions, it releases energy that causes us to behave in ways we might not otherwise.
c) The id is impulsive and operates on the pleasure principle while the ego delays gratification and operates on the reality principle, but when there is a clash between the two, the id usually wins.
d) Guilt is usually a result of a violation of the morality principle, which is controlled by the ethical superego, which can act as a catalyst for defense mechanisms.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
77. A drug addict, whose family has no food to eat, spends half his paycheck on cocaine. When guilt settles in, he tells himself that his wife does not even have a job and that he needs the drug to relax so he can succeed at work. Which defense mechanism is he most likely using?
a) projection
b) repression
c) rationalization
d) denial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
78. Maisie’s boss unfairly criticized Maisie at work. Maisie said nothing because she needs the job. When she returned to her apartment, though, she yelled at her roommate for drinking the last of the milk. Maisie’s behaviour exhibits the defence mechanism referred to as
a) sublimation.
b) denial.
c) displacement.
d) reaction formation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
79. Ophelia feels attracted to a coworker. She is also feeling considerable anxiety and guilt over this attraction; that evening Ophelia was very affectionate and caring toward her partner. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ________________________.
a) displacement
b) projection
c) sublimation
d) regression
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
80. A man is laid off from his job after 25 years with the company. When he gets home, he snaps at his wife and sends his children to their rooms for "monopolizing the computer". Which defense mechanism is he most likely employing?
a) projection
b) displacement
c) sublimation
d) reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
81. A man is laid off from his job after 25 years with the company. When he gets home, he snaps at his wife and sends his children to their rooms for "monopolizing the computer". Later, he tells his wife that she should consider how her actions affect the children. Which of the following defense mechanisms is he using in giving advice to his wife?
a) projection
b) displacement
c) reaction formation
d) sublimation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
82. Felix finds a wallet with $350.00 in it. Although the wallet has the owner’s identification inside, Felix decides to keep the money because he tells himself that it is the owner’s fault for losing the wallet. After all, Felix tells himself, the owner must not really need the money, or he would not have been so careless. Felix’s behaviour is an example of which defence mechanism?
a) sublimation
b) denial
c) rationalization
d) reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
83. You would rather have fun with your new romantic partner than study for your biology exam. You know you will do poorly on the exam if you do not study, but you tell yourself that having fun will help you relax for the exam. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ___________.
a) intellectualization
b) rationalization
c) sublimation
d) reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
84. Larissa has hostile impulses and expresses them by becoming a reporter who specializes in ruining the careers of others with the stories that she writes. Larissa’s defence mechanism is called
a) reaction formation.
b) denial.
c) projection.
d) sublimation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
85. Victor has been raised in a family that views sexual desires very negatively. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ________________________.
a) repression
b) projection
c) displacement
d) sublimation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
86. Lucy just found out that she has cancer in her spine. When she tells her family about it, she is completely unemotional, and just explains her situation in medical terms only, including her symptoms and treatment. What defence mechanism is Lucy likely using?
a) projection
b) intellectualization
c) regression
d) identification
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
87. Estelle just found out that she did not get the promotion she has been working toward. In frustration, she picks up her trash can and hurls it across the room. What defence mechanism is Estelle most likely using?
a) projection
b) intellectualization
c) regression
d) identification
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
88. Every time Nikolai gets into a big argument with his husband, he runs to his mother's home for comfort and approval. This is an example of the defence mechanism called _____________.
a) sublimation
b) regression
c) displacement
d) projection
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
89. Thirty-year-old Vanessa’s friends have begun distancing themselves from her, as her behavior has become difficult to deal with. Her friend Mario believes that she is using the defense mechanism of regression. If Vanessa is regressing, what will her response be when her friends disagree with her suggestion to go to a Thai restaurant for dinner?
a) She will throw a temper tantrum.
b) She will yell at her mother.
c) She will petition the Thai restaurant.
d) She will pretend that she does not want Thai food.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
90. Gracie is pregnant, but her boyfriend has deserted her. She really does not want this baby, but she has the baby and keeps it anyway. After the baby is born, Gracie turns into “supermom” and spends all her energies on the baby, spending every waking moment on the child’s needs. Gracie tells everyone she meets how much she loves her child. Which defence mechanism is Gracie using?
a) displacement
b) reaction formation
c) denial
d) regression
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
91. Alec and Jacob were two little boys who took pleasure in tormenting little creatures. As adults, Alec becomes an exterminator and Jacob goes to work for an animal activist organization. As adults, Alec is using the defence mechanism ___ and Jacob is using the defence mechanism ___.
a) repression; reaction formation
b) denial; sublimation
c) sublimation; rationalization
d) sublimation; reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
92. Which of the following people is most clearly using the defence mechanism projection?
a) Bolormaa, who yells at her husband after she had a difficult day at work
b) Cody, who justifies his problem drinking by saying, “I'm just being sociable”
c) Biren, who is wrestling with his own sexual identity and makes derogatory remarks about any man he suspects of being gay
d) Liang, who yells and gestures at other drivers who are “in her way”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
93. Which occupation would Freud say is an example of sublimation?
a) professional boxer
b) guitar player
c) yoga instructor
d) bank teller
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
94. Ivan is embarrassed about his arrest as a teenager for being a “peeping Tom.” Ivan is now an adult with a career. If Ivan were to use a defence mechanism to overcome his anxiety over the event, which pair of careers and defense mechanisms, based on Ivan’s anxiety, would be correctly matched?
a) priest or minister; sublimation
b) manager of an “adult entertainment” bar; repression
c) human sexuality researcher; displacement
d) prosecuting attorney for sex crimes; projection
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
95. Sanjay was abused as a child by his uncle. However, although Sanjay is very uncomfortable around men with mustaches (like his uncle’s) he has no memory of these events. Sanjay is most clearly using the defense mechanism of
a) repression.
b) intellectualization.
c) denial.
d) rationalization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
96. A young girl witnesses a tragic accident involving her closest neighborhood friend. When the police come to get a statement from her, she remembers nothing about the accident. Which defense mechanism is she most likely using?
a) sublimation
b) repression
c) intellectualization
d) denial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
97. A young girl witnesses a tragic accident involving her closest neighborhood friend. When the police come to get a statement from her, she remembers nothing about the accident. Then, when she does finally remember, she speaks of the details without emotion, as if reading a list of mundane items. In addition to the initial repression she experienced, which of the following defense mechanisms is she likely also using?
a) sublimation
b) denial
c) intellectualization
d) projection
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
98. Hugo and Addison were in a horrible car accident. Two of their friends did not survive. Addison was conscious through the entire event, but she says she does not remember any of it. Hugo remembers the event, and can discuss it, but he talks about the situation as though it happened to someone else. He does not display emotions about it. What is implied here?
a) Addison is employing repression as a defense mechanism, while Hugo is employing intellectualization.
b) Addison is employing denial as a defense mechanism, while Hugo is employing sublimation.
c) Addison is employing repression as a defense mechanism, while Hugo is employing rationalization.
d) Addison is employing regression as a defense mechanism, while Hugo is employing rationalization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
99. Matt and Kavya's son, Asher, was struck by a school bus outside his house and is now in the intensive care unit at the local children's hospital. Matt is filled with rage and begins spending hours at the gym every evening while Kavya, a registered nurse, keeps friends and family informed of Asher's progress via emails full of medical terminology but void of much genuine emotion. Which defense mechanisms do Matt and Kavya exhibit?
a) Matt is demonstrating sublimation and Kavya is demonstrating intellectualization.
b) Matt is demonstrating denial and Kavya is demonstrating repression.
c) Matt is demonstrating projection and Kavya is demonstrating denial.
d) Matt is demonstrating intellectualization and Kavya is demonstrating displacement.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
100. Maddie's ideas are shot down during her group meeting at the advertising agency where she works. As she picks up her daughter, Jade, from daycare that evening, she snaps at her for NOT listening. When they arrive at home, Jade torments the cat by pulling its tail. According to Freud, which defense mechanisms are Maddie and Jade using?
a) Maddie and Jade are both using displacement.
b) Maddie is using rationalization and Jade is using displacement.
c) Maddie is using projection and Jade is using regression.
d) Maddie and Jade are both using projection.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
101. Meeting and observing a potential spouse’s parents can give you an idea for the type of relationship you might have with that potential spouse. This view is consistent with
a) psychoanalytic theory.
b) psychodynamic theory.
c) trait theory.
d) social-cognitive theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
102. Much of the current criticism of Freud's theory stems from the fact that
a) he spent too much time talking about sexual issues.
b) his theory is difficult to test.
c) Freud overestimated how much influence parents had on child development.
d) most psychologists do not believe in unconscious processes.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
103. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Freud’s theory?
a) It is untestable.
b) It has not held up to scientific testing.
c) The theory is based on very few observations from a select population.
d) Studies have not found evidence for defence mechanisms.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
104. You are working to organize a presentation for your psychology class. Most of your classmates do not agree with Freud’s theories because so many have been argued against them. You would like to demonstrate that some of his theories are valid. What type of content should the presentation cover that would be best suited to achieving this goal?
a) The presentation should be designed to focus on individuals’ uses of defense mechanisms, as these can be empirically proven.
b) The presentation should be designed to show the progression of the psychosexual stages in multiple individuals, as these can be demonstrated in an empirical manner.
c) The presentation should be designed to show that Freud’s theories are not biased against women, demonstrating his views of the phallic stage would be most helpful here.
d) The presentation should be designed to disprove Karen Horney’s theories, which will work to further strengthen Freud’s originals theories.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
105. Modern empirical research supports Freud's concept of
a) anal fixation.
b) phallic regression.
c) defense mechanisms.
d) id, ego, and superego.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
106. In what way were the ideas of the neo-Freudians like Freud’s ideas?
a) They all agree that human functioning is shaped by dynamic psychological forces.
b) They all agree that culture is a major determinant of personality development.
c) They all attempted to focus on biological forces that play on personality.
d) They all believed that anxiety is the major contributor to later neuroses.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
107. Adler believed that
a) humans have not only a personal unconscious, but also a collective unconscious.
b) Freud's concept of penis envy was more accurately described as social envy.
c) conscious thoughts were more important to human behaviour than sexual needs.
d) humans are basically good and work toward self-actualization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
108. If Amit is a typical four-year-old child, Adler would believe that Amit has
a) an accurate self-concept.
b) feelings of inferiority.
c) feelings of superiority.
d) strong sexual desires.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
109. Ona’s mother was highly critical of her when she was a child, often telling her she never did anything right. Now, as an adult, Ona works long hours to prove that she is better at her job than her coworkers. Which of the following best accounts for Ona’s behaviour?
a) Freud’s theory of the defence mechanism of reaction formation
b) Adler’s theory of how feelings of inferiority lead to over-compensation
c) Jung’s theory that the unconscious includes drives toward joy and internal harmony
d) Karen Horney’s theory that basic anxiety that develops in childhood leads to neuroses
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
110. Larry is twelve years old and is NOT very well liked in his junior high school. When Larry wants something, he usually has no problem getting it because he can be very persuasive. Sometimes the other children do what he wants because they are worried he will embarrass them, and other times they do so because they are scared of him. What is the best explanation for Larry’s behavior using the concepts from Adler’s theories?
a) Larry has developed an inferiority complex, which has ultimately caused him to channel his energy toward a quest for superiority.
b) Larry has developed this aggression due to the collective unconscious, through which he is channeling aggressive tendencies.
c) Larry never moved past the phallic stage, which has caused outward aggression because he cannot deal with his own masculine feelings.
d) Larry is using repression to work through his own problems at home, which is causing him to appear socially dominant.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
111. Karen Horney agreed with Freud on the point of _______________, but disagreed with him about ____________.
a) the psychosexual stages; the influence of early childhood experiences on behaviour
b) the collective unconscious; the influence of early childhood experiences on behaviour.
c) the influence of early childhood experiences on behaviour; collective unconscious
d) the influence of early childhood experiences on behaviour; the role of cultural influences on behaviour
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
112. According to Jung, what form do shared memories from the collective unconscious take on?
a) free will
b) emotions
c) archetypes
d) personal unconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
113. According to Carl Jung, archetypes are
a) symbols and images that appear in all cultures.
b) the root cause of basic anxiety.
c) a storehouse of memories shared by all humans.
d) a result of our attempts to overcome inferiority.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
114. According to Jung, the coherent whole that results from integrating the conscious and unconscious minds is called the
a) collective unconscious.
b) self.
c) archetype.
d) psychodynamic imperative.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
115. The Myers-Briggs personality test (MBTI) is based on ___ theory.
a) Freud's
b) Adler's
c) Jung's
d) Horney's
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
116. In what way did Jung’s theory differ from Freud’s ideas?
a) Jung had less emphasis on sexual and aggressive forces and more on drives toward joy and creativity.
b) Jung had less acknowledgement of the unconscious as having a major influence on behaviour.
c) Jung placed less importance on a search for harmony.
d) Jung viewed the unconscious as a singular structure.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
117. With which of Freud’s ideas did Carl Jung agree with unquestionably?
a) that the unconscious had a major influence on behaviour
b) that much of the unconscious contains sexual and aggressive urges
c) that the unconscious is a singular structure
d) that unconscious urges do not include creativity and harmony
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
118. Carl Jung's personality theory differed from that of Freud's in all the following ways except one. Which way did Jung’s theory agree with Freud’s theory?
a) inherited memories
b) unconscious sexual and aggressive forces
c) unconscious positive forces
d) collective unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
119. Neo-Freudian Carl Jung is most likely to have disagreed with Freud about
a) the extent of the negative influence of the unconscious.
b) the existence of an unconscious part of the mind.
c) the degree of inferiority children feel.
d) nearly all of his theories.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
120. Maura has a severe fear of fire. She does not like to have candles burning in the house, and she is very anxious at bonfires or cookouts. Maura’s parents have told her that she has always been odd around fire, but it has become worse with time. If you were studying Carl Jung and wanted to use his theories to explain Maura’s fear, which statement would be most applicable?
a) Maura’s fear is part of the collective unconscious due to the danger fire can pose. Many people in the past and present are cautious with fire because it is uncontrollable.
b) Maura’s fear is part of the personal unconscious because she has had this fear her entire life, which has helped it to grow with time because it was never addressed.
c) Maura’s fear is part of the collective unconscious because it is a fear that few other people have; Maura thinks in a different way than many others do.
d) Maura’s fear is part of the personal unconscious because the fear is inherited from the logical fears of others in the past.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
121. This theorist believed that cultural differences play a more significant role in development than Freud acknowledged.
a) Rogers
b) Jung
c) Adler
d) Horney
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
122. To combat Freud's idea of penis envy, Karen Horney proposed the concept of ________ envy.
a) power
b) freedom
c) mother
d) vagina
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
123. What is the main difference between Alfred Adler's and Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theories of personality?
a) Adler believed social needs and conscious thoughts are more important to behaviour, whereas Freud believed sexual needs and unconscious motivations were more important.
b) Adler believed behavior was purposeful and goal-oriented, whereas Freud believed it was motivated by unconscious forces.
c) Adler believed in the collective unconscious, whereas Freud believed only in the personal unconscious.
d) Adler believed personality was molded by parent-child relationships, whereas Freud believed personality was inherited.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
124. According to Karen Horney, penis envy was actually ___.
a) women’s desire to have a penis
b) women’s sexual feelings toward their fathers
c) women’s envy of men’s power
d) women’s envy of their mother’s relationship with their father
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Compensation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
125. What was Karen Horney’s greatest disagreement with Freud’s ideas?
a) that the unconscious influences behaviour
b) that events in childhood can leave lasting impressions
c) that concepts that shape development are universal and do not vary across cultures
d) that dealing with a lot of anxiety can lead to neuroses
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
126. According to Karen Horney, basic anxiety develops
a) when we are unsuccessful in overcoming the challenges of a psychosexual stage.
b) because of feelings of inferiority in childhood.
c) when our collective unconscious conflicts with our personal unconscious.
d) children experience extreme feelings of isolation and helplessness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
127. In what way do Jung's, Adler's, and Horney's theories relate to one another?
a) Each believed that the preconscious level of awareness was more important than the unconscious level.
b) Each showed interest in positive aspects of personality, not just negative ones.
c) Each argued that personality development depends largely on social relationships.
d) Each emphasized the roles of both masculine and feminine aspects of personality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
128. Humanistic theories suggest that personality depends on
a) social interactions and subsequent reactions.
b) moderation of emotional and instinctive responses.
c) individual perceptions and interpretations of the world.
d) acceptance of one's own innate qualities.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
129. Abraham Maslow believed that humans have a need to fulfill our full and special potential, which he called
a) unconditional positive regard.
b) reciprocal determinism.
c) self-actualization.
d) self-efficacy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
130. Hassan recently moved to Canada from a country at war. His grade three teacher, Ms. Smith, noticed that Hassan was easily startled, frequently hungry, and has significant problems settling down to pay attention, which is contributing to his learning delays. Being an observant teacher, Ms. Smith ensures that Hassan has plenty to eat; however, he is still having problems being attentive and applying himself. As per Maslow, which of the following would be the most effective intervention for Ms. Smith to help Hassan overcome his learning delays?
a) Ms. Smith should make sure that Hassan’s need to feel safe and secure is met.
b) Ms. Smith should introduce Hassan to other children so that he can begin to develop friendships.
c) Ms. Smith should ask the school psychologist to complete an observation on Hassan to determine whether he has attentional deficits.
d) Ms. Smith should meet with Hassan’s parents to learn more about his prior educational experiences.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
131. Tai is in therapy after another failed relationship. Each time he starts to become close to a woman, he finds himself questioning whether anyone can truly love him in spite of his flaws, which he keeps hidden deep inside. What is Tai most likely to learn in therapy with regard to his pattern of failed relationships?
a) Because Tai never received unconditional positive regard as a child, he now doubts and questions the love and affection others give him, since they cannot possibly know the "real" Tai.
b) Tai’s pattern of failed relationships is due to a lack of congruence between his ideal and real selves, resulting in poor self-adjustment and a low self-concept, which inevitably carry over into his relationships.
c) Tai inadvertently does not have his safety needs met, therefore, he is unable to move to a higher need hierarchy which would be required in order to establish a meaningful relationship.
d) Because Tai has a history of failed relationships, he has poor relational self-concept. Without realizing it, he behaves in ways that sabotage his relationship thereby creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
132. Fran brings her son, Luke, to an initial family therapy session with Dr. Kay due to excessive arguing at home. Fran and Luke are asked to discuss a recent disagreement while Dr. Kay silently observes their interactions. The pair quickly begins arguing, and Dr. Kay observes as Luke justifies missing his curfew because he wanted to spend more time with his best friend who is moving away. Fran reacts by telling Luke he is an irresponsible teenager and a negative influence on his younger siblings. What would be the most effective way for Dr. Kay to intervene?
a) Dr. Kay should help Fran understand the importance of unconditional positive regard during parental interactions with Luke.
b) Dr. Kay should help Luke understand the importance of consistency and trust in the quest for self-actualization.
c) Dr. Kay should explain the hierarchy of needs to Fran and Luke, illustrating that their behaviors are causing them to regress.
d) Dr. Kay should help Fran and Luke build upon their current self-concepts as this will help improve their interactions.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
133. Sami has been living on the streets for almost 2 years. He begs for money to buy food, and every night looks for a shelter, so he can sleep somewhere warm. According to Maslow, Sami would be
a) improving his living situation, and so is moving up the hierarchy of needs.
b) using many of his talents and capabilities to survive on the street, so is achieving self-actualization.
c) fulfilling his basic physiological needs, so is probably somewhere in the middle of the hierarchy of needs.
d) struggling to fulfill his basic physiological needs, so is at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
134. Rachel and her partner are divorcing. Rachel gets the house, and they had no children, but she is extremely distressed about the end of the relationship and dwells endlessly on what happened to her formerly happy relationship and what she and her partner should have done to have kept it from happening. According to Maslow, Rachel is
a) seeking to realize her full potential and to be self-fulfilled, so is at the level of self-actualization.
b) engaged in significant self-reflection and focusing on esteem needs, so is at the level of esteem needs.
c) working to meet her need to feel love and to belong to a social group, so it at the level of belonging and love needs.
d) struggling to fulfill her basic physiological needs, so is at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
135. Steve is a highly regarded surgeon with many friends and a loving family. After building a successful practice, he decides to reduce his work hours to allow more time to follow his TRUE passion of volunteering to help disadvantaged youth. Steve is on his way to attaining Maslow’s idea of
a) self-actualization.
b) the humanistic self.
c) the real self.
d) self-concept.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
136. Maslow believed that we could learn a great deal about human behaviour by studying which group?
a) depressed individuals
b) well-adjusted people
c) children
d) women
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
137. Maslow believed that we can learn the most about the human condition by
a) studying “normal” or typical people.
b) studying those with psychological problems.
c) paying attention to the unconscious symbols in our collective ancestry.
d) creating an atmosphere of openness, honesty, and freedom from judgment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
138. According to Maslow, when would a person address higher-level needs, such as self-actualization?
a) after they have re-evaluated their conditions of worth
b) once they have received unconditional positive regard
c) after all their basic needs are met
d) once they have a positive self-concept
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
139. Carl Rogers argued that poor mental health results when young children do not receive ________ from caregivers.
a) discipline and clear boundaries
b) unconditional positive regard
c) conditional love and acceptance
d) adequate physical affection
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
140. Imagine a child who is very analytical and is always searching for creative ways to solve problems. Her parents, however, place more value on conformity than creativity. According to Carl Rogers, what is the likely result of this mismatch?
a) the child's lowered self-esteem
b) the child's inability to form relationships
c) the child's increased drive to succeed
d) the child's rebelling against her parents
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
141. Sarah is a humanistic social worker and is working with a 20-year-old client named Miguel. Miguel was an illegal alien who just received his Canadian citizenship. Although successful in his new home country, with many new friends and a loving relationship, Miguel has experienced many negative life events over his lifetime. As a result, Miguel has psychological scars and poor self-concept. What is the most effective approach for Sarah to help Miguel overcome this problem?
a) She should shift the image of how he sees himself to be more aligned with how others see him.
b) She should recognize his accomplishments so that he can pursue the journey toward self-actualization.
c) He should return to his native country to confront the family and friends who tormented him in his youth.
d) He should begin showing unconditional positive regard for others so that he will be capable of doing the same for himself.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
142. Which of these examples is a way to discipline a child while demonstrating unconditional positive regard?
a) I understand you do not want to play what your brother is playing, but nobody likes you when you act like this. Go to your room and think about how to be a nicer person.
b) We do not scream at people. Apologize to your brother and then go to your room and think about how to be a good girl.
c) We do not scream at people. You are always doing things like this to upset me. Go to your room and do not come out until you have learned to be good.
d) I understand you do not want to play what your brother is playing, but it is not okay to scream at him. I am sending you to your room to think about better ways to share your feelings.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
143. After spending 27 years in prison for fighting to free his country from apartheid, Nelson Mandela rose to become President of South Africa, win the Nobel Peace Prize, and was one of the most respected persons in the world prior to his death. Mandela could be considered to have achieved ___.
a) positive conditions of worth
b) self-actualization
c) the collective unconscious
d) a peak experience
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
144. Hugo is a novelist who has sold millions of books all over the world. He lives, however, on a small farm in the middle of Northern Ontario with his wife and three dogs. He spends his days tending to his garden, biking with his dogs, and writing. Recently, he and his wife have signed up for an online cooking class, and they enjoy shopping for fresh ingredients at the markets, then spending the day cooking a perfect meal followed by sitting down to savour it. What would Maslow say about Hugo?
a) He has a stable self-concept.
b) He has received unconditional positive regard.
c) He does not have any conditions of worth.
d) He is self-actualized.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
145. The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities is called
a) a peak experience.
b) self-concept.
c) unconditional positive regard.
d) self-actualization.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
146. Which of the following people is most inconsistent with Maslow's theory?
a) After Adrienne married a wealthy businessman, she became extensively involved in many her husband's charitable causes.
b) Sebastian is a “starving artist” who lives in a small, cold apartment that he can barely afford. He creates beautiful paintings.
c) Ji-a works in a factory. She saves a little bit from each paycheque so that she can take a vacation once a year.
d) Rhys dropped out of school to look after his younger siblings after their parents died.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
147. According to Csikszentmihalyi, what are the feelings associated with peak experiences?
a) conditions of worth
b) unconditional positive regard
c) unconscious impulses associated with gratifying basic needs
d) joy and a suspended sense of time and reality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
148. Nadya enjoys going to the opera. Even though she does not understand the language in which the songs are sung, she finds that time seems to stand still, and she is always moved to tears by the emotion of the music and performance. Which of the following might best describe Nadya’s experience at the opera?
a) a collective unconscious experience
b) self-actualization
c) a peak experience
d) an experience of self-concept
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
149. According to Carl Rogers, we need ___ to develop a healthy self-concept.
a) conditions of worth
b) positive psychology
c) unconditional positive regard
d) self-actualization
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
150. According to Carl Rogers, healthy self-concepts develop when children receive
a) unconditional positive regard.
b) self-actualization.
c) positive reinforcement.
d) peak experiences.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
151. According to Rogers, what is the root cause of a person’s maladaptive functioning?
a) unconscious impulses
b) conditions of worth
c) unconditional positive regard
d) not achieving self-actualization
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
152. Todd exhibits harsh parenting with his daughter, often telling her she is a bad person for engaging in undesirable behaviors. Upon visiting a therapist, Todd is encouraged to change his interactions with his daughter to encourage his daughter’s positive nature while focusing the negative behavior to better facilitate an atmosphere of
a) unconditional positive regard.
b) unconditional love.
c) self-actualization.
d) authoritative parenting.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
153. When 15-year-old Assil told her parents she was a lesbian, her parents banished her from the family home. According to Rogers, this would be an example of a _________________.
a) negative regard
b) condition of worth
c) barrier to the development of a self-concept
d) barrier to self-actualization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
154. Sheng is trying out for the school play. His new girlfriend usually gets the starring role, and he is worried that she will not like him anymore if he does not get a good part. According to Rogers, what is Sheng’s problem?
a) He has unconditional positive regard.
b) He has a delusional self-concept.
c) He has conditions of worth.
d) He is approaching self-actualization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
155. Asiya is 4 years old and decided that her 2-year-old sister needed a haircut. In particular Asiya decided that her sister’s ringlets needed to come off, and that she needed a very short boy’s haircut. Asiya used her mother’s sewing scissors to cut her sister’s hair. When her parents saw what had happened, they let Asiya know that her behaviour was terrible, but they made sure that she knew that they always loved her, no matter what. According to Rogers, how is this likely to affect Asiya’s development?
a) She will be spoiled.
b) She will not understand consequences of her behaviour.
c) She will develop a healthy self-concept.
d) She will have many conditions of worth.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
156. Connall’s best friend, Bernie, stole some marijuana from his older brother and Connall, Bernie and their friends smoked it before gym class. The gym teacher caught them and called the parents, suspending each of the boys from school for a week. Connall’s parents were furious with Connall and discussed his poor decision-making with him and discussed ways he could make better choices next time. They took privileges away but made clear that he remained their priority and that this event did not change their feelings for him. According to Rogers, how is this likely to affect Connall’s development?
a) He will be spoiled.
b) He will not understand consequences of his behaviour.
c) He will develop a healthy self-concept.
d) He will have many conditions of worth.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
157. A class is asked to draw two circles representing the way others see them and the way they see themselves. Matt’s two circles overlap a great deal, whereas Mark’s circles do not. What is implied here?
a) Matt has a higher level of positive self-concept than Mark.
b) Mark has a higher level of positive self-concept than Matt.
c) Matt has a greater risk of future mental illness than Mark.
d) Mark has a greater risk of future mental illness than Matt.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
158. Rogers and Maslow are similar in that
a) they both believe that human nature is basically positive.
b) they both emphasize the role that parents play in developing self-concept.
c) they both believe that individuals grow because of peak experiences.
d) they both believe that we strive to overcome inferiority.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
159. What is the difference between Maslow’s theory and Rogers’ theory of human nature?
a) Maslow’s theory is centred around conscious experiences and Rogers’ theory is centred around unconscious experiences.
b) Maslow’s theory is focused on the self-concept and Rogers’ theory is focused on the self-image.
c) Maslow’s theory is built around a hierarchy of needs and Rogers’ theory is built around a self-concept.
d) Maslow’s theory involves unconditional positive regard and Rogers’ theory involves conditional reinforcement.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
160. While Maslow’s theory of human nature is built around ___, Rogers’ theory is built around ___.
a) conscious experiences; unconscious experiences
b) the self-concept; the self-image
c) a hierarchy of needs; a self-concept
d) unconditional positive regard; conditional positive regard
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
161. What is a critical difference between self-actualization and unconditional positive regard?
a) Self-actualization is an inner process, while unconditional positive regard is provided by others.
b) Rogers is credited with the term self-actualization, while Maslow is credited with the term unconditional positive regard.
c) Narrowness is an obstacle for self-actualization, while naïve assumptions are obstacles for unconditional positive regard.
d) Self-actualization is more likely among younger individuals, while unconditional positive regard is more likely among older individuals.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
162. What is a similarity between unconditional positive regard and self-actualization?
a) Both concepts involve an ongoing process over a long period of time versus an accomplishment.
b) Both concepts are essential in an individual’s ability to experience the esteem level of needs.
c) Both concepts were proposed by Abraham Maslow.
d) Both concepts were proposed by Carl Rogers.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
163. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of humanistic theories?
a) They are overly positive and ignore psychological dysfunction.
b) They put too much emphasis on the conflict within the personality.
c) They contain abstract concepts that are difficult to test.
d) They are overly simplistic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
164. Which of the following is a criticism of humanistic theories?
a) They have had very little impact on the field of psychology.
b) They put too much emphasis on the conflict within the personality.
c) They contain abstract concepts that are difficult to test.
d) They are overly complex.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
165. During a psychology discussion, Chris states that he does not endorse humanistic theories because they CANNOT account for criminal activity taking place in the world. In contrast, Steve protests the validity of humanistic theories because the underlying notions CANNOT be measured or accurately studied according to the scientific method. What is the difference between Chris and Steve?
a) Chris endorses the criticism that humanistic theories are overly simplistic, whereas Steve endorses the poor testability and inadequate evidence criticism.
b) Chris endorses the naïve assumptions criticism, whereas Steve endorses the narrowness criticism.
c) Steve endorses the poor testability and inadequate evidence criticism, whereas Chris endorses the experimental flaw criticism.
d) Steve endorses the experimental flaw criticism, whereas Chris endorses the narrowness criticism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
166. Freida is going to graduate school in clinical psychology so that she can help people one day. However, all her classes are about the negative side of the human mind, and all the different kinds of disorders and treatments. She thinks that it would be much more helpful to people if the focus were on how to live well, and to study people who are currently happy and see how they do it. What area of psychology should Freida be studying instead of clinical psychology?
a) positive psychology
b) meditative psychology
c) transcendental psychology
d) unconditional psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
167. Which of the following individuals would be in the field of positive psychology?
a) Drisco, who studies how positive thinking can have a beneficial effect on health
b) Liam, who studies happy people and the qualities that they share
c) Pol, who studies how positive consequences can shape future behaviour
d) Figaro, who studies how a healthy lifestyle can have positive effects on longevity
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
168. Early ________ theorists focused on organizing lists of personality traits into meaningful chunks.
a) social-cognitive
b) behavioral
c) psychoanalytic
d) trait
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
169. Personality traits are defined as
a) the tendency to respond in one of five ways to a given stimulus.
b) a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster.
c) a tendency to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations.
d) an inherent response pattern that is triggers by specific situation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
170. Which of the following statements best describes the assumptions of early trait theories?
a) Basic personality traits can be identified using a statistical technique.
b) Personality is based on unconscious influences of the mind.
c) Personality is too complex to describe with a limited number of descriptors.
d) Personality is determined by early childhood experiences.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
171. The ability to predict real life behaviors based on personality traits
a) is one of the strengths of trait theories.
b) is one of the limitations of trait theories.
c) is not possible due to the changing nature of personality traits.
d) is not possible due to the stability of personality traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
172. The tendency to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations is called
a) temperament.
b) tendencies.
c) personality traits.
d) personalized response tendencies.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
173. Most of her life Stella has been a “people-person. “Her extroverted personality and energy when with others across situations have helped her to make friends as a child, adolescent and adult. Which tendency best describes her?
a) personality state
b) personality trait
c) central trait
d) transient state
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
174. Gordon Allport believed all the following EXCEPT that
a) behaviour is not necessarily related to unconscious tensions.
b) the present is more important than the past in understanding personality.
c) individuals are unique and unified.
d) without society's rules, behaviour can become unhealthy and disorganized.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
175. Gordon Allport disagreed with psychoanalysis in that he believed
a) psychologists should focus more on the role of the collective unconscious in personality development.
b) psychologists should focus more on the past than on the present.
c) psychologists should focus more on latent motives that guide behaviour.
d) psychologists should focus more on manifest motives rather than the unconscious.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
176. Which of the following describes a key difference between the approaches of Freud and Allport?
a) Allport believed that traits clustered together into superfactors; Freud believed in individual traits.
b) Allport believed in individual traits; Freud believed that traits clustered together into supertraits.
c) Freud believed that behaviour is related to unconscious tensions; Allport argued that behaviour can be healthy and organized.
d) Freud believed that behaviour is related to unconscious tensions; Allport believed that behaviours were the result of tensions between conscious processes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
177. Factor analysis is
a) a statistical method for analyzing correlations between variables.
b) a list of the five factors central to trait theory.
c) a scale for assessing people's personality traits.
d) an analysis of the correlation between personality traits and underlying biological tendencies.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
178. According to Eysenck, a fundamental dimension of personality, made up of a related cluster of personality traits, is known as a
a) trait category.
b) factor analysis.
c) megatrait.
d) superfactor.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
179. Eysenck's three superfactors are
a) extraversion, sociability, and psychoticism.
b) psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
c) introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
d) neuroticism, assertiveness, and extraversion.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
180. Eysenck's trait of impulsivity is related to which superfactor?
a) psychoticism
b) extroversion
c) sociability
d) assertiveness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
181. Which of the following individuals represents a finding relevant to Eysenck’s work?
a) Nadia and Hana are identical twins raised together and are both thoughtful and reliable.
b) Ai, from China, is very passive, but cannot know whether she is introverted because Eysenck’s scale is not applicable in her country.
c) Shyla and Ciara are identical twins who were adopted at birth and raised in different homes. They have developed very different personalities.
d) Sahil is extroverted but for generations everyone else in his family was introverted.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
182. Beau's friends describe him as impulsive, sociable, and assertive. Which of Eysenck's superfactors does he most likely possess?
a) extraversion
b) introversion
c) neuroticism
d) psychoticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
183. Nadalia is a quiet employee who is always punctual and seldom argues, even if she feels others are wrong. She often thinks deeply on topics such as social justice and world politics. Which of Eysenck’s superfactors would Nadalia’s traits fall under?
a) extraversion
b) neuroticism
c) psychoticism
d) openness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
184. When Harlow encounters even the smallest of stressors, she becomes extremely anxious and upset. She believes that negative events in her life occur because she is destined to experience bad luck. Which of Eysenck’s superfactors would encompass Harlow’s traits?
a) extraversion
b) psychoticism
c) neuroticism
d) openness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
185. The _____ measures openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism as aspects of personality.
a) state theory
b) Five-Factor model
c) factor analysis theory
d) Eysenck’s model
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
186. Romy is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful. Obadiah is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Romy scores high on _________________, and Obadiah scores high on ____________________.
a) openness; agreeableness
b) agreeableness; extroversion
c) extroversion; openness
d) eagerness; cheerfulness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
187. Charles worries about everything. If he accidentally bumps into someone on the street, he immediately becomes anxious, believing the person will yell at him. Charles’s moods also fluctuate; he is happy one minute and angry the next. Charles demonstrates high levels of
a) neuroticism.
b) extroversion.
c) openness.
d) psychoticism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
188. Charlotte talks to everyone she meets, whether it is at the post office, on the train, or in a doctor’s office. She enjoys talking to people to find out their stories, and she likes to tell them about her life. Charlotte has been like this since she was a child. Charlotte would score high for
a) extroversion.
b) neuroticism.
c) openness.
d) conscientiousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
189. Silus goes to the library every Friday. He does not talk to anyone there, and he keeps his head down so as NOT to make eye contact with anyone he passes. Silus would score
a) low for extroversion.
b) high for extroversion.
c) high for conscientiousness.
d) low for conscientiousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
190. Dillon prefers to stay home whenever possible because he likes to avoid activity. These same qualities were the reason he lost his last job because he often did not show up to work. He should be looking for a new job, but he would rather watch television. Dillon would score low for
a) conscientiousness.
b) extroversion.
c) agreeableness.
d) openness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
191. Sara wakes up for work every weekday at 5 am. She dresses, prepares her files and paperwork, and heads into the office. Sara generally works between eight and ten hours a day and has NOT missed a day of work in over a year. Sara would score
a) high for conscientiousness.
b) low for conscientiousness.
c) high for openness.
d) low for openness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
192. Caleigh’s boss can have a bad temper. When he is at his worst, he yells at everyone in the office, even Caleigh. Most of the time when he does this, she simply lets his mood pass, ignores his negative comments, and goes along with her day. His actions do not really upset her. Caleigh would score
a) low for neuroticism.
b) low for openness.
c) high for extroversion.
d) high for openness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
193. Jess is an anthropologist who loves to travel to other countries and study the culture. She enjoys discovering new things on every trip she takes. Sometimes these trips bring her to dangerous locations, where she could easily be hurt. Jess stays calm, though, and does not let fear guide her. Which of the following is the explanation for Jess’ personality?
a) Jess demonstrates high levels of openness and low levels of neuroticism, meaning that she is both calm in the face of adversity and adventurous enough to experience trying situations often.
b) Jess demonstrates high levels of openness and high levels of neuroticism, meaning that she is both hard working when it comes to her career and ruthless when dangerous situations arise.
c) Jess demonstrates high levels of extroversion and low levels of conscientiousness, meaning that she is outgoing enough to be a good anthropologist and impulsive enough not to worry about the danger around her.
d) Jess demonstrates low levels of extroversion and low levels of conscientiousness, meaning that she enjoys anthropology because she is around people and she is also organized and responsible.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
194. Zaid is described by others as a very calm person. He NEVER seems to get emotional, no matter what the situation, and he is always secure in his own skin. Which of the five factors of personality would Zaid score low on?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
195. A classmate recently took a test that measures her personality according to the Five-Factor Model (FFM). The results showed that she is original, imaginative, and artistic; but prone to insecurity, anxiety, and guilt. Which two factors did she score high on?
a) neuroticism and extroversion
b) openness and neuroticism
c) conscientiousness and openness
d) extroversion and agreeableness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
196. A classmate recently took a test that measures his personality according to the Five-Factor Model (FFM). The results showed that he is irresponsible, lazy, and undependable; and quiet, passive, and reserved. Which two factors did he score low on?
a) extroversion and openness
b) openness and agreeableness
c) conscientiousness and extroversion
d) agreeableness and conscientiousness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
197. Beatrice is adopted and is wondering whether her personality is the way it is because she inherited those traits or because she learned them from her adoptive parents. Which bit of evidence supports the idea that she inherited her personality?
a) there is no difference between fraternal twins and identical twins on personality scores
b) identical twins raised together are more similar in personality scores than identical twins raised apart
c) identical twins raised apart are more similar in personality scores than fraternal twins raised together
d) fraternal twins raised apart differ more in personality scores than identical twins raised together
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
198. Laura and Ava are identical twins. Laura scores high on the superfactor of extroversion and low on the scale of neuroticism. According to Eysenk, what would you predict that Ava would score on both superfactors?
a) Ava would score high on extroversion and high on neuroticism.
b) Ava would score lower on extroversion than Laura, but also low on neuroticism.
c) Ava would score high on extroversion, but somewhat higher than Laura on neuroticism.
d) Ava would score the same as Laura on both extroversion and neuroticism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
199. Which of the following does NOT demonstrate one of Eysenck’s contributions to personality theory?
a) Maddie and Jade are identical twins and are both very outgoing and impulsive.
b) Chen, from China, is very passive, whereas Luanne, from Canada, usually stands up for the things she wants.
c) Bettina and Charlene are identical twins who were adopted at birth and raised in different homes. They have developed very different personalities.
d) Thomas and his stepbrother Andrew are both neurotic due to their unstable family environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
200. Which of the following demonstrates one of Eysenck’s contributions to personality theory?
a) Autumn and Summer are identical twins and are both very reliable and thoughtful.
b) Lileng, from China, is very passive, whereas Carli, from Canada, usually stands up for the things she wants.
c) Wyatt and Alex are identical twins who were adopted at birth and raised in different homes. They have developed very different personalities.
d) Biyu and Heng are fraternal twins who are both sociable and outgoing.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
201. Jacques was often described as a person who often made those around him feel uncomfortable. On which attribute of the five-factor model would he most likely obtain a particularly low score?
a) agreeableness
b) extraversion
c) neuroticism
d) introversion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
202. Quinn is extremely agreeable when it comes to letting her friends choose their vacation destination. Based on this, what can we predict about how agreeable she is about having her friends borrow her things and allowing her friends to choose the restaurant?
a) She is likely to both have her friends borrow her things and allow them to choose the restaurant.
b) She is likely to allow her friends to choose the restaurant but not necessarily allow them to borrow her things.
c) She is not necessarily likely to allow her friends to choose the restaurant, but she is likely to allow them to borrow her things.
d) Her tendency to do these other behaviours is unpredictable from one measure of agreeableness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
203. Maeve is very organized with her work and home life, and she is extremely punctual. Which of the five factors of personality would she score high on?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
204. Shu-hui is a student who always finishes her work on time, is never late, and is reliable when it comes to her responsibilities to others. Shu-hui is most likely _______________.
a) high in agreeableness
b) low in agreeableness
c) high in conscientiousness
d) low in conscientiousness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
205. Ayah described by others as an independent thinker, one who is curious and seeks answers to her own questions. She is also very creative and imaginative in her problem solving. Which of the five factors would Ayah score high on?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
206. Angelica is a very talented artist, however, her art studio it is so messy and disorganized, it is difficult to understand how she can find anything. According to the five-factor model, Angelica would probably score ___, and ___.
a) high on extraversion; low on openness
b) high on extraversion; high on openness
c) high on openness; low on conscientiousness
d) high on consciousness; low on extraversion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
207. What would you predict about the level of conscientiousness that someone would show across similar situations and different situations?
a) They would show various levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and across different situations.
b) They would show various levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and similar levels of conscientiousness across different situations.
c) They would show similar levels of conscientiousness across similar situations but different levels of conscientiousness across different situations.
d) They would show similar levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and across different situations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
208. Suppose you know someone’s conscientiousness score. If you tested them in a comparable situation, they should show ___ levels of conscientiousness; if you tested them in a different situation, they should show ___ levels of conscientiousness.
a) different; different
b) different; similar
c) similar; different
d) similar; similar
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
209. Which of the following corresponds to the five-factor theory of personality?
a) introversion, neuroticism, sociability, openness, psychoticism
b) openness, introversion, practicality, punctuality, conscientiousness
c) neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
d) extraversion, emotionality, impulsivity, neuroticism, agreeableness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
210. Which of the following is NOT one of the traits from the five-factor theory?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) psychoticism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
211. In what way is Eysenck’s theory of personality like the five-factor model of personality?
a) They both include the broad traits of extroversion and neuroticism.
b) They both agree that personality traits will be unstable over time.
c) They both assume that personality traits vary across situations.
d) They both emphasize the trait of agreeableness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
212. Research has shown that all the following are true about traits EXCEPT that
a) traits are stable and consistent over time.
b) between three and five of the “Big Five” personality traits can be found across all cultures.
c) traits are powerful and difficult to disguise.
d) traits are not always stable across situations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
213. Which is TRUE of the cultural differences in the big Five superfactors?
a) The Big Five personality superfactors do not generalize well across cultures.
b) There is evidence that people of other cultures exhibit personality types that are captured by at least one of the Big Five superfactors.
c) There is evidence that people of other cultures exhibit personality types that are captured by at least three and sometimes all five of the Big Five superfactors.
d) There is evidence that people of all cultures display personality types that are captured by all of the Big Five superfactors.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
214. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of trait theorists?
a) People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in specific ways.
b) Response tendencies can be grouped to form broad habits.
c) Broad habits are modifiable with experience.
d) Trait theories are scientifically testable.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
215. Trait theories assume all the following EXCEPT
a) that people have innate tendencies to respond to situations in specific ways.
b) that response tendencies can be grouped to form broad habits.
c) that broad habits are modifiable with experience.
d) that trait theories are scientifically testable.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
216. Which of the following statements about trait theories is accurate?
a) Trait theories do not explain how specific traits develop.
b) There is no cross-cultural research that supports the theories.
c) Trait theories fail to help psychologists explain human behavior.
d) Trait theories fail to clearly define specific personality characteristics.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
217. One limitation of trait theories is
a) they do not explain why people develop specific traits.
b) there is insufficient research to support them.
c) they fail to help psychologists predict behavior.
d) there are too many proposed personality characteristics.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
218. Which tool is a self-reporting personality assessment that includes more than 500 statements about unusual, abnormal behavior?
a) the five factor analysis
b) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c) the Rorschach Test
d) the Thematic Apperception Test
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
219. Which of the following behaviours has conscientiousness been used to predict?
a) self-esteem
b) absenteeism
c) biological predispositions
d) extraversion
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
220. Researchers recommend treating pop-culture personality quizzes as entertainment, not as scientifically accurate, because
a) they may cause people personal distress if not administered with the possibility of debriefing.
b) the subject matter rarely relates to real-life situations.
c) they are often developed by people who want to gather information about you for illegal purposes.
d) they do not usually undergo any type of testing or research.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
221. ________ are standardized questionnaires that require written, self-report responses, usually to multiple choice or TRUE/FALSE questions.
a) Personality inventories
b) Projective personality tests
c) Personality interviews
d) Personality observations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
222. The most widely used personality inventories are the ___________________.
a) MMPI-2 and NEO-PI-R
b) Rorschach inkblot test and MMPI-2
c) TAT and Rorschach
d) MMPI-2 and TAT
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
223. Under which assessment category does the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) fall?
a) projective tests
b) personality inventories
c) interviews
d) observations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
224. For which of the following reasons might the MMPI include similar health questions asked in different ways?
a) to minimize the effects of contradictory answers
b) to eliminate subjective responses
c) to assess masculinity versus femininity
d) to address diagnostic difficulties
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
225. Odelia’s therapist suspects that she has a personality disorder. Which of the following tests would the therapist most likely use to confirm this impression?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach
d) TAT
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
226. According to the textbook, the major objective of the MMPI-2 is to ___________________.
a) assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations
b) assess a person's tendency to lie or distort the truth
c) assist in the determination of treatment for psychological disorders
d) assess how individuals score on the Big-Five personality traits
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
227. Which of the following tests contains items simply because they have high predictive value?
a) TAT
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Inkblot Test
d) MMPI
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
228. Laia is taking a personality test. She is given over 500 questions and asked to indicate whether she agrees or disagrees with the statements on the test. Which test is Laia taking?
a) Rorschach
b) NEO-PI-R
c) TAT
d) MMPI
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
229. Which of the following individuals is taking the MMPI?
a) Roman, who is asked 567 questions that do not make any intuitive sense
b) Qusai, who is shown inkblots that she has to label
c) David, who is asked questions that obviously assess the five superfactors
d) Jill, who is shown ambiguous drawings of people in different situations and she has to make up a story about each one
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
230. Nelson took the NEO-PI-R personality test and scored very high on conscientiousness. Based on this, what can we predict, based on the research discussed in your text?
a) Nelson’s conscientiousness score will not remain stable across similar situations, but it will across different situations.
b) Nelson’s conscientiousness score will remain stable across his lifespan.
c) Nelson will have a longer lifespan than if he had scored low on conscientiousness.
d) Nelson will have a more active social life than if he had scored low on conscientiousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
231. Which of the following tests assess the dimensions comprising the five-factor model of personality?
a) the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised
b) the MMPI-2
c) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
d) the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
232. The NEO-personality inventory is designed to
a) evaluate traits from three superfactors.
b) assess maladaptive aspects of personality.
c) tap into the unconscious mind.
d) force participants to project structure and meaning onto ambiguous images.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
233. Jane is taking a personality test that is asking her questions that are obviously assessing her on five key factors of personality. For instance, she is sure that the question “Do you seek out the company of others?” is measuring extroversion. What test is she most likely taking?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Inkblot Test
d) TAT
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
234. The main difference between the MMPI and the NEO-PI-R is that the MMPI ___ while the NEO-PI-R ___.
a) does not have high predictive validity; does
b) does not ask intuitively obvious questions; does
c) is affected by social desirability; is not
d) has not undergone many revisions; has
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
235. Tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression is known as
a) the fundamental attribution error.
b) the self-effacing bias.
c) socially desirable responding.
d) personality deception bias.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
236. Significant concerns about personality inventories include all EXCEPT one of the following. Which one is NOT a concern?
a) They rely on self-report.
b) They are not always used and applied properly.
c) Participants may engage in socially desirable responding.
d) Items are not empirically derived.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
237. Which of the following is NOT a concern with using personality inventories as an indicator of personality?
a) They typically involve self-report, so are not accurate.
b) They are not used often enough to be correctly standardized.
c) They can be misused or not applied correctly.
d) They may be subject to social desirability responding.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
238. Which of the following is NOT a concern about personality inventories?
a) They rely on self-reports.
b) They are neither accurate nor consistent.
c) They are not always used and applied properly.
d) Test-takers may respond in ways that create a good impression.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
239. Abril is the Human Resource Manager of the Triple-City Electrical Company. She has been asked to hire a new accounting clerk and is thinking of using a personality test to help select the best candidate for the job. Which of the following tests would you suggest she use?
a) MMPI – it will indicate if there are any psychological disorders.
b) NEO-PI_R – it will indicate how conscientious an employee the candidate will be.
c) Rorschach – it will indicate if there are any serious personality issues.
d) None of the above. Personality tests are not a reliable predictor of job performance.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
240. Which of the following is a concern about the use of personality inventories as part of a hiring process?
a) Personality inventories are neither accurate nor consistent.
b) Employers do not know how to properly interpret the results of the inventories.
c) Historically, inventories have not been good at predicting who would be the best candidate for a job.
d) Employers do not always know what traits are best for a particular job.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
241. Drew is completing a personality inventory. For one question, “I am always happy”, he responds “True”. On another question, “Sometimes I feel sad”, he responds “False”. These two questions are an example of ___.
a) reliability items
b) social response items
c) validity items
d) projective items
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
242. To assess the degree to which a participant is likely to answer a question in a socially-desirable way, researchers
a) assess whether the test is measuring what it claims to measure.
b) assess the extent that a participant’s answers would change over time.
c) include some validity items on their questionnaire.
d) report whether the test is reliable.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
243. The Rorschach test measures personality by
a) asking the person to explain what they see in a series of ambiguous pictures.
b) asking the person about the various traits they possess.
c) asking the person to agree or disagree with a series of questions.
d) asking the person to explain what they see in a set of inkblots.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
244. A psychologist shows his client 10 inkblots and asks him to report which objects or figures he sees in them. In each blot, the man sees the same image. The psychologist interprets this as evidence of an obsession. When another psychologist is consulted, she believes the data shows signs of depression. What challenge of projective tests is demonstrated here?
a) high risk of deception
b) high cultural bias
c) low validity
d) low reliability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
245. Hamish is taking a personality test that presents him with inkblot drawings and he must provide a label for each one as quickly as possible. What test is Hamish most likely taking?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Test
d) TAT
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
246. Ulrich is taking a personality test that presents him with ambiguous black and white drawing of people in a variety of situations. What test is Ulrich most likely taking?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Test
d) TAT
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
247. Which of the following theorists’ philosophies would best support using the Rorschach test?
a) Skinner
b) Eysenck
c) Maslow
d) Freud
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
248. Under which assessment category does the Rorschach Inkblot Test fall?
a) projective tests
b) personality inventories
c) interviews
d) observations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
249. Which method of testing personality uses the Rorschach Inkblot Test or the Thematic Apperception Test?
a) five factor analysis
b) subjective tests
c) projective tests
d) humanistic observation analysis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
250. All the following are characteristics of projective tests EXCEPT that
a) they rely on clinicians' judgment for analysis.
b) they have a validity scale that guards against socially-desirable responses.
c) they are quite different from personality inventories.
d) they have problems with reliability.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
251. While some clinicians rely on the use of projective tests to assess personality, a remaining issue pointed out by many others is that
a) the self-reports in projective tests may be inaccurate.
b) projective tests may uncover repressed conflicts.
c) projective tests have low validity and reliability.
d) projective tests have no systematic scoring key.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
252. One criticism of projective tests are that they
a) have issues with reliability and validity.
b) allow individuals to fake their responses.
c) allow individuals to project their unconscious conflicts onto the test.
d) allow individuals to be deceptive in their responses.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
253. Which type of personality assessment is criticized most for issues with reliability and validity?
a) Projective tests
b) Interviews
c) Observations
d) Objective tests
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
254. One advantage of personality inventories is that
a) they can be administered in a short amount of time.
b) they allow individuals to project their unconscious conflict onto the tests.
c) individuals have the opportunity to present themselves in positive ways.
d) they make it easier to pinpoint a specific psychological disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
255. Being able to administer tests to individuals quickly is an advantage of which method of personality assessment?
a) Personality inventories
b) Projective tests
c) Interviews
d) Observations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
256. What is the difference between personality inventory and projective tests?
a) Projective tests expose the individual to a stimulus, whereas personality inventories do not.
b) Personality inventories expose the individual to a stimulus, whereas projective tests do not.
c) Personality inventories measure an individual’s personality, whereas projective tests measure an individual’s intelligence.
d) Personality inventories measure an individual’s intelligence, whereas projective tests measure an individual’s personality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
257. Jack joins an online dating site and must specify some personal details in his profile. Although technically he does not have his university degree because he ended up getting a job right before he finished his last term, he writes that he has his degree. He also says that he owns his own home, even though he pays rent to stay in his parents’ basement. What issue about testing does Jack’s answer demonstrate?
a) experimenter bias
b) socially-desirable responding
c) reliability varies across different experimental settings
d) males and females respond to the same testing situation differently
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
258. Which of the following is NOT a type of personality inventory?
a) the TAT
b) Myers-Briggs
c) the MMPI-2
d) the NOE-PI-R
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
259. Kamala is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is going on between the people in the picture. Which test is Kamala taking?
a) NEO-PI-R
b) Rorschach
c) TAT
d) MMPI
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
260. Logan is looking at a series of abstract patterns and is to explain what each image looks like to him. Danielle is looking at pictures and is asked to create a story about each picture. What is implied here?
a) Logan is taking a Rorschach inkblot test, while Danielle is taking a TAT.
b) Logan is taking a TAT, while Danielle is taking a Rorschach inkblot test.
c) Both Danielle and Logan are taking a TAT.
d) Both Danielle and Logan are taking a Rorschach inkblot test.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
261. Both Leo and Carter are taking projective tests. If Leo is taking a Rorschach test and Carter is taking a TAT test, how might they be different?
a) Leo is being exposed to abstract images and Carter is being exposed to obscure drawings.
b) Leo is being exposed to abstract drawings and Carter is being exposed to true/false questions.
c) Leo is being exposed to true/false questions and Carter is being exposed to a series of interview questions.
d) Leo is being exposed to a series of interview questions and Carter is being exposed to abstract images.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
262. Elsie has been given a card with an ambiguous looking inkblot on it. She is, then asked
what she sees on the card. It is most likely that Elsie is being given a __________________
test.
a) Rorschach
b) Thematic Apperception
c) subliminal perception
d) implicit perception
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
263. The idea that behaviour is governed primarily by environmental circumstances rather than by traits is called
a) behaviourism.
b) situationism.
c) interactionism.
d) reciprocal determinism.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
264. Recently, interactionist theorists have realized that personality shows disposition-situation consistency. In other words,
a) the same situation can trigger different personality traits.
b) different personality traits are typically observed to the same situation over time.
c) personality traits do not change with different situations.
d) certain situations trigger certain personality traits, and these show consistencies over time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
265. Tariq has been told that he is a disappointment to his parents his entire life. At age 22 he has come to believe that he is incapable of positive change. He makes no attempt to better himself through education or training. Tariq works part-time at a local fast food chain just to pay his bills. Younger employees are quickly promoted over him. This is an example of
a) reciprocal determinism.
b) internal locus of control.
c) disproportionate self-efficacy.
d) depressed cognitive expectancy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
266. After Jennie told her friend, Lorenzo, that she was penalized for turning her psychology paper in late. Lorenzo told her he was not surprised because Jennie usually procrastinates. When Jennie reminded him that he turned his history paper in late last semester, he responded that it was different because he had three papers due on the same day. In this example, Lorenzo is explaining Jennie’s behaviour using the _____ perspective but his own behaviour using the ____________ perspective.
a) situationist; interactionist
b) interactionist; situationist
c) trait; situationist
d) situationist; trait
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
267. The statement “Padmini is always much more outgoing than her brother, Ajit, when it comes to sports, but Padmini is always more reserved and quieter than Ajit is at school” is typical of which perspective?
a) reciprocal determinism
b) interactionism
c) disposition-situation consistency
d) situationalism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
268. Mila has noticed that her niece is very outgoing at her soccer game but NOT at all with her class. What is this seeming discrepant observation about Mila’s niece’s personality called?
a) behaviour-trait consistency
b) disposition-situation consistency
c) response tendencies
d) reciprocal determinism
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
269. How does social-cognitive theory differ from disposition-situation theory?
a) Mischel’s theory places more emphasis on the role of the environment and situational variables in determining behaviour than Bandura’s.
b) Bandura’s theory places more emphasis on the role of the environment and situational variables in determining behaviour than Mischel’s.
c) Mischel’s theory places more emphasis on behavioural outcomes being shaped by an individual’s expectations of a situation than Bandura’s.
d) Bandura’s theory places more emphasis on behavioural outcomes being shaped by an individual’s expectations of a situation than Mischel’s.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
270. Jim and Tim were discussing their sister Lisa. Jim thought Lisa was shy because she lacked confidence. He wanted her to believe in herself in order to be more successful. Tim argued that Lisa was NOT always shy, only around new people; she simply needed to know people to feel comfortable with them. Jim and Tim’s discussion reflect a comparison of which two theories?
a) disposition-situation theory and reciprocal determinism
b) trait theory and disposition-situation theory
c) reciprocal determinism and trait theory
d) disposition-situation theory and trait theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
271. Dr. Baker is discussing social-cognitive theories with her psychology class. A student raises his hand and asks which theory could explain his teenage daughter’s tendency to have different personalities with her family versus her peer group. How could Dr. Baker respond to this question?
a) Dr. Baker should incorporate the disposition-situation theory into the discussion which helped explain the role of situational variables in influencing behaviour.
b) Dr. Baker should incorporate the work of Albert Bandura into the discussion, whose theory helped explain the interaction of variables such as environment and person in explaining behaviour.
c) Dr. Baker should incorporate the notion of locus of control into the discussion since this helps explain the role of variability in personality and behaviour.
d) Dr. Baker should incorporate the notion of reciprocal determinism into the discussion since this helps explain why self-efficacy changes in different situations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
272. According to Skinner, what we call personality is simply consistency of ___ tendencies?
a) environmental
b) response
c) latent
d) situational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
273. The view that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits is known as
a) interactionism.
b) disposition-situation perspective.
c) situationism.
d) trait theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
274. Skinner's concept of response tendencies is most closely related to
a) reciprocal determinism.
b) interactionism.
c) situationism.
d) empiricism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
275. When Bishal lived in the country, he used to drive very fast because his friends admired his driving ability and because he never got a speeding ticket. Once he moved to the city, his new friends did not admire him for driving fast and, he began to get speeding tickets for driving fast. Now Bishal drives within the speed limit and would describe himself as a cautious driver. According to Skinner, Bishal’s driving would be an example of a ___________ which supports the ____________ theory of personality.
a) response tendencies; interactionist
b) response tendencies; situationist
c) behavioural tendencies; interactionist
d) behavioural tendencies; reciprocal determinism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
276. Poppy is studying with her psychology group by playing ‘Guess the Psychologist’. It is Poppy’s turn, and she must guess the name of the psychologist who would say the following quote: “There is no such thing as personality per se, just response tendencies to environmental triggers that have led to good outcomes in the past”. Who would have said that?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c) Maslow
d) Mischel
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
277. Which of the following contradicts the situationist perspective?
a) Sobia volunteers as a research assistant because she knows it will look good on her graduate school application.
b) Jodi always opens the door for other people because they usually say “thank you.”
c) Prasert handed his term paper in late and was penalized 10% of his grade. Now he turns his paper in on time.
d) Alba has been caught speeding seven times in the past year. She still drives above the speed limit.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
278. Regarding personality, Skinner is to _______________ as Bandura is to _____________.
a) situationism; interactionism
b) interactionism; situationism
c) interactionism; reciprocal determinism
d) reciprocal determinism; interactionism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
279. Which of the following best demonstrates the situationist perspective of personality?
a) Diego volunteers at a homeless centre three times a week because he finds it rewarding.
b) Guillem volunteers at a homeless centre three times a week because he is very high on the trait of agreeableness.
c) Julian volunteers at a homeless shelter three times a week because he fears becoming homeless himself.
d) Damian volunteers at a homeless shelter three times a week because, as a child, his parents took him with them when they volunteered at a homeless shelter.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
280. Yuki works hard in school and gets very good grades. According to the situationist perspective, why would Yuki be working so hard?
a) because she believes that it will make her smarter
b) because she believes that she is smart, and she must prove it to others
c) because she has an excellent work ethic
d) because she has been rewarded for working hard in the past
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
281. Antonio and Tyler both just received a B on their history paper. Although Tyler was quite happy with the grade, Antonio was not at all pleased. How would the situationist theory of personality explain the different responses of the students?
a) Antonio has greater self-efficacy than Tyler.
b) Tyler is higher in neuroticism than Antonio.
c) Antonio has met the need of self-esteem, but Tyler has not.
d) Antonio and Tyler probably have different histories of reinforcement and punishment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
282. What is the biggest problem with the situationist perspective?
a) It supposes that behaviour is the result of a situational factor that is independent of inner personality.
b) Reinforcement preferences change over time.
c) It is not possible to test it empirically due to the focus on internalized mechanisms.
d) It does not account for how we can learn from others.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
283. Which of the following statements regarding the situationist perspective is true?
a) There is no such thing as a purely situationist factor in human behaviour.
b) There is overreliance on internal and dispositional factors.
c) There needs to be an acknowledgement that personality variables and situational variables are entirely independent of one another.
d) The power and influence of situations has been proven to be minimal.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
284. Which of the following theorists best exemplifies the interactionist position?
a) Skinner
b) Eysenck
c) Allport
d) Bandura
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
285. The assumption that personality influences and is influenced by thought, behaviors and environmental experiences is most consistent with ________ theories.
a) social-cognitive
b) psychoanalytic
c) trait
d) biological
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
286. Aleix is about to try walking on stilts for the first time. Although he has NEVER tried this activity before, he is very confident that he will pick it up quickly, based on his performance on similar athletic activities. According to Bandura, Aleix has high
a) reciprocal determinism.
b) levels of modelling.
c) self-efficacy.
d) response tendencies.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
287. Latifa has just successfully completed a self-defence class. According to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy, Latifa would likely have a(n) __________________ belief that she could protect herself if attacked, and ___________________ beliefs about her capabilities in other areas of her life.
a) decreased; uncertain
b) improved; no change in her
c) improved; improved
d) decreased; improved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
288. Ariba has sent out dozens of applications and has gone to five job interviews, but still has not found a job. Ariba remains optimistic that even in a difficult economy, she has the skills and determination to land a great job. Ariba is high in
a) response tendencies.
b) self-efficacy.
c) reciprocal determinism.
d) extraversion.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
289. Min-jun took his psychology course once before and failed. However, he refuses to give up, and believes that he can earn a better grade this time, even though he still must work part-time. It is likely that Min-jun __________________________.
a) is trying to overcome an inferiority complex
b) has a high locus of control
c) has high self-efficacy in terms of school performance
d) is seeking positive reinforcements
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
290. Ameer works hard in school and gets very good grades. According to the interactionist perspective, why is Ameer working so hard?
a) because this is what he has learned through observational learning
b) because of reciprocal determinism
c) because of his degree of self-efficacy
d) because of innate response tendencies
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
291. Which three factors interact in reciprocal determinism?
a) thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
b) self-efficacy, social environment, and physical abilities
c) external environment, mental events, and behaviour
d) consciousness, unconsciousness, and preconsciousness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
292. Which of the following situations is the best example of Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?
a) Jasbir knows that if he cleans up his room, his mother will give him ice cream. He cleans up his room more often than he used to.
b) Reney goes jogging every day because exercising makes her feel more energetic. She stared jogging a half mile a day but now she jogs two miles every day.
c) Mia used to be shy, but she has discovered that she is good at chess and is now making friends in the chess club at school. Consequently, she spends more time at the club and is getting better and making more friends.
d) Arun does all his math homework and is getting good grades on his math exams this year.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
293. Which of the following is an example of reciprocal determinism?
a) Harper does not bother practicing her dance routine for the contest because she believes she is a natural born dancer and that she will win based on her talents alone.
b) Ifan studies hard for his final exams because he is terrified that he will not get into graduate school.
c) Alonso goes for a jog and runs his hardest to deal with the stress he is facing at work.
d) Petra works hard at the law firm because she believes that she does a great job and because doing a great job in the past has been rewarding for her.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
294. The idea that personality is influenced by the interaction of internal mental events, behaviour, and the external environment is called ___.
a) reciprocal determinism
b) interactionism
c) disposition-situation consistency
d) situationism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
295. One of the biggest advantages of the interactionist perspective of personality is that
a) it uses a modern definition of ‘reinforcer’.
b) it focuses on personality variables to explain behaviour.
c) the emphasis on observable variables makes it readily testable.
d) the acknowledgement of situational factors helps explain behavioural instability.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
296. Which of the following statements about the interactionist perspective is FALSE?
a) It is not testable.
b) It focuses on interactions between people and situations.
c) It has roots in observational learning theory and modelling.
d) It is based on notions such as reciprocal determinism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
297. In what way are the situationist and interactionist perspectives similar?
a) They both emphasize disposition-situation consistency.
b) They both acknowledge the influence of the situation.
c) They both acknowledge the influence of internal personality traits.
d) They both agree that personality is consistent across situations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
298. Bennett is participating in an experiment in which he must view violent scenes while his brain is being imaged. What are the researchers likely to find in the brain areas responsible for regulating aggression?
a) Bennett’s brain will respond more and more to the violent scenes over time.
b) Bennett’s brain will respond less and less to the violent scenes over time.
c) Bennett’s brain will not change in response to the violent scenes over time.
d) Bennett’s brain will not respond to violent scenes because he knows this is an experiment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
299. What conclusions can be drawn from the effects of media as discussed in your text?
a) Film and television do not negatively affect the behaviour of children and adolescents.
b) Long-term permanent changes in behaviour have been documented from media influences have been documented.
c) Television and movie viewing may have a potential relationship to aggression and other undesirable behaviours.
d) Parent and peer influence is less significant that television and other media influence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
300. Based on twin data, what is the heritability coefficient for the openness superfactor?
a).31
b).39
c).51
d).55
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
301. Biological studies that reveal that parents and biological children are more similar in levels of agreeableness than parents and adopted children, lends support to the assumption that
a) genes influence personality traits.
b) social factors are more influential than genes in the development of personality.
c) early childhood experiences shape personality development.
d) neuroticism and extroversion are unstable personality traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
302. Biological studies that reveal that identical twins are more similar in personality traits than fraternal twins, lends support to the assumption that
a) personality development is influenced by genes.
b) age is more of an influence on personality than genes.
c) environment is more influential in personality development.
d) social factors are more influential on the development of personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
303. What does a heritability coefficient of.50 mean?
a) that the trait in question is 50% genetic and 50% environmental
b) that 50% of the population scores above average for this trait and 50% scores below
c) that 50% of the variance in personality scores in a population is due to genetics
d) that this trait is normally distributed in the population
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
304. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart found that
a) both family environment and genetics predicted psychological similarity equally well.
b) genetics were more important than family environment in predicting psychological similarity.
c) family environment was more important than genetics in predicting psychological similarity.
d) the interaction between genes and environment proved to be too intertwined to be able to draw conclusions.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
305. Results of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest that
a) genetics only plays a small role in the development of personality.
b) personality traits have a strong genetic basis, however, the response tendencies that are the expressions of personality, are learned behaviours.
c) personality traits, as well as certain response tendencies, have a genetic component.
d) there is a specific gene responsible for each of the Big Five personality traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
306. Which of the following traits was found to have the greatest heritability, according to twin studies?
a) agreeableness
b) warmth
c) excitement
d) openness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
307. Noah and Joffrey are identical twins. On which of the following will they be least similar?
a) agreeableness
b) excitement
c) warmth
d) openness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
308. The idea that personality could be determined by examining bumps on a person's skull was called
a) biopsychology.
b) neurophysiology.
c) neurology.
d) phrenology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
309. Willow has an appointment with a new doctor. She is surprised when he runs his hands over her skull and then comments, “I can tell by this bump on your skull that you are a perfectionist.” Willow is likely seeing a doctor who practices ___.
a) Neuropsychology
b) Neurology
c) Phrenology
d) Psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
310. Elizabeth is seeing a doctor who practices phrenology. Elizabeth is most probably living during which of the following time periods?
a) 1700 - 1750
b) 1800 - 1850
c) 1900 - 1950
d) There is no way to know when Elizabeth likely lived based on the information presented.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
311. Suppose you are about to go on a blind date, and you learn that your date has right cerebral hemisphere dominance. Knowing what you do about personality, how would this make you feel about the upcoming date?
a) Relaxed; you also have right cerebral hemisphere dominance, so you should get along well.
b) Optimistic; you have left cerebral hemisphere dominance, so you should attract each other.
c) Hopeful; your date will be generous, kind, and optimistic.
d) Concerned; your date will display more negative emotions and traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
312. Brie is right hemisphere dominant. Which of the following could you predict about Brie’s personality?
a) She will be anxious and inhibited.
b) She will exhibit high levels of impulsivity.
c) She will experience more negative emotions.
d) She will become easily distressed in stressful situations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
313. Which of the following brain structures plays a key role in emotionality, motivation, and the processing of negative stimuli?
a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) amygdala
d) anterior cingulate cortex
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
314. All the following are believed to play a part in the regulation of personality EXCEPT
a) the hypothalamus.
b) hemispheric dominance.
c) the amygdala.
d) neurotransmitters.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
315. Bryce has suffered a brain injury and now is unable to learn about which stimuli around him he should fear. What brain area was most likely damaged in Bryce?
a) amygdala
b) basal ganglia
c) cerebellum
d) hippocampus
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
316. Melokuhle sustained damage to her amygdala when she was a teenager. Recently, as she was walking home from work late one night, Melokuhle was mugged. What would you predict about Melokuhle’s future behaviour?
a) Melokuhle will be afraid to work late.
b) Melokuhle will be afraid to walk home using the same route.
c) Melokuhle will have an exaggerated fear response so will be afraid to leave the house.
d) Melokuhle will not experience a learned fear response and will walk home again.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
317. Biological studies reveal that high-energy and a lack of inhibition are associated with
a) dopamine.
b) serotonin.
c) acetylcholine.
d) GABA.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
318. Four-year-old Joel is an extremely shy child. When his mother takes him to the playground, he is reluctant to play on the equipment because of the presence of other children and, instead, clings to his mother. Which of the following would you predict about Joel?
a) Joel’s amygdala is insufficiently activated.
b) Joel’s amygdala is too easily activated.
c) Joel has suffered damage to his amygdala.
d) Joel has high levels of dopamine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
319. Research suggests that people who are generally sad and withdrawn
a) experience lower activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
b) experience lower activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
c) have suffered damage to the amygdala.
d) have amygdalae that are too easily activated.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
320. Sachi has been described by her teacher as being generally sad and withdrawn. Which of the following would be a feasible explanation of Sachi’s personality?
a) Sachi has an overactive hypothalamus.
b) Sachi has higher than normal levels of dopamine.
c) Sachi has lower levels of activity in her left prefrontal cortex.
d) Sachi has experienced damage to her amygdala.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
321. Easton has been in an accident and an MRI has indicated that he is experiencing lower levels of activity in the left prefrontal cortex than before. You tell Easton’s family to be prepared as lowered activity in left prefrontal cortex tends to be associated with
a) impaired ability to learn fear response.
b) higher levels of impulsivity.
c) greater levels of inhibition.
d) more negative emotions and traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
322. Anne’s nine-month-old infant becomes extremely distraught when Anne leaves the room, even for a moment. Which of the following is most likely a factor in her baby’s behaviour?
a) The baby has an overactive amygdala.
b) The baby has heightened activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
c) The baby has excessive levels of dopamine.
d) The baby has excessive levels of cortisol.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
323. Infants who show higher levels of activity in the right prefrontal cortex, tend to exhibit
a) higher levels of inhibition in novel situations.
b) higher levels of distress when separated from their mothers.
c) difficulty learning fear and avoidance responses.
d) faster recognition of familiar faces.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
324. Omar is an extrovert and generally happy. All the following are likely true for Omar EXCEPT that
a) Omar is probably left-brain dominant.
b) Omar probably has relatively high levels of serotonin.
c) Omar probably has relatively high levels of cortisol.
d) Omar probably has enough dopamine.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
325. Bailey says she scores high on Clark & Watson’s (1999) measures of both low emotionality and high emotionality. You tell your friend
a) that is impossible; Clark & Watson did not suggest either of these as dimensions of temperament.
b) it is possible; both types of emotionality exist as separate dimensions.
c) it is not possible; these two types of emotionality are at opposite ends of the spectrum; Bailey has simply misunderstood how the results were presented.
d) it is possible; but only if Bailey also scored high on the dimension of disinhibition.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
326. Based on what you have learned about the relationship between the neural system and personality, which of the following might you expect to find in a population of violent offenders?
a) They would higher than normal levels of dopamine.
b) They would have higher than normal levels of cortisol.
c) They would higher levels of activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
d) They would have lower than normal levels of serotonin.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
327. Based on what you have learned about the relationship between the neural system and personality, which of the following might you expect to find in an outrageous stage performer?
a) They would higher than normal levels of dopamine.
b) They would have higher than normal levels of cortisol.
c) They would higher levels of activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
d) They would have lower than normal levels of serotonin.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
328. Which neurotransmitter helps regulate the “pleasure pathway”?
a) serotonin
b) dopamine
c) acetylcholine
d) epinephrine
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
329. Luke and Eugene work in sales for the same company. On their last performance reviews, Luke was described as an energetic, outgoing person who is doing very well in his job. Eugene, on the other hand, is in danger of losing his job because of his lack of energy, and his nervousness in approaching the customers. If both men’s brains were examined, which of the following would probably be the outcome?
a) Luke would be left-hemisphere dominant. Eugene would be right hemisphere dominant.
b) Eugene would have higher levels of serotonin in his brain than Luke.
c) Luke would have higher levels of dopamine in his brain than Eugene.
d) Luke would have higher levels of cortisol than Eugene.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
330. Three-year-old Margot has low levels of dopamine. It is likely that Margot is
a) extroverted.
b) schizophrenic.
c) inhibited.
d) psychotic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
331. According to Kagan, children with inhibited temperaments tend to have
a) higher cortisol stress reactions to unfamiliar situations.
b) smaller amygdalae.
c) larger amygdalae.
d) higher dopamine activity in the reward center.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
332. According to researchers Clark and Watson, personality types can be grouped into three broad categories of temperament. Which choice below is NOT one of these broad categories?
a) negative emotionality
b) positive emotionality
c) excitement vs constraint
d) disinhibition vs constraint
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
333. Zara leaves town on her Harley Davidson motorcycle on the slightest whim, gets fired frequently, and is described by her friends as “living for the moment”. According to the work of Clark and Watson, which temperament does she display?
a) negative emotionality
b) positive emotionality
c) disinhibition
d) constraint
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
334. According to Clark and Watson’s personality studies, which of the following might you expect to find among persons who have a gambling addiction?
a) They would score high in disinhibition.
b) They would score low in positive emotionality.
c) They would score high in negative emotionality.
d) They would score high in positive emotionality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
335. Becky’s personality type is high on positive emotionality. What does this mean about Becky’s personality?
a) She experiences peace and has higher levels of satisfaction.
b) She is very social and has a lot of enthusiasm.
c) She has difficulty controlling her emotional responses and tends to be impulsive.
d) She lives for the moment and does not put constraints on herself.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
336. Ciara has been out of work for three months now. She has not even bothered to apply for jobs because she is extremely shy, and she is sure she has nothing to offer an employer. According to Clark and Watson, which could be said about Ciara’s temperament?
a) Ciara would score high on negative emotionality.
b) Ciara would score high on disinhibition.
c) Ciara would score low on constraint.
d) Ciara would score low on positive emotionality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
337. If someone scored high on positive emotionality, what can we say for sure?
a) They also scored high on negative emotionality.
b) They also scored low on positive emotionality.
c) They also scored low on negative emotionality.
d) There is no relationship with scores on negative emotionality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
338. Which of the following is NOT one of Clark and Watson's temperament scales?
a) disinhibition vs. constraint
b) positive emotionality
c) introversion/extraversion
d) negative emotionality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
339. How would individuals who are high in impulsivity, act without thinking about long term consequences, get poor grades in school, perform poorly at their jobs, and engage in risky activities, score on Clark and Watson's temperament scales?
a) high in disinhibition.
b) high in positive emotionality.
c) high in extraversion.
d) high in negative emotionality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
340. Louis is arguing with his cousin about the origins of personality. Louis’s father is in jail serving a life sentence for murder and Louis’s cousin is arguing that “DNA is destiny.” Louis responds that we must be careful in drawing conclusions from genetic and neurological personality research
a) because although one gene is responsible for one personality trait there is no way to ever prove which genes a person gets.
b) because personality reflects activity in many brain regions and is the expression of multiple genes.
c) because each personality trait originates from a specific area of the brain and he and his father are very different personalities.
d) because neurotransmitter levels fluctuate dramatically over the course of a day and differentially affect personality in this way.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
341. Which of the following statements about the relationship between brain function and personality is most accurate?
a) Personality is genetically based.
b) Environmental experiences cause changes in biological systems.
c) Biological systems cause changes in the way individuals interact with their environment.
d) Environment and biological processes likely have a reciprocal, bidirectional relationship.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
342. One criticism of biological theories is that these theories
a) perpetuate stereotypes.
b) do not include scientific evidence.
c) overlook environmental issues.
d) rely heavily on sexual forces.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
343. When it comes to the differences in personality between men and women, the research here suggests that
a) women are consistently more aggressive than men.
b) men are more nurturing than women.
c) men and women are more similar than they are different.
d) men are more attuned to interpersonal relationships.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
344. Studies examining personality differences between men and women suggest that
a) the differences among individuals of each gender are greater than the differences between the genders.
b) the differences between men and women are very large and cover a broad range of categories.
c) the differences between men and women have a very strong biological basis.
d) the differences between men and women are solely based on societal gender role expectations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
345. Oliver, Lea, Cameron, and Liv are arguing about personality differences and gender. Which of them is correct?
a) Oliver argues that differences between individuals are much greater than differences between males and females.
b) Lea argues that differences between men and women are much greater than differences between individuals.
c) Cameron argues that gender differences in personality between men and women are determined by genes and hormones.
d) Liv argues that gender differences in personality between men and women are determined by environment and socialization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
346. Ai Lun is writing a report on the socio-cultural reasons for gender differences in personality. What is the central theme of her report most likely to be?
a) Males and females have different degree of hemispheric lateralization.
b) Testosterone and estrogen act differently on males and females.
c) Boys and girls are encouraged to behave in gender appropriate ways from a young age.
d) Females tend to process information all over the brain while males tend to rely on their dominant hemisphere.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
347. Which of the following is an area of measurable differences between men and women?
a) Men are more likely to be effective leaders than women.
b) Women are more accurate than men in assessing emotion in other people.
c) Women tend be to more introverted than men.
d) Women score higher on tests of cognitive ability than men.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
348. All the following are true about gender differences EXCEPT that
a) differences are not deficiencies.
b) differences between men and women are substantial and consistent.
c) highlighting differences between genders may serve to support prejudice and discrimination against women.
d) denying the existence of some differences may downplay the unique strengths and gifts of each gender.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
349. Dr. LeBlanc is discussing gender differences in personality with his graduate class. He offers 2% bonus marks for the first student to correctly identify these differences. Which student below will get the bonus marks?
a) Lester says that women tend to score higher on individuality and men tend to score higher on emotionality.
b) Kincaid says that women tend to score higher on independence and men tend to score higher on agreeableness.
c) Gethin says that women tend to score higher on conscientiousness and men tend to score higher on nurturing.
d) Erwan says that women tend to score higher on empathy and men tend to score higher on autonomy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
350. Regarding moral decision making, women are to __________________ as men are to _________________________.
a) abstract principles; interpersonal concerns
b) interpersonal concerns; abstract principles
c) empathy; laws
d) laws; empathy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
351. Luuk is playing a game with his psychology study group in which each person is given descriptions of how 4 people would respond to the same scenario, such as finding a lost puppy. Based on the 4 responses, Luuk would have to figure out which of the 4 people is the ‘odd’ gender – so if 3 of them are males, identify the one female, and vice versa. If the choices below represent what Luuk gets on his turn, what do you recommend that he chooses as the response of the ‘odd gender’?
a) “I would snuggle the puppy to keep it warm.”
b) “I would go around and knock on all the doors to find the owner.”
c) “I would feed it some warm milk.”
d) “I would think that someone out there is very sad about their lost puppy.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
352. Yasmine is taking part in a group study on spatial ability. Before they begin, the male experimenter comments, “research has shown that males typically do much better than females on these types of spatial tasks”. Which of the following best describes the findings related to gender differences you would expect to find in the study?
a) Males would do better than females because the gender differences in spatial ability are well-established.
b) There will be no gender differences found because research has shown there to be no difference between males and females on spatial tasks.
c) Males will do better because the female participants may be influenced by the gender stereotype put forward by the experimenter.
d) Females will do better than males because the experimenter’s comments will motivate them to work harder at the task.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
353. Which of the following statements about personality differences between men and women’s is most correct??
a) Levels of physical aggression are higher in males.
b) No consistent sex differences have been documented.
c) Differences between genders is larger than between individuals of each gender.
d) Women score higher on traits that reflect individuality and autonomy.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
354. Women are more likely than men to focus on which aspect in moral decision making?
a) laws
b) abstract principles
c) interpersonal concerns
d) justice
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
355. Adele and Damon are out for a walk when they find a wallet containing $300 as well as the owner’s identification. According to Gilligan (2011), which of the following best predicts how each will respond?
a) Adele will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need the money; Damon will want to keep the money.
b) Adele will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need it; Damon will want to return the money because it is legally the owners.
c) Adele will want to return the money because it is legally the owner’s; Damon will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need it.
d) Both will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need the money.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
356. In the famous Heinz dilemma, when asked what Heinz should do, whether he should steal the drug or not, girls and boys give different answers. According to Gilligan (2011), which of the following is the most likely potential outcome based on gender alone?
a) Girls will say that Heinz should talk to his wife about what to do; boys will say that stealing is wrong and therefore Heinz should not steal.
b) Girls will say that stealing is wrong and therefore Heinz should not steal; boys will say that Heinz should talk to his wife about what to do.
c) Girls will say that a good husband would steal the drug; boys would say that Heinz could be caught and sent to jail if he steals the drug.
d) Girls will say that Heinz would have to go to jail if caught; boys would say he should steal the drug as that is what a good husband would do.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
357. According to social role theory, girls and boys develop different personality styles, behaviours, and skills based on
a) family and social relationships.
b) cultural practices that have resulted in men having more power in society.
c) the division of labour between the sexes.
d) imitation of same-sex models.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
358. The social role theory argues that the reason that men and women differ in personality is because each sex
a) inherits different genes.
b) has differences in brain lateralization.
c) has differences in hemispheric dominance.
d) has different gender role expectations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
359. All of the following EXCEPT one reflect consistent sex differences that have been documented in the literature. Which one is INCORRECT?
a) Women are more accurate than men at assessing emotion in other people.
b) Men are more physically aggressive than women.
c) Men are more likely to make moral decisions based on laws whereas women make moral decisions based on interpersonal concerns.
d) Men score higher than women on traits that indicate leadership ability.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
360. Five-year-old Timothy has been given a soccer ball and action figures to play with, whereas his twin sister, Tanya, has been given dolls and toy dishes. Based on social role theory, which of the following would you predict about the two children’s personalities as they get older?
a) Timothy will be more aggressive and competitive than Tanya; Tanya will be more nurturing than Timothy.
b) Timothy will be more independent than Tanya; Tanya will be more nurturing.
c) There will be no differences in personality between Timothy and Tanya.
d) There will be some minor differences, but Timothy and Tanya will be more similar than different.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
361. Leyla likes to play with trucks and trains, but her parents keep buying her dolls and other stereotypically female toys. The attitudes of Leyla's parents are closest to the premise behind
a) gender identity theory.
b) social schema theory.
c) modelling theory.
d) social role theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
362. Eight-year-old Lan likes to play “house.” She often helps her mother cook dinner, bake cookies, and do the housework. Her brother, Jie, spends most of his time with his father doing things like yard work, and rebuilding a car. Based on social role theory, what would you predict about Lan and Jie’s personalities as adults?
a) Lan will be very competitive and Jie will be somewhat aggressive.
b) Lan will be more competitive than Jie.
c) There will be no differences in Lan and Jie’s personalities as personality is genetic.
d) Lan and Jie will each develop different personality attributes that will help them continue in their expected gender roles.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
363. When we need to process new information about ourselves, or our interactions, we refer to our ________ for guidance.
a) personality traits
b) self-schemas
c) relationship schemas
d) world knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
364. Today’s parents are more sensitive to the influence of social role theory on the development of personality. What is something that parents can do to avoid creating gender differences in personality?
a) Encourage boys to play rough and girls to play nicely.
b) Ignore boys when they cry getting hurt and overly attend to girls when they get hurt.
c) Do not allow their sons to play with girls or their daughters to play with boys.
d) Provide gender neutral toys and games.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
365. Six-year-old Azuna likes to play with toy trucks. After her father jokes about calling her “Arthur” because only little boys play with toy trucks, Azuna starts playing with dolls. This example illustrates
a) how sex differences in the brain contributes to gender stereotypes.
b) how cultural practices based on religious or philosophical beliefs contribute to gender differences in personality.
c) how interactions with family members influences our gender role expectations.
d) how punishment influences self-schemas and leads to gender differences.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
366. Which of the following is NOT consistent with gender schema theory?
a) Gender schemas do not form until individuals reach adolescence.
b) A self-schema refers to an individual's cognitive framework about himself or herself.
c) Research has found that individuals' self-esteem was related to how well they lived up to gender schemas.
d) Women are more likely than men to have relationship schemas.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
367 When Soren compares himself to his friends, he believes that he is better at most gender-specific tasks such as carpentry work, fixing things around the house, and working on the car. Which of the following would likely be TRUE about Soren?
a) Soren would have higher self-esteem than his friends.
b) Soren would have lower self-esteem than his friends.
c) Soren’s self-schema would be more gender-fixed than his friends.
d) Soren’s self-schema would not include any traditional female roles, such as parenting, at all.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
368. Someone from an individualistic culture is more likely to describe themselves as
a) having a specific personality trait.
b) belonging to a certain social group.
c) belonging to a specific religion.
d) being from a specific country.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
369. People from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on measures of ___ than people from collectivist cultures.
a) agreeableness
b) extroversion
c) introversion
d) conscientiousness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
370. Which of the following is TRUE about individualistic cultures, as compared to collectivist cultures?
a) Individualistic cultures have higher rates of stress-related disease.
b) People in individualistic cultures tend to score higher on measures of agreeableness.
c) People in individualistic cultures report less happiness than those in collectivist cultures.
d) People in individualistic cultures score lower on measures of extraversion than those in collectivist cultures.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
371. Dr. LaBelle is discussing cultural differences in personality with his graduate class. He offers a 2% bonus mark for the first student to correctly identify these differences. Which student below will get the bonus marks?
a) Isidora says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on extroversion and people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on agreeableness.
b) Raghed says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on introversion and people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on conscientiousness.
c) Lucy says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on openness and people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on competitiveness.
d) Jordanka says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on neuroticism and people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on extroversion.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
372. ______________ are to individualist cultures as __________________ are to collectivist cultures.
a) Openness and agreeableness; extroversion and conscientiousness
b) Extroversion and conscientiousness; openness and agreeableness
c) Autonomy and accomplishment; commitment to community and family
d) Commitment to community and family; autonomy and accomplishment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
373. One’s cultural values can certainly affect one’s personality. For instance, collectivist cultures value ___ and tend to score higher on ___.
a) group harmony; agreeableness
b) personal success; introversion
c) commitment to family; extroversion
d) individual human rights; neuroticism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
374. “Frame switching” refers to the tendency of people to
a) change back and forth between introversion and extraversion depending on the situation.
b) change back and forth between traditional and modern gender roles depending on the situation.
c) change back and forth between collectivist and individualistic norms depending on the situation.
d) change back and forth between negative emotionality and positive emotionality depending on the situation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
375. Cheng came to Canada with his family when he was two years old. When he is with his family or Chinese friends, he speaks Mandarin Chinese. When he and his Chinese friends are with his Canadian friends, however, they speak only English. This would be an example of ___.
a) a social schema
b) a social role
c) cultural reciprocity
d) frame switching
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
376. When Minali, who is originally from India, is at home with her family, she is quiet, obedient, and non-assertive. When she is at university with her friends, however, she is very self-confident and outgoing. Minali is exhibiting _____________.
a) social role flexibility
b) cultural flexibility
c) schema switching
d) frame switching
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
377. Ying Hui moved to Canada from China when she was five years old. Which of the following best describes changes to Ying Hui’s personality by the time she is in university?
a) Ying Hui would still exhibit personality traits characteristic of her peers in China.
b) Ying Hui would exhibit personality traits more like her Canadian peers than her peers in China.
c) Ying Hui would exhibit lower levels of extroversion than her Chinese peers.
d) We cannot predict based on previous research or on the information provided.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
378. Elchin moved to Canada from Azerbaijan when he was five years old. Which of the following best describes changes to Elchin’s personality by the time he is in university?
a) Elchin would still exhibit personality traits characteristic of his peers in Azerbaijan.
b) Elchin would exhibit personality traits more like his Canadian peers than his peers in Azerbaijan.
c) Elchin would exhibit lower levels of extroversion than his Azerbaijan peers.
d) We cannot predict based on previous research or on the information provided.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
379. Which of the following is true about the link between delinquency and the trait of impulsivity in 13-year-old boys?
a) Boys in lower socio-economic neighbourhoods were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours regardless of whether they ranked high in impulsivity.
b) Boys who ranked high in impulsivity were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours regardless of whether they lived in a high or low socio-economic neighbourhood.
c) Boys who ranked high in impulsivity were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours if they also lived in low socio-economic neighbourhoods.
d) Research has been unable to determine whether a link exists between impulsivity and delinquent behaviours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
380. A recent study comparing 13-year-olds from wealthy and impoverished backgrounds found that boys from lower socioeconomic neighbourhoods who scored high on impulsivity _______________ than boys who scored low on impulsivity. Boys from higher socioeconomic neighbourhoods who scored high on impulsivity ________________ than boys who scored low on impulsivity.
a) were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours; were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours
b) were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours; were no more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours
c) were no more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours; were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours
d) were more likely to commit violent crimes; were more likely to abuse substances
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
381. Laura is from a wealthy neighbourhood, and Lila is from a very impoverished neighbourhood. Both girls scored high on the trait of impulsivity. Based on this information, what do you predict about their tendency toward delinquent behaviours?
a) Since both girls are high in impulsivity, neither of them is likely to engage in delinquent behaviours.
b) Since Laura is from a wealthy neighbourhood, she is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours than Lila.
c) Since Lila is from an impoverished neighbourhood, she is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours than Laura.
d) Since the quality of neighbourhood has no bearing on the tendency to perform delinquent behaviours, both girls are equally likely to engage in delinquent behaviours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
382. Harrison is from a wealthy neighbourhood, and Nash is from a very impoverished neighbourhood. Both boys scored high on the trait of impulsivity. Since Nash is from an impoverished neighbourhood, he is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours than Harrison. All the reasons below account for this EXCEPT one. Which one?
a) Disorganized environments interact with individual characteristics to increase risk.
b) High impulsivity scores are more common in impoverished areas, providing for a greater impact of peer influence.
c) Affluent neighborhoods offer limited opportunities for antisocial behaviours.
d) Poor neighbourhoods produce many more triggers for delinquent acts.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
383. What is a personality disorder?
a) an innate tendency to respond in a maladaptive way to environmental stimuli
b) an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress and interferes with daily functioning
c) a disorder characterized by major loss of memory without a clear physical cause
d) having a split in personality, resulting in many different personalities within the same individual
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
384. Personality disorders typically become evident
a) during early childhood.
b) during puberty.
c) during adolescence or early adulthood.
d) during middle age.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
385. Personality disorder is defined as being
a) an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.
b) characterized by a high degree of self-interest and a high, often unrealistic, degree of self-importance.
c) characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others.
d) characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
386. Which of the following is NOT one of the four core features that all personality disorders share?
a) develops before adolescence
b) distorted and rigid thinking patterns
c) significant interpersonal problems
d) impulse control problems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
387. Which of the following is FALSE about personality disorders?
a) They are inflexible patterns of interacting with people.
b) They typically become evident in childhood.
c) Between 9% and13% of the U.S. population is believed to have a personality disorder.
d) They may be difficult to notice without multiple encounters with the person.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
388. Which of the following is NOT one of the classes of personality disorders?
a) dramatic-emotional cluster
b) odd-eccentric cluster
c) unstable-erratic cluster
d) anxiety-fear cluster
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
389. Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder defined by the American Psychiatric Association?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) aggressive
d) narcissistic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
390. If someone had a personality disorder, when do you think it would become apparent?
a) as soon as they are born
b) when they become school age and their personality is set
c) in adolescence or early adulthood
d) when they have children of their own
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
391. What is missing in someone with a personality disorder that makes them different from someone without a personality disorder?
a) a functional daily home and work life
b) a gene for empathy
c) a social support network to turn to and to learn from
d) a flexibility to learn from experience about which responses are likely to be most effective
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
392. Which of the following is NOT a factor that is believed to be involved in the origins of personality disorders?
a) biological predisposition
b) early exposure to abuse or neglect
c) relationship abuse
d) early experience with harsh social environments
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
393. Which characteristic(s) is/are related to antisocial personality disorder?
a) egocentrism
b) recklessness
c) impulsivity
d) all the above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
394. Ryder is charming and manipulative. He views other people as objects to be exploited and does not feel guilty when he hurts their feelings or takes advantage of them. Ryder likely has
a) antisocial personality disorder.
b) narcissistic personality disorder.
c) paranoid personality disorder.
d) schizoid personality disorder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
395. Cooper just cleaned out the bank account of his wife and left without telling anyone where he would be. He never felt any remorse for his actions and used the money to buy himself a new sports car and support his new mistress. Cooper most likely has __________________ personality disorder.
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) egocentric
d) dissociative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
396. People who do not think twice about hurting other people because they lack empathy and have a complete disregard for the feelings of others, are impulsive, and have only people in their lives they can use, most likely have ___ personality disorder.
a) avoidant
b) borderline
c) antisocial
d) schizotypal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
397. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder belongs to the ___ cluster.
a) odd-eccentric cluster
b) anxiety-fear cluster
c) dramatic-emotional cluster
d) This is not a personality disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
398. Which of the following individuals most likely has obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
a) Stijn, who sometimes sees things that are not there or believes in things that are not real (e.g., fairies that live in his plants).
b) Dagmar, who is crushed with the slightest hint of a criticism and who feels very inadequate in life.
c) Reuben, who stays up all night working to try and reach his impossible standard of perfection.
d) Celia, who only thinks of herself, as if she is the only person who matters in the world.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
399. Jasper is a perfectionist and works excessively long hours to be sure that everything is done exactly the way he thinks it should be. He particularly demands perfection from those around him and, if things are not done to his extremely high standards, he becomes very agitated. If Jasper were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would most likely be
a) antisocial.
b) narcissistic.
c) obsessive-compulsive.
d) histrionic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
400. What type of personality disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be noticed and be the centre of attention?
a) paranoid
b) borderline
c) dependent
d) histrionic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
401. Which of the following does NOT belong in the dramatic-emotional cluster of personality disorders?
a) borderline
b) antisocial
c) histrionic
d) paranoid
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
402. Chase has had nine jobs in four years. A couple of months after he begins each new job, he begins to suspect that his boss is stealing his ideas. He has also accused his coworkers of talking about him behind his back, going through his desk, and spying on him. Although his coworkers have tried to include him in social plans, he always says he is too busy. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Chase’s behaviour?
a) schizotypal
b) paranoid
c) borderline
d) obsessive-compulsive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
403. Mateo exaggerates his popularity and thinks he is “The world’s gift to women.” If anyone challenges that, Mateo becomes angry. Mateo is likely suffering from a ___ personality disorder.
a) borderline
b) histrionic
c) narcissistic
d) antisocial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
404. Delilah has trouble with friendships because she is overly focused on herself. She has no patience when others try to tell her about their day, and she will interrupt them to ask about something that is important to her. What personality disorder does Delilah likely have?
a) narcissistic
b) borderline
c) dependent
d) schizoid
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
405. Hal is extremely emotionally volatile, especially in his relationships. Although, initially, he thinks he has found the perfect woman for him, he soon becomes disgruntled with their many faults. Despite being unhappy in the relationship, he is never the one to break it off as he is more afraid of abandonment. Which of the following personality disorders does Hal probably have?
a) antisocial
b) dependent
c) borderline
d) avoidant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
406. When Sydney’s boyfriend, Alan, comments how pretty she looks, Sydney flies into a rage. “So, you are saying that I usually look horrible!” Although Alan tries to explain, Sydney kicks him out of the apartment and tells him she NEVER wants to see him again. After he leaves, she is very distraught and cries to her roommate that Alan has left her, and she does not think she can live without him. Threatening to kill herself, she locks herself in the bathroom. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Sydney’s behaviour?
a) narcissistic
b) histrionic
c) borderline
d) dependent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
407. Bram is thirty-six years old and still lives with his parents. Although he has had many part-time jobs, he usually ends up quitting because he believes he CANNOT do anything right. When faced with even a small decision, Bram becomes very anxious and pleads with his parents to decide for him. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Bram’s behaviour?
a) histrionic
b) borderline
c) narcissistic
d) dependent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
408. A person who has an excessive need to be cared for by others, exhibits clinging and submissive behaviours and has difficulty making decisions would probably be diagnosed with the personality disorder known as
a) narcissistic.
b) avoidant.
c) dependent.
d) schizoid.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
409. Robert’s co-workers would describe him as a loner. He hardly speaks to anyone during office hours and, when he does, he has a very flat emotional expression and appears to be completely indifferent to others. His co-workers have invited him to social events to try to get to know him better, but he never accepts. To their knowledge, he has no friends and prefers to live in isolation. Which of the following personality disorders might Robert have?
a) paranoid
b) schizoid
c) antisocial
d) avoidant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
410. Petra is extremely insecure. She wants to be in a relationship, but she is so afraid of rejection that, every time somebody asks her out, she declines. She does not try to make friends as she is sure that, as soon as they get to know her, they will NOT like her. Petra most likely has ________ personality disorder.
a) schizotypal
b) borderline
c) dependent
d) avoidant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
411. Which of the core features would be most predominant in avoidant personality disorder?
a) rigid, extreme, and distorted thinking patterns
b) problematic emotional response patterns
c) impulse control problems
d) significant interpersonal problems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
412. Which of the core features would be most predominant in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
a) rigid, extreme, and distorted thinking patterns
b) problematic emotional response patterns
c) impulse control problems
d) significant interpersonal problems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
413. Which of the core features would be most predominant in schizoid personality disorder?
a) rigid, extreme, and distorted thinking patterns
b) problematic emotional response patterns
c) impulse control problems
d) significant interpersonal problems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
414. Which of the core features would be most predominant in borderline personality disorder?
a) rigid, extreme, and distorted thinking patterns
b) problematic emotional response patterns
c) impulse control problems
d) significant interpersonal problems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
415. A personality disorder that is characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility is
a) narcissistic.
b) antisocial.
c) schizotypal.
d) borderline.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
416. Which of the following individuals most likely has schizoid personality disorder?
a) Advik, who exploits others and has no concern for their rights
b) Shayma, who does not show any emotions and is indifferent toward others
c) Dakota, who is very dependent and cannot make decisions
d) Javier, who needs to be the centre of attention and is only superficially concerned about others
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
417. In what way are antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder the same?
a) They both have no disregard for the feelings of others.
b) They both have extreme emotional highs and lows.
c) They both tend to be deceitful to others.
d) They both tend to be impulsive.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
418. In what way are paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders the same?
a) They both involve dramatic or emotional behaviour.
b) Both personality disorders are marked by odd or eccentric behaviour.
c) Both personality disorders involve high levels of fear and anxiety.
d) They both emphasize depressive or manic emotional responses.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
419. When revising the previous version of the DSM, the APA committee suggested that personality disorders should be
a) classified under psychotic disorders.
b) classified as a behavioural disorder.
c) considered as normal behaviour and excluded from the manual.
d) considered as extreme traits or dimensions rather than discrete diagnostic categories.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
420. The alternative model of personality disorders was proposed because
a) the current measurement system relies on assessment scales which were viewed by the committee as outdated.
b) there was a desire to eliminate altogether a diagnosis based on personality traits.
c) healthy personality traits were being ignored in the current classification system.
d) there were concerns about the existing categorical approach to personality disorders.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
421. The dimensional approach to personality disorders is based on the idea that personality disorders
a) have been mistaken assumed to share four core features.
b) do not impact day-to-day functioning, so need to be treated as unique from other psychological disorders.
c) involve stable patters of behaviours identified at the extreme end of personality spectrums.
d) represent normal behaviours that have been improperly categorized.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
422. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the subclinical dark traits?
a) narcissism
b) psychopathy
c) neuroticism
d) Machiavellianism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
423. All personality disorders share levels of dysfunction at the level of _____.
a) dramatic behaviour and eccentricity
b) the self and in interpersonal relationships
c) anxiety and through immature moral development
d) instability and callousness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
MATCHING QUESTION
424. Match the appropriate terms in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms A. Id B. Superego C. Ego D. Unconditional positive regard E. Socially-desirable responding F. Self-actualization G. Peak experiences H. Personality traits I. Self-concept J. Phallic stage K. Genital stage L. Latency stage M. Personal unconscious N. Collective unconscious O. Preconscious P. Archetypes Q. Analytical psychology R. Individual psychology | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | Definitions 1. Characterized by sexual role rigidity or confusion 2. Tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression. 3. Moments in which people experience intense clarity of perception, feelings of joy and excitement, and a suspended sense of time and reality 4. A pattern of perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual 5. A cumulative storehouse of inherited memories shared by all humankind 6. Focused on how feelings of inferiority shape human behaviour 7. Acceptance without terms or conditions 8. The need of humans to fulfill their full and special potential 9. Determines which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable 10. A school of psychology developed by Jung |
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. J: Phallic stage
2. E: Socially-desirable responding
3. G: Peak experiences
4. I: Self-concept
5. N: Collective unconscious
6. R: Individual psychology
7. D: Unconditional positive regard
8. F: Self-actualization
9. B: Superego
10. Q: Analytical psychology
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
425. The unique characteristics that account for our enduring patterns of inner experience and outer behaviour is referred to as our ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: Introduction
426. The id and our most instinctual impulses are governed by the ___ principle.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
427. A boy entering the phallic stage may begin to feel sexual attraction toward his mother. This is referred to as the ___ complex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
428. Unlike Freud, Adler was interested in how feelings of ___, stemming from childhood experiences, motivate behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
429. The search for ___ is a central theme of Jung's theory.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
430. Those followers of Freud who broke away and formed their own schools of thought were called ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
431. Moments when people experience intense clarity of perception, feelings of joy, and a suspended sense of time are known as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
432. According to Carl Rogers, ___ is a pattern of perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
433. Which theory is criticized for being overly simplistic and ignoring the role of psychological dysfunction in society?
a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) cognitive behavioral
d) biological
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
434. Allport believed that psychologists should investigate ___ motives before delving into the unconscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
435. Research with twins and studies of hormones and blood pressure suggest that ___ factors are linked to Eysenck's superfactors at least to some degree.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
436. Researchers have found that people tend to display the characteristic of ___ with a great degree of stability across similar situations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
437. Observational learning or ___ is a process by which children learn to respond to particular situations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
438. Predicting the suitability of potential employees for various positions is a use of personality assessment utilized by employers and job ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
439. Items that are built into a personality assessment to control for social desirability responses are referred to as ___ items.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
440. A method of assessing a person's mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the skull is called ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
441. Low activity of the neurotransmitter ___ has been linked to anxiety, inhibition, and low energy levels.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
442. An individual who displays enthusiasm and leads an active life would likely score high on Clark and Watson's component of ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
443. The theory that boys and girls develop different personal styles based largely on division of labour between the sexes is known as the ___ theory.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
444. An individual's cognitive framework for organizing knowledge about himself or herself is referred to as a ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
445. The tendency to have unrealistically inflated feelings of self-importance and self-interest is termed ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
446. Individuals with ___ personality disorder are most often male.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
447. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by severe instability in ___ and self-concept.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
448. What type of energy fuels the id?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
449. According to Freud, what are defence mechanisms?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
450. What was Adler's school of psychology called?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
451. What was Jung’s school of psychology called?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
452. Describe basic anxiety according to Horney.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
453. What type of therapy did Rogers develop?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
454. What statistical method did Eysenck use to study personality traits?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
455. What acronym is useful for remembering the components of the five-factor model, and what does each letter stand for?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
456. What lifespan findings are associated with the personality trait of conscientiousness?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
457. Explain how modelling and self-efficacy influence personality?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
458. Which type of personality assessment requires individuals to answer a series of true-false or agree-disagree statements?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
459. On the Rorschach Inkblot Test, what are examinees asked to do with each ambiguous shape of inkblots they are shown?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
460. What brain structure may be too easily activated in people who are shy and have a fear of the unfamiliar?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
461. Imaging studies of distressed infants reveal activation of what brain structure?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
462. Describe two lifestyle characteristics that may be observed in those who score high in disinhibition.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
463. Identify two variables that Hyde found consistent gender differences in?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
464. What percentage of people in Canada qualify for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
465.Which early childhood experiences may explain the development of borderline personality disorder?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
ESSAY QUESTIONS
466. Describe how Freud conceptualized the ego.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
467. Name and describe our most basic defence mechanism according to Freud.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
468. Name and describe the two parts of the unconscious mind identified by Jung.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
469. Describe Maslow's concept of “self-actualization.”
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
470. Describe the concept Rogers termed as “unconditional positive regard.”
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
471. Describe Eysenck's three superfactors of personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
472. Using the five-factor model, analyze your own personality by specifying how you believe your friends may label you for each of the five attributes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
473. Define situationism.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
474. Define disposition-situation consistency.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
475. How does the MMPI-2 differ from the NEO-PI-R?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
476. What is an alternative projective test to the Rorschach Inkblot Test? Describe this test.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
477. How is hemispheric dominance in the brain related to personality?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
478. Describe Kagan's (1994) study of children and stress levels.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
479. Describe how play behaviour helps teach gender roles.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
480. Describe two values that individualistic cultures often embrace.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
481. Describe how socio-economic conditions can influence whether personality traits will be expressed behaviourally.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
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