Motivation And Emotion Test Questions & Answers Chapter 11

CHAPTER 11

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

• Several theories offer explanations for our motivation, but no single theory can explain all our behaviour.
• Instinct theory, which suggests that environmental cues stimulate inborn behavioural instincts, best explains motivation that serves basic biological drives, such as eating, drinking, and sex.
• Drive-reduction theory suggests that internal homeostatic mechanisms produce balance within the body by reducing arousal stemming from unmet basic biological needs.
• Arousal theory explains why we sometimes seek to increase arousal levels. The Yerkes-Dodson law proposes that task performance is best if our arousal level matches that needed for a task.
• Incentive learning produces extrinsic motivation to engage in experiences that do not fulfill basic biological drives. Primary and secondary incentives may both be involved. Different incentives motivate different people. Incentive motivation involves brain systems associated with pleasure, incentive learning, and the neurochemical opiate dopamine.
• Maslow proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, in which basic survival needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs for belonging, achievement, and self-actualization.

2. Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

• Thirst is the biological drive to consume fluids. We need fluid inside and outside of our cells to maintain proper cellular functioning. Our bodies our approximately 60 percent water. While it is rare, some individuals can die from water intoxication.
• Hunger, our motivation to eat, is created by the interaction of signals from our stomachs, levels of food-related chemicals in our blood, and brain activity, particularly in the hypothalamus.
• Culture and individual differences interact with our basic biological need for food to determine what foods we will eat, when and with whom we like to eat, and how much we eat.
• Obesity is a major public-health problem in North America. It is usually caused by overeating, which can result from an interaction between genes and the environment.
• Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals believe they are fat and eat too little. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which people binge on food, then purge themselves of the food before it can add weight to their bodies. Binge eating disorder occurs when people gorge themselves on food over repeated sessions.

3. Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

• Several factors influence the people we choose to mate with, including age, body morphology, intelligence, and creativity.

• Sexual practices driven by sexual motivation vary widely as a result of cultural influences.
• Research consistently shows a great deal of variety in normal sexual behaviour throughout healthy adulthood.
• Testosterone and other hormones affect our motivation for sexual behaviour. Many parts of our brains become active during sexual arousal and behaviour.

4. Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

• We are all driven by conscious and unconscious processes that influence our motivations to act.

• All of us are influenced by internal motivation—doing something because it feels good—and external motivation—gaining a reward for a behaviour. In some cases, individuals are amotivated and do not have a drive to perform even the simplest of behaviours such as getting out of bed.
• Approach motivation is the desire to work toward a goal that gives us pleasure versus avoidance motivation where we perform a behaviour to avoid a painful experience.
• Growth and fixed mindsets can influence our motivational states.

5. Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

• Affiliation represents our need to interact with others, not only for survival, but also for self-worth.
• Isolation puts people at risk of psychological impairments.
• Self-determination theory suggests that we need competence, relatedness, and autonomy to realize our potential.
• Achievement through intrinsic motivation does not involve incentives.
• Individuals who are able to delay gratification can focus on goals and ignore distractions.

6. Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

• An emotion is an intrapersonal state that occurs in response to an external or internal event and includes three components: a physiological component, a cognitive component, and a behavioural component.
• Researchers typically use three kinds of information to measure emotion: behavioural displays of emotion, self-reports of emotion, and physiological reactions.
• Emotions serve many functions. They add colour to our lives, give us information about important events in the environment, stir us to action when necessary, and help us to coordinate relationships with others.

7. Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

• The conventional common-sense explanation of emotion holds that an event triggers an emotion, which leads to physiological changes, followed by a response to the situation.
• In contrast, the James-Lange theory proposes that the emotion we feel results from bodily and behavioural responses to environmental stimuli, rather than causing those responses.
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory, physiological arousal by itself cannot produce complex emotional experiences. Rather, the perception of an emotionally-stirring event simultaneously sends messages to parts of the brain responsible for the subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal.
• Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory holds that an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.
• Building on Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory, cognitive-mediational theory proposes that cognitive interpretations, and particularly appraisals, of events are in fact the keys to the experience of emotions.
• The facial-feedback theory of emotion, based on the ideas of Darwin, holds that facial expressions that occur in response to stimuli provide feedback to the brain that helps to shape emotional experience.
• Evolutionary theorists believe that emotions have been shaped by natural selection and that certain emotions have been passed down because of their role in the survival of our species.

8. Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

• Researchers have tended to focus on negative emotions, in part because of difficulties in measuring positive emotions.
• Identifying what makes people happy can be difficult. Research has shown that good relationships, employment, and good health are among the things that can make people happy. In particular, though, temperament and personality predict happiness.

TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

1. Many of our basic motives are innate.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

2. When an external factor alters the state of balance in an organism and it is motivated to correct that balance, the external factor creates an incentive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

3. When an internal factor alters the state of balance in an organism, a motivation arises to correct the balance.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

4. Arousal theory deviates from drive-reduction theory because we are NOT always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

5. According to drive-reduction theory, if working on commission motivates you to sell more of a product, it is serving to reduce your drive to make money.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

6. Incentive theory highlights the influence of external stimuli on behaviour.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

7. According to drive-reduction theory, you drink water when you are thirsty to reinstate homeostasis.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

8. Letitia recently moved to a new city. According to Maslow, Letitia will be motivated to look for a new job before she looks for an apartment.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

9. Carl Rogers is famous for developing the hierarchy of needs model.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

10. Without water we would live for, at most, three days.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

11. There is no such thing as water intoxication.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

12. If we did NOT have biological signals from the stomach, we would NEVER be hungry.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

13. The ventromedial region of the hypothalamus plays a role in satiation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

14. The brain circuitry involved in eating is also active in a variety of motivational situations.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

15. People eat less when they are in a social setting.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

16. The body mass index is calculated as a fat-to-muscle ratio.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

17. Many of the diet programs available today have long-term, successful outcomes.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

18. A person who has an obese friend is less likely to be obese themselves.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

19. Statistics suggest that 1 in 50 young women in Canada exhibit symptoms of anorexia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

20. The number of eyespots on the peacock’s tail predicts whether a peahen will find him attractive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

21. In all known cultures, sex with 9-year-old children is considered unacceptable.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

22. Kinsey’s work during the 1940s led to the realization that “normal” people engage in sexual behaviours such as oral sex, anal sex, and having multiple partners.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

23. Testosterone is only associated with the male sex drive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

24. Areas of the human brain related to sexual arousal can become activated even if people are presented with erotic photographs so quickly that they are NOT consciously aware of the stimuli.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

25. Sexual orientation is a continuum, and that many people are NOT exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

26. School performance is affected by both physical and psychological needs.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

27. Elderly spouses who provide more care for one another tend to live longer than those who are less considerate of one another.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

28. When we are denied contact with other humans, our motivation to achieve self-actualization increases.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

29. Biological motivations CANNOT be inhibited.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

30. By 2 years of age, children can see the value of trading the acceptance of one candy for a whole bag of candy if they simply wait 30 minutes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

31. A universal definition of emotion has eluded scientists.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

32. Physical manifestations of emotions such as anxiety are produced by our autonomic nervous system.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

33. Happiness is almost universally expressed with a smile.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

34. Most human beings act to maximize positive experience.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

35. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, an experience without a physiological response CANNOT induce an emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

36. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion postulates that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system occur simultaneously.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

37. Emotional arousal related to the height of a bridge can be misinterpreted as sexual attraction.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

38. Facial expressions NOT only express an emotion but also intensify the physiological experience of the emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

39. A rise in blood brain temperature is related to the experience of positive emotions.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

40. Wealthy people report being less happy than those of modest means.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

41. How do psychologists define motivation?

a) a condition that directs behaviour toward arousal

b) a condition that directs behaviour toward a goal

c) a condition that satisfies an emotional desire

d) a condition that directs behaviour for survival

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

42. When you are engaging in goal-directed behavior, you may be best described as experiencing

a) drive reduction.

b) an incentive.

c) emotion.

d) motivation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

43. Which of the following is probably NOT one of the motives driving Kobayashi to enter hot dog eating contests?

a) hunger

b) attention

c) fame

d) money

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

44. Jeremy has engaged in all the following behaviours today. Which of the following behaviours is instinctive?

a) driving to work

b) watching sports when bored

c) reading when sleepy

d) eating when hungry

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

45. Erin was munching on a piece of toast, watching a Snapchat of her partner rock climbing. She admired the fit body of her partner and wished she were in town, then decided she should get down to work on her history paper. She did not want to ruin her 4.0 GPA. Three basic _____ of hunger, arousal, and achievement are evident in Erin.

a) emotions

b) feelings

c) motives

d) incentives

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

46. What is the definition of an instinct?

a) A set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior.

b) The body’s tendency to maintain a balanced and stable internal state.

c) An organism’s tendency to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal.

d) An organism's tendency to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

47. What term is used in the textbook to describe a set of “behavioural blueprints?”

a) condition

b) goal

c) emotional desire

d) instinct

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

48. Maggie received a baby rabbit for her birthday and introduced it to her full-grown dog. The rabbit reacted by quickly hopping away from the dog to hide under a table. The rabbit’s reaction to the dog is an example of

a) instinct.

b) optimal-arousal.

c) drive reduction.

d) homeostasis.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

49. In her science class, Jenn is asked to explain the unusual behavior of the large blue caterpillar. After hatching, the large blue caterpillar falls to the ground to be carried away by a red ant. The caterpillar lives among the ants until it matures into a butterfly. Then, the ants protect it until it is ready to fly. Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for this behavior?

a) It is instinctive.

b) It is motivated by drive-reduction.

c) It is motivated by the desire for an optimal state of arousal.

d) It is motivated by external incentive.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

50. What argument suggests that the instinct theory of motivation is INCORRECT?

a) Some behaviours are innate.

b) Instincts persist throughout life.

c) The need for social interaction changes over time.

d) Instinct theory cannot explain differences among individuals.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

51. Which of the following is NOT true regarding instinct theory?

a) Instincts do not account for all behaviour.

b) Instincts cannot explain differences between individuals.

c) Instincts exist only in nonhuman species.

d) Freud was a proponent of instinct theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

52. What is the term for a state of biological equilibrium?

a) homeostasis

b) self-actualization

c) attribution

d) biopsychosocial

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

53. What is the term for the body’s natural tendency to maintain a state of internal balance?

a) homeostasis

b) expectancy

c) attribution

d) instinct

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

54. Which theory of motivation states that our behaviours are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis?

a) drive reduction

b) instinct

c) arousal

d) incentive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

55. According to drive theory of motivation, if you eat when you are hungry, what is the result of eating?

a) drive fulfillment and incentive reduction

b) drive reduction and physiological equilibrium

c) instinct fulfillment and physiological equilibrium

d) arousal reduction and drive fulfillment

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

56. Which major theory of motivation believes that behaviour is motivated by biological needs to maintain the body in a state of balance?

a) instinct

b) drive reduction

c) hierarchy of needs

d) incentive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

57. Stella went for a long run on a hot day and is thirsty. She gets a satisfying drink of water the minute she steps in the door. What theory of motivation would best explain Stella’s behaviour?

a) hierarchy of needs

b) instinct

c) incentive

d) drive reduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

58. Which of the following is explained by the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

a) Omar decides to stay in the pool even after he has cooled down.

b) Even though he is not thirsty, Joshua decides to drink another delicious glass of lemonade.

c) Jeffrey stops running in the marathon once all his vital signs are at their maximum.

d) Janice does not eat the chocolate cake offered to her because she is on a diet.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

59. ___________ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an

optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance.

a) Stimulation

b) Arousal

c) Motivational

d) Drive-reduction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

60. The law stating that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task is known as ____________.

a) optimal arousal

b) levels of arousal

c) Yerkes-Dodson

d) optimal performance

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

61. Low levels of arousal lead to ____________ and high levels of arousal lead to_____________.

a) reduced behaviour efficiency; reduced behaviour efficiency

b) increased behaviour efficiency; reduced behaviour efficiency

c) increased behaviour efficiency; increased behaviour efficiency

d) reduced behaviour efficiency; increased behaviour efficiency

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

62. Jane was adopted at birth by a family who led a relatively sedentary lifestyle. Jane knew early on that she was somehow "different" from her adoptive family, as she enjoyed fast-paced activities that bordered on being dangerous. Unlike her adoptive sister, who spent hours playing in her room with dolls, Jane practiced Tae-Kwon-Do and skateboarding. What is the BEST explanation for Jane’s underlying behavioral differences when compared to her adoptive family?

a) Jane likes a higher level of arousal that the members of her adoptive family do.

b) Jane has ADHD while members of her adoptive family do not.

c) Jane is driven by seeking an optimal state of arousal, while members of her adoptive family are driven by extrinsic rewards.

d) Jane desires to maintain a state of homeostasis, while members of her adoptive family do not.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

63. Kent is a 17-year-old who is facing possible time in a juvenile detention center due to being arrested several times. His arrests tend to be based on spur-of-the-moment decisions and all have involved excessive risk-taking. His parents are wealthy and have pledged their desire to help their son avoid juvenile detention in any way possible. What would you recommend to Kent’s lawyer?

a) Kent should work with a therapist to learn to channel his need for high arousal into more appropriate, and legal, activities that still meet this need.

b) Kent should work with a social worker to learn to function optimally at a lower level of arousal than the high level he has grown accustomed to.

c) Kent’s parents should work with his attorney and the juvenile judge to enroll him in a vocational school since this will help him on the path of becoming self-actualized.

d) Kent should work with his probation officer to learn how to maintain and function within a balanced state of homeostasis, as opposed to following goal-directed behaviors.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

64. Avery is about to skydive for the first time, and she is terrified. However, she does it anyway, and screams from the moment she jumps out of the plane until she is on the ground. What theory of motivation would have the most difficult time explaining this behaviour?

a) hierarchy of needs

b) incentive

c) arousal

d) drive reduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

65. Which of the following behaviours CANNOT be explained by drive-reduction theory?

a) temperature regulation

b) skydiving

c) fluid intake

d) sexual behaviour

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

66. How is an instinct similar to a drive?

a) Both involve unlearned physiological responses.

b) Both involve learned physiological responses.

c) Both aim to restore homeostasis.

d) Both seek to maintain optimal arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

67. Unlearned physiological responses are involved in both

a) instincts and drives.

b) homeostasis and self-actualization.

c) incentives and attributions.

d) disinhibition and expectancies.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

68. How is the drive-reduction theory of motivation different from the incentive theory?

a) Drive-reduction theory emphasizes innate motivation, whereas incentive theory emphasizes the effect of outside variables on motivation.

b) Drive-reduction theory emphasizes eliminating anxiety, whereas incentive theory acknowledges the need for anxiety.

c) Incentive theory acknowledges motivation toward desirable and undesirable goals, whereas drive-reduction theory emphasizes desirable goals.

d) Incentive theory explains uncommon behaviors, whereas drive-reduction theory explains behaviors found in all members of a species.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

69. Which of the following is a problem for both the instinct and drive-reduction theories of motivation?

a) the fact that dopamine is triggers by reward

b) the fact that we are capable of voluntarily making decisions

c) the fact that most people do well with high arousal when a task is simple

d) the fact that our needs progress through a hierarchy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

70. Which of the following is a criticism of BOTH instinct and drive-reduction theory?

a) They infer that all behaviours are innate.

b) They have difficulty explaining group differences.

c) They rely too much on biological explanations.

d) They do not acknowledge voluntary decision-making in their theories.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

71. What theory of motivation is based on the concept of homeostasis?

a) instinct

b) drive reduction

c) arousal

d) incentive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

72. What term is used to describe the body’s internal state of balance or equilibrium?

a) symmetry

b) instinct

c) arousal

d) homeostasis

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

73. While on a multi-day hiking trip with his daughter, Mia, Jamie realizes he miscalculated the amount of food the pair would need. He feeds the last two meals to his daughter while he goes hungry. Jamie is eager to finish the trip so he can enjoy a complete meal. What is implied here?

a) Jamie is experiencing heightened drive, while Mia is experiencing homeostasis.

b) Mia is experiencing drive-reduction, while Jamie is experiencing homeostasis.

c) Jamie is experiencing arousal, while Mia is experiencing incentive.

d) Mia is experiencing arousal, while Jamie is experiencing incentive.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

74. After completing a 10k run, Jada is covered in sweat and is very thirsty. Which of the following most accurately matches Jada’s behaviours with motivational theories?

a) Sweating –- instinct theory; thirst – drive-reduction theory

b) Sweating – drive-reduction theory; thirst – drive-reduction theory

c) Sweating – instinct theory; thirst – instinct theory

d) Sweating – drive-reduction theory; thirst – instinct theory

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

75. Yassine lay on the beach in the hot sun for several hours and was hot and thirsty; he towelled off and went into the hotel for water. Which of the following most accurately matches Yassine’s behaviours with motivational theories?

a) Sweating –- instinct theory; thirst – drive-reduction theory

b) Sweating – drive-reduction theory; thirst – drive-reduction theory

c) Sweating – instinct theory; thirst – instinct theory

d) Sweating – drive-reduction theory; thirst – instinct theory

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

76. How does arousal theory differ from drive-reduction theory?

a) Motivation always counteracts homeostasis.

b) Motivation may not always arise from a reduction of arousal.

c) Over-arousal is always stimulating.

d) Motivation always defers to homeostasis.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

77. What behaviour does arousal theory explain that instinct and drive-reduction theories of motivation CANNOT?

a) hunger

b) curiosity

c) thirst

d) sexual

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

78. Both instinct and drive reduction theory have a problem accounting for _____.

a) maintenance of emotional equilibrium

b) internal biological factors

c) voluntary decision making

d) seeking social connections

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

79. The _____ theory of motivation can explain the non-goal-directed behaviours associated with curiosity?

a) arousal

b) instinct

c) drive reduction

d) incentive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

80. Ever since one-year-old Tasha started walking, she seems to be getting into everything and often tries to get into the kitchen cupboards. Or, if her mother gives her small boxes, Tasha will spend a long time trying to see what is inside each of them. Which theory best explains Tasha’s need to explore?

a) instinct theory

b) drive-reduction theory

c) arousal theory

d) incentive theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

81. Liam and Paige got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a bungee-jump from the bridge. Which type of motive best explains their behaviour?

a) achievement motive

b) androgynous motive

c) arousal motive

d) the need for self-actualization

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

82. Andrea has discovered that she studies more effectively when placing herself under a moderate amount of pressure and stress. For example, if she attempts to study a week before an important exam, her mind wanders, and she is unable to pay attention. In contrast, when she studies the night before a big exam, she is highly motivated to learn the material. This is an example of which theory of motivation?

a) arousal theory

b) drive-reduction theory

c) incentive theory

d) instinct theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

83. Sam often spends time with his friends in small groups or at intimate dinner parties but avoids night clubs or parties with lots of people because they tend to make him feel stressed and exhausted. This is an example of

a) arousal theory.

b) drive-reduction theory.

c) incentive theory.

d) self-actualization theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

84. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal level and task difficulty?

a) There is no relationship.

b) They are inversely related.

c) This law does not address arousal.

d) This law does not address task difficulty.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

85. Marc-Andre works on an assembly line building brooms and he enjoys listening to music during the workday to liven up his workday. However, at home when he builds model airplanes, he is thoroughly engaged, and needs absolute quiet during this task. What law explains this difference in Mark’s need for arousal?

a) Law of Relative Arousal

b) Yansoff-Dorgenin

c) Yerkes-Dodson

d) Fitt’s First Law of Motivation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

86. Sebastian is performing an extremely complex task that involves his full concentration. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what would be Sebastian’s optimal level of arousal for him while performing the task?

a) low-medium

b) low

c) medium-high

d) high

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

87. Ideal performance occurs on a task when arousal level is properly matched to the difficulty of the task. This conclusion represents an extension of the original _____.

a) instinct theory.

b) Yerkes-Dodson law.

c) drive reduction theory.

d) arousal theory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

88. Which of the following tasks might NOT be disrupted by highly arousing circumstances?

a) performing surgery

b) defusing a bomb

c) piloting an airplane during takeoffs/landings

d) running a marathon

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

89. Which of the following tasks might NOT be disrupted by highly arousing circumstances?

a) studying for an important test be given in an hour

b) reading an intriguing book with a detailed plot line

c) piloting an airplane during takeoffs/landings

d) studying for review

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

90. The law stating that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task is known as the ________ law.

a) optimal-arousal

b) arousal-task

c) Yerkes-Dodson

d) Schachter-Singer

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

91. When Dr. Feldon, a neurosurgeon, is operating on his patient’s brain, he likes to have his favorite music playing in the room because he thinks it lowers his arousal level. Which of the following would support Dr. Feldon’s claim?

a) law of Optimal Arousal

b) Yerkes-Dodson law

c) Arousal-task law

d) Schachter-Singer law

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

92. Rowan’s car just broke down, so she has to run the rest of the way to school and arrives 5

minutes late for her psychology exam. Her heart is pounding, and she can hardly catch her

breath. According to arousal theory, how well will Rowan perform on her exam?

a) she will ace the exam

b) she will be average in her performance

c) her performance will be less than optimal on the exam

d) there is not enough information to determine how well she will perform

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

93. Which major theory of motivation believes that behaviour is motivated by internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) incentives or rewards?

a) instinct

b) drive reduction

c) incentive

d) hierarchy of needs

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

94. The theory that motivation results from external stimuli pulling people toward a desirable goal is fundamental to

a) incentive theory.

b) sensation seeking theory.

c) drive-reduction theory.

d) optimal-arousal theory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

95. As Lisa detests cleaning her room, it is typically overrun with dirty laundry and toys scattered on the floor. To teach her to keep her room clean, her parents develop a chart that rewards her with a "ticket" each day she maintains a clean room. This is an example of which motivational theory?

a) incentive theory

b) drive-reduction theory

c) arousal theory

d) hierarchy of needs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

96. A 6-year-old watches a folk guitarist on a children's show; immediately after the show, the child asks his parents for a guitar. Which theory of motivation could BEST explain this behavior?

a) instinct

b) incentive

c) drive-reduction

d) arousal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

97. Which of the following is an example of an incentive?

a) money

b) social recognition

c) food

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

98. Which of the following is a primary incentive?

a) sex

b) money

c) good grades

d) praise

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

99. Despite feeling full, Karen cannot resist a hot fudge sundae for dessert. Which theory BEST relates to her motivation to eat the sundae?

a) incentive

b) instinct

c) cognitive

d) drive reduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

100. After Ian’s mother lost her job, they were evicted from their apartment and have been sleeping in their car. Ian spends each night feeling cold and hungry, but still attends school every day. His teacher, who is unaware of Ian’s circumstances, is becoming frustrated about Ian’s incomplete homework and apparent lack of motivation to learn. If the teacher knew about Ian's situation, she would understand that Ian’s behavior is BEST explained by

a) the hierarchy of needs.

b) the incentive theory.

c) instinct theory.

d) homeostasis.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

101. Debi founded a program that provides food and shelter in a secure environment for low-income families. Once families are settled, Debi connects them with a group for emotional support. Debi’s program is an example of

a) the hierarchy of needs.

b) the incentive theory.

c) the arousal theory.

d) the drive-reduction theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

102. Simon hates his job at the Piggly Wiggly, but the money is good, so he stays. What theory of motivation would best explain Simon’s behaviour?

a) hierarchy of needs

b) arousal

c) incentive

d) drive reduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

103. Julia is helping her 10-year-old son with his math homework. Every time he gets a homework question right, she gives him a nickel. In this example, the nickel is an example of a(n) ___.

a) primary incentive

b) secondary incentive

c) intrinsic motivator

d) intrinsic incentive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

104. Mia volunteers at a food kitchen because it makes her feel needed and provides her with a social outlet. Lilibet is a regular client who is struggling to put food on the table for her three children, and she frequently comes to the kitchen for meal assistance. What is the difference between Mia and Lilibet?

a) Mia is satisfying her belonging and love needs, while Lilibet is satisfying her physiological needs.

b) Mia is satisfying her esteem needs, while Lilibet is satisfying her physiological needs.

c) Mia is satisfying her self-actualization needs, while Lilibet is satisfying her safety needs.

d) Mia is satisfying her belonging and love needs, while Lilibet is satisfying her safety needs.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

105. Jiro was recently hired at a new company and is working to build a rapport with his coworkers. In contrast, his coworker Silas is eager to accumulate accomplishments and advance his career. What is implied here?

a) Jiro is operating at the belonging and love level of needs, while Silas is operating at the esteem level of needs.

b) Jiro is operating at the safety level of needs, while Silas is operating at the self-actualization level of needs.

c) Jiro is operating at the physiological level of needs, while Silas is operating at the belonging and love level of needs.

d) Jiro is operating at the esteem level of needs, while Silas is operating at the safety level of needs.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

106. Which of the following is an example of a secondary incentive?

a) Jesse is working two jobs to earn the money for the car he wants.

b) Amy comes in from working in the yard to put on a hat since she feels the back of her neck getting sunburned.

c) Sia spends every minute she can hugging and kissing her new boyfriend.

d) Kristian cannot wait until the ice cream he made is cold enough to eat.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

107. Which of the following is an example of a primary incentive?

a) Connor stays late at his new job in order to impress his new boss.

b) Nora comes in from working in the yard to put on a hat since she feels the back of her neck getting sunburned.

c) Riley wants to have the best dress at grad so everyone will admire her.

d) Morgan is working at a server job in the evenings, in addition to his fulltime day job, to earn the money he needs to go to Europe with his friends in the fall.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

108. Which of the following is a primary incentive?

a) food

b) money

c) good grades

d) praise

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

109. Scientists attribute the different motivational power of certain cues to

a) instinct.

b) leptin.

c) primary incentives.

d) incentive salience.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

110. Julie works in sales and receives monthly bonuses if she sells a certain amount of merchandise. Margaret also works in sales; however, she only gets paid minimum wage without any bonuses. According to incentive saliency, which of the following will likely describe each woman’s future work behaviour?

a) Julie will decrease her work efforts; Margaret will increase her work efforts.

b) Julie will increase her work efforts; Margaret will decrease her work efforts.

c) Both women will increase their work efforts.

d) Both women will decrease their work efforts.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

111. What is the difference between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’?

a) ‘Liking’ refers to the anticipation of pleasure and ‘wanting’ refers to the experience of pleasure.

b) ‘Liking’ involves primary incentives and ‘wanting’ involves secondary incentives.

c) ‘Liking’ activates the opiate-producing system in the brain and ‘wanting’ activates the dopamine system.

d) ‘Liking’ involves the nucleus accumbens and ‘wanting’ involves the prefrontal cortex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

112. Which of the following BEST describes the brain regions involved in wanting and liking?

a) Liking is associated with areas that produce dopamine; wanting is associated with areas that produce opiates.

b) Liking and wanting are both associated with areas that produce dopamine.

c) Liking is associated with areas that produce opiates; wanting is associated with areas that produce dopamine.

d) Liking is associated with areas that produce opiates; liking and wanting are associated with areas that produce dopamine.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

113. Seven-year-old Willis is having a birthday party on the weekend. He has been very excited about the party and has talked about nothing else for two weeks. At the party, Willis cannot stop smiling because he is having so much fun. In this example, Willis’ excitement leading up to the party would be ___________ and his experience at the party would be ________.

a) incentive; drive

b) liking; wanting

c) wanting; liking

d) anticipation; wanting

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

114. _____ is associated with pleasure or liking.

a) Hallucinogens

b) Synthetic compounds

c) Narcotics

d) Opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

115. “Runner’s high” from intense physical activity occurs due to the release of internal substances in the brain known as ___.

a) hallucinogens

b) synthetic compounds

c) narcotics

d) opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

116. What midbrain structure contains dopamine neurons essential for reinforcement learning?

a) ventral tegmental area

b) basal ganglia

c) pons

d) nucleus accumbens

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

117. What neurotransmitter system is generally associated with rewards?

a) serotonin

b) dopamine

c) GABA

d) acetylcholine

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

118. Pleasure or liking is often associated with systems within the brain that produce which chemical?

a) hallucinogens

b) synthetic compounds

c) narcotics

d) opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

119. Liking is to ___, as wanting is to ___.

a) dopamine; opiates

b) opiates; glutamate

c) opiates; dopamine

d) dopamine; glutamate

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

120. Pleasure is to _____________ as reward is to _____________.

a) serotonin; dopamine

b) dopamine; serotonin

c) opiates; dopamine

d) dopamine; opiates

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

121. Abraham Maslow was responsible for developing the

a) hierarchy of needs.

b) theory of attribution.

c) concept of sensation seeking.

d) idea of homeostasis.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

122. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, where are basic needs such as eating, and drinking located?

a) interspersed through the region

b) at the tangent of the dodecahedron

c) at the apex of the pyramid

d) at the base of the pyramid

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

123. The process of self-actualization is a premise in which theory of motivation?

a) hierarchy of needs

b) drive-reduction

c) optimal-arousal

d) incentive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

124. According to Maslow, people who engage in selfless, altruistic behaviour may have reached the level of ___.

a) love and belonging needs

b) self-actualization

c) esteem needs

d) unconditional positive regard

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

125. Laura is a single mother of three small children. While she is able to ensure that the most basic nutritional needs of her children are met, she is only able to afford a small apartment in a high-crime area. Which needs in Maslow’s hierarchy is Laura struggling to satisfy?

a) safety needs

b) physiological needs

c) belonging and love needs

d) esteem needs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

126. After being laid off from his job, Ken struggled to make ends meet for several months until he was hired for a new position. He is now able to afford food and move to a home in a quiet neighborhood. What is Ken MOST likely to do next?

a) begin socializing with his new coworkers and neighbors

b) take classes to become more proficient at his job

c) volunteer to help others who are unemployed

d) stockpile a large reserve supply of food and water

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

127. Brett enjoyed a successful career as a stockbroker, but he found his greatest fulfillment after retirement by volunteering to help teach inner-city children how to read. Which of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE about Brett?

a) Brett is working toward self-actualization.

b) Brett has attained a state of homeostasis.

c) Brett has prosocial instincts.

d) Brett is motivated by drive-reduction.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

128. According to Maslow, belonging and self-actualization are _____________ needs and will be satisfied after physiological and safety needs.

a) essential

b) primary

c) higher

d) optional

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

129. Tyrone has just moved to a new city. According to Maslow, which of the following best predicts Tyrone’s priorities for settling into this unfamiliar environment?

a) making friends, finding a job he really likes, finding an apartment

b) getting dinner, finding a job he really likes, finding an apartment

c) making friends, finding a job, finding an apartment

d) getting dinner, finding an apartment, finding a job he really likes

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

130. Which of the following is a problem for Maslow’s theory?

a) Sometimes people do better with complex tasks when they have high arousal.

b) Some people give up their basic needs in order to satisfy a higher need.

c) It cannot account for individual differences in motivation.

d) It cannot explain why our motivations change over time.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

131. In Syria, refugees often sacrificed their own safety in efforts to help others. This behaviour refutes a basic premise of which theory of motivation?

a) incentive theory

b) drive-reduction theory

c) Maslow's theory

d) cognitive theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

132. Kim has asthma and is prescribed a series of breathing treatments. Initially she is only compliant because she realizes that she needs to get more air into her lungs; however, she continues the treatments because she likes the energetic feeling she experiences. Kim starting the breathing treatments can be explained by _____, whereas her continuing the treatments can be explained by _____.

a) drive-reduction theory; incentive theory

b) incentive theory; hierarchy of needs

c) arousal theory; drive-reduction theory

d) hierarchy of needs; arousal theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

133. Aiden and Chase are both preparing a term paper for a psychology course. Aiden has learned that if he delays writing until the deadline is close, he becomes paralyzed by anxiety, so he begins at least a week in advance. In contrast, Chase finds that he works better writing the paper the day before it is due. If he writes too far in advance, he is bored and unable to concentrate. Which of the following BEST explains this difference between Aiden and Chase?

a) Chase performs optimally at a higher level of arousal than Aiden.

b) Chase performs better when an external stimulus pulls him, whereas Aiden performs better when he is pushed by internal drives.

c) Aiden performs better with a high level of drive, whereas Chase performs better in a state of homeostasis.

d) Aiden performs better at the lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy, whereas Chase performs better at the higher levels of Maslow’s hierarchy.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

134. How long can a person survive without water?

a) 1 day

b) 3 days

c) 5 days

d) 10 days

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

135. The fluid found inside our cells is approximately ____ percent of our body weight whereas the fluid found outside of our cells is approximately _____ of our body weight.

a) 20; 10

b) 30; 10

c) 30; 20

d) 40; 20

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

136. Two mechanisms are important for driving the need for water. They are

a) volumetric drive and maintenance of an appropriate ions-to-water balance inside the cell

b) communication in the nervous system and homeostasis for potassium

c) an appropriate ions-to-water balance inside the cell and satiety

d) fluid debt and volumetric drive

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

137. In spite of the high heat, Santiago ran a marathon in record time. He accomplished this by skipping drink stations. Consequently, once the race was over, Santiago was very thirsty. He drank a great deal of water very quickly. Santiago is in danger of

a) tearing his bladder.

b) water intoxication leading to death.

c) kidney damage.

d) acutely increasing his cortisol levels.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

138. Ninety-three year old, Agnes lived in a Pecos, Texas, close to the Mexican border. At the end of a very hot day, Agnes was found unresponsive by her Meals on Wheels volunteer, and she later died. According to your textbook, what is the most likely reason for Agnes’s death?

a) drinking too many soft drinks, disrupting her ion and salt balance

b) water intoxication

c) inadequate water intake and dehydration

d) sun stroke

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

139. Eating occurs as a result of a complex interplay between ________ and ___________

a) social cues; satiety.

b) hunger; social cues.

c) hunger; satiety.

d) genetics; social cues.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

140. Jonah was stranded on a desert island in the Pacific. Once his food ran out, he knew that the maximum time he could survive was

a) 15 days.

b) 25 days.

c) 35 days.

d) 40 days.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

141. What role does the stomach play in feelings of hunger?

a) Stretch receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness.

b) Stomach contractions signal the brain that it is time to eat again.

c) Fullness receptors and stomach contractions both play a role.

d) Growling sounds from the stomach motivate a person to eat.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

142. Flynn was on a diet. He knew that the need to eat was biologically ingrained but was surprised at how difficult he was finding the diet given that he was eating adequate amounts of food and better quality food than he had been. What is most likely creating problems for Flynn?

a) the level of nutrients circulating in his bloodstream

b) hunger signals based on how full/empty his stomach is

c) brain signals from the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus

d) social factors

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

143. Which behavior of a test animal with a damaged ventromedial hypothalamus is MOST similar to behavior of a test animal with a destroyed ventromedial hypothalamus?

a) The test animal may become a particularly selective eater.

b) The test animal may overeat leading to obesity.

c) The test animal may reject food that does not taste good.

d) The test animal may refuse food to the point of starvation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

144. The fact that animals with a damaged ventromedial hypothalamus do NOT exhibit the same eating behavior as animals with a destroyed ventromedial hypothalamus is MOST suggestive that

a) this part of the hypothalamus has no effect on eating behavior, as opposed to earlier beliefs.

b) the original views on the effect of parts of the hypothalamus on eating behavior were too simplistic.

c) this part of the hypothalamus controls the desire to eat appropriately rather than the desire to stop eating.

d) the behavioral effects of this part of the hypothalamus vary greatly depending upon the situation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

145. Which of the following can activate satiety signals?

a) surgically placing a balloon in the stomach

b) drinking water

c) low leptin levels

d) damage to the VMH, increasing levels of insulin.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

146. Which of the following suggests that satiety signals are NOT the MOST important hunger cues?

a) People who have their stomachs surgically removed still feel hunger.

b) Individuals who have lost weight after having their stomachs stapled keep the weight off.

c) People will continue eating after they are no longer hungry.

d) Eating large amounts of food can stimulate additional hunger.

Answer 1: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

147. Norma is an obese woman who recently had a “lap band” procedure. All the following are/will be true for Norma EXCEPT which of the following?

a) Norma will eat less, but she may continue to feel hungry.

b) Norma will lose weight; but will gain some or all the weight back again.

c) Norma will only be able to eat small meals, but because this will stimulate her hunger, she will eat more meals each day.

d) The stretch receptors in Norma’s stomach will fail to send signals after a significant period has passed.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

148. What surgical technique might a physician use to activate stretch receptors in the stomach?

a) placing a balloon in the stomach

b) inserting nerve blocks

c) reducing arterial flow of blood to the stomach

d) removing a portion of the stomach

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

149. Which of the following is a chemical cue related to the metabolism of food that can signal hunger and satiety?

a) progesterone

b) leptin

c) cortisol

d) inosine

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

150. Another name for blood sugar is

a) dopamine.

b) lipids.

c) glucose.

d) collagen.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

151. Jericho is participating in medical research and just received an injection of glucose. Which of the following is Jericho likely to report?

a) He feels angry.

b) He feels hungry.

c) He does not feel hungry.

d) He feels happy.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

152. When receptors in the brain sense high levels of ___ in the blood, they in turn send signals that inhibit us from eating.

a) insulin

b) endorphins

c) leptin

d) norepinephrine

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

153. When is leptin released in our bodies?

a) when collagen levels are too low

b) when collagen levels are too high

c) when fats cells are to small

d) when fat cells grow larger

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

154. Ai is obese. Which of the following predictions would you make about her compared to a person of normal weight?

a) Ai has a lower blood level of leptin than normal, but more leptin receptors in her brain.

b) Ai has a higher blood level of leptin than normal, and more leptin receptors in her brain.

c) Ai has a lower blood level of leptin than normal, and fewer leptin receptors in her brain.

d) Ai has a higher blood level of leptin than normal, and fewer leptin receptors in her brain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

155. Matilda has gained over 50 pounds in the past six months. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Matilda’s weight gain?

a) Her leptin levels are too high, and she has too many leptin receptors in the brain.

b) Her leptin levels are too low, but she has too many leptin receptors in the brain.

c) Her leptin levels are too low, and she has too few leptin receptors in the brain.

d) Her leptin levels are too high, and she has too few leptin receptors in the brain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

156. Bryant is obese. One possible explanation is that they have ____________ blood levels of leptin than normal and _________ leptin receptors in the brain.

a) lower; fewer

b) higher; fewer

c) lower; more

d) higher; more

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

157. Ghazal was in a car accident and sustained brain damage that caused her to overeat. What structure was damaged?

a) pons

b) ventromedial hypothalamus

c) cerebellum

d) lateral hypothalamus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

158. Davit is involved in lab work where they lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats. They are finding that the rats _____.

a) only eat prey that is alive and moving

b) only drink liquids and not solid food

c) refuse to eat

d) show an increase in insulin levels

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

159. What theory of hunger motivation proposes that activity in the lateral hypothalamus serves to inhibit the ventromedial hypothalamus, and vice versa?

a) incentive

b) arousal

c) dual-centre

d) glucose-facilitated

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

160. The idea that, when the lateral hypothalamus stimulates us to eat, it also inhibits satiety signals from the ventromedial hypothalamus is called the

a) hunger-inhibition theory of motivation.

b) dual-centre theory of motivation.

c) insulin theory of motivation.

d) hypothalamus regional theory of motivation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

161. The ventromedial hypothalamus appears to be important for modulating the level of _________ in the blood.

a) leptin

b) lipids

c) insulin

d) glucose

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

162. Which of the following people is most likely satiated?

a) Elias, whose glucose levels are low

b) Cory, whose ventromedial hypothalamus is active

c) Lily, whose leptin levels are low

d) Rhea, whose stretch receptors are not active

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

163. Nathan’s leptin levels are high. Everly’s glucose levels are low. Which of the following would best describe Nathan and Everly’s motivational state?

a) Nathan is hungry; Everly is satiated.

b) Nathan is satiated. Everly is hungry.

c) Nathan is hungry; Everly is hungry.

d) Nathan is satiated; Everly is satiated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

164. What brain structure sends “hunger” signals that cause an animal to eat?

a) pons

b) ventromedial hypothalamus

c) lateral hypothalamus

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

165. Which area of the brain is associated with undereating when it is damaged?

a) ventromedial hypothalamus

b) amygdala

c) insular cortex

d) lateral hypothalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

166. Tyler does NOT experience hunger. What could have happened to him to cause this?

a) He had his stomach removed.

b) He has Prader-Willi syndrome.

c) He has damage to his lateral hypothalamus.

d) He has damage to his ventromedial hypothalamus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

167. Jimson has a genetic disorder, associated in part with dysfunction in the hypothalamus. He has an insatiable appetite. Jimson would be diagnosed with

a) Down syndrome.

b) Prader-Willi syndrome.

c) familial dysautonomia.

d) fetal alcohol syndrome

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

168. What brain structure located near the prefrontal cortex produces disgust cues when presented with unpalatable food?

a) area postrema

b) parietal cortex

c) insular cortex

d) red nucleus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

169. Keziah is studying an aboriginal tribe from a remote region of the Amazon. At mealtime, she is disgusted to learn that they include bugs and grubs as part of their diet. Which part of Keziah’s brain would be activated when she is presented with a plate of insects for dinner?

a) lateral hypothalamus

b) ventral hypothalamus

c) insular cortex

d) prefrontal cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

170. Aminah was visiting her grandmother, and her grandmother had made Amina her favorite dessert. Aminah knew that her grandmother had worked hard to make this special food for her so could not show her disgust at the long hair she found in it. What brain structure would be active in Amina given her reaction to the unpalatable food?

a) area postrema

b) parietal cortex

c) insular cortex

d) red nucleus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

171. Juanita is walking to school and along her walk she passes a bakery and is enticed by the smells of the baking bread and pastries and, although she had breakfast before leaving for school, she immediately feels hungry. What is happening in Juanita’s brain?

a) The areas associated with the body set point have been triggered.

b) The area involved in reward and punishment has triggered the insular cortex, causing her to feel hunger.

c) The areas activated for reward are interacting with the brain areas involved in olfaction and in gustation, causing her to feel hunger.

d) Her stretch muscles in the stomach have been triggered, causing her to feel hunger.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

172. Luka has a genetic condition associated with obesity, associated with an insatiable appetite. This genetic disorder is known as

a) Prader-Willi syndrome.

b) Munchausen syndrome.

c) Kleinfelters syndrome.

d) Downs syndrome.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

173. Maja has taken her young son to the pediatrician. Although he is only two-years old, he has an insatiable appetite and is obviously already obese. It is possible that Maja’s son has the genetic condition _______________________.

a) Prader-Willi syndrome

b) Klinefelter’s syndrome

c) Down’s syndrome

d) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

174. What is the best technique for maintaining a lower body weight?

a) Permanently change eating habits.

b) Cut out all carbohydrates.

c) Engage in strenuous exercise for a predetermined period of time.

d) Reduce sugar intake over the holidays.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

175. Evelina has recently lost 25 pounds. Based on what you have learned about body weight set point, which of the following would you predict?

a) Evelina will continue to lose weight as her metabolism will have increased.

b) Evelina will gain back about 10% of the weight she lost before she begins to lose again.

c) Evelina will gradually return to her original weight.

d) Evelina will gain back the weight she lost and gain additional weight.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

176. Munjal found that no matter what he did during his adult life, his weight stabilized near a certain general level known as the

a) homeostatic point.

b) place of equilibrium.

c) weight apex.

d) set point.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

177. Jacinda had lost 20 pounds but finds that she is slowly going back to her starting weight. Which of the following is a reason why Jacinda cannot maintain her weight loss?

a) Jacinda has sustained damage to her lateral hypothalamus.

b) Jacinda has returned to her body weight set point.

c) Jacinda was underweight to begin with.

d) Jacinda has low insulin levels.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

178. Iris has recently joined a weight loss program to help her lose 50 pounds. What advice would you give Iris?

a) If she follows the diet as instructed, she will probably be successful at losing the weight.

b) Most diet programs involve a major lifestyle change. Therefore, they are often successful in helping clients maintain the weight loss over time.

c) Most diet programs focus on eating salads; therefore, they are successful in helping clients maintain the weight loss over time.

d) Most diet programs are often unsuccessful for long term weight change.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

179. Which of the following is a reason for why the set point theory has problems accounting for weight maintenance?

a) People who are satiated stop eating even if offered something highly palatable.

b) People who consume a high calorie drink prior to eating do not necessarily reduce their food intake.

c) People who diet often rebound back toward the original weight.

d) Set point maintenance alone is not a powerful tool for predicting weight from an evolutionary perspective.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

180. Which is the best definition of body mass indexes (BMI) that are categorized as obese?

a) 22 and above

b) 25 and above

c) 27 and above

d) 30 and above

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

181. What body mass index (BMI) score is categorized as overweight?

a) 10 and below

b) 15–20

c) 25–30

d) 30 or higher

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

182. Brian suffers from heart disease and diabetes. Although he wants to work out, he finds it difficult because of the strain on his knees and legs. Since he has a BMI of 31.3, Brian is considered

a) obese.

b) overweight.

c) normal weight.

d) underweight.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

183. What percentage of obesity is caused by medical conditions?

a) 35% to 45%

b) 20% to 30%

c) 10% to 20%

d) 1% to 5%

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

184. Which of the following describes the role of genes in obesity?

a) Obesity is a genetic disorder.

b) Genes interact with body chemistry to cause obesity.

c) Genes may predispose people to obesity, but the environment must be conducive to overeating for them to become obese.

d) Genes may predispose people to obesity, but the person must encounter stressors for them to become obese.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

185. An increase in portion size and the prevalence of prepared foods are part of the reason why there has been an increase in

a) diabetes.

b) the average body weight set point.

c) the amount of food purchased each year.

d) overeating.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

186. Adoption studies have shown that adopted children have BMIs more similar to their ___ suggesting weight is influenced more by ___

a) biological parents; genetics

b) adopted parents; environment

c) biological parents; environment

d) adopted parents; genetics

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

187. Swati’s BEST friend is overweight. Based on recent research, which of the following could you predict about Swati?

a) Swati is more likely to work hard to prevent weight gain.

b) Swati is more likely to gain weight.

c) Swati is probably as overweight as her friend.

d Swati is probably slightly underweight.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

188. In addition to the physical risks associated with obesity, many obese people might also suffer from mood disorders such as

a) depression.

b) schizophrenia.

c) paranoia.

d) narcissism.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

189. Denzel maintained a normal weight as a child, but as a teenager he became obsessed with maintaining a low weight. Even when he reached a dangerously low weight, he continued exercising excessively and refusing to eat. Denzel shows signs of

a) anorexia nervosa.

b) bulimia nervosa.

c) binge-eating disorder.

d) obesity.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

190. A teenage daughter complains to her mother than she has no menstrual period. The daughter frequently refuses to eat, stating that she is becoming fat, but her mother knows that she is underweight for her age. Which of the following is MOST likely the daughter's problem?

a) obesity syndrome

b) bulimia nervosa

c) poor self-image

d) anorexia nervosa

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

191. Which of the following support the claim that multiple factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural, contribute to anorexia nervosa?

a) The fact that women from Curacao, an island in the Caribbean, where being overweight is socially sanctioned, suffer from anorexia nervosa.

b) The fact that one of the highest risk factors for anorexia nervosa is self-oriented perfectionism.

c) The fact that 33-50% of those with an anorexia nervosa have a comorbid mood disorder.

d) The fact that many of today’s cultures stigmatize “fat” bodies.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

192. Which of the following people most likely has anorexia nervosa?

a) Shinjo, who has a BMI of 25

b) Lee, who eats many calories in one sitting and then purges through vomiting or consuming laxatives

c) Jayme, who consumes 500 calories a day because she sees herself as fat

d) Romy, who has a regular menstrual cycle

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

193. Of the following disorders which most often co-occurs with anorexia?

a) separation anxiety

b) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

c) panic disorder

d) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

194. Cruz has a disorder that involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise. Cruz might be diagnosed with _____.

a) Anorexia nervosa

b) The binge-purge syndrome

c) Bulimia nervosa

d) Pritikin dieting

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

195. While staying with his parents over summer break, Asher’s mother notices that each afternoon he eats an excessively large meal. Shortly afterward, she also notices that his teeth have rapidly deteriorated, and he has exceptionally foul breath. She is concerned that Asher may have

a) bulimia nervosa.

b) anorexia nervosa.

c) binge-eating disorder.

d) cognitive dysfunction.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

196. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

a) People with bulimia are severely underweight.

b) People with bulimia can have badly damaged teeth.

c) Bulimia can lead to constipation

d) Food binge and purge cycles.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

197. Each of the following medical and psychological problems are associated with bulimia EXCEPT one. Which one is NOT associated with bulimia?

a) constipation

b) cessation of menstruation

c) tooth decay

d) depression

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

198. Anorexia nervosa is to _________ eating, as bulimia nervosa is to ________ eating.

a) under; under

b) over; over

c) over; under

d) under; over

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

199. Sadie suffers from anorexia nervosa, while Aisha suffers from bulimia nervosa. How do Sadie and Aisha’s disorders differ?

a) Sadie is more likely than Aisha to suffer from body image distortion.

b) Aisha is more likely than Sadie to suffer from depression.

c) Sadie is more likely than Aisha to engage in other rash, destructive behaviors.

d) Lori is more likely than Aisha to engage in extreme weight-loss measures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

200. What is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

a) Anorexia nervosa is characterized by self-imposed starvation, while bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent binging and purging.

b) Anorexia nervosa is characterized by recurrent binging and purging, while bulimia nervosa is characterized by a desire for thinness.

c) Anorexia nervosa is characterized by self-imposed starvation, while bulimia nervosa is characterized by a desire for pain.

d) Anorexia nervosa is characterized by overeating, while bulimia nervosa is characterized by under-eating.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

201. What drug treatments have been found to be effective for bulimia?

a) methamphetamines

b) opiates

c) antidepressants

d) benzodiazepines

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

202. The more elaborate a male peacock’s tail, the greater the evolutionary advantage, because a more elaborate tail

a) is associated with increased virility.

b) increases the likelihood that a male will be chosen as a mate by a female.

c) reduces the likelihood the male will engage in aggressive behaviour with other males.

d) is a sign of health.   

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

203. Alya is visiting a zoo and notices that one male peacock has a very scrawny, thin tail compared to the other peacocks. Furthermore, this one sad looking peacock is completely ignored by all the peahens. What is most likely the reason for this?

a) Peacocks advertise their health by the size of their tails.

b) The peahens have already mated with him.

c) The peahens are only receptive for a short period of the year.

d) Peahens prefer peacocks with long tails that have more ‘eye’ spots.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

204. Colette is looking online looking to meet someone. Although she claims that physical characteristics do not matter, she is paying close attention to the photos included in people’s profiles. Evolutionary theory would suggest that she would be interested in all of the following except _____.

a) body odour

b) symmetry in movement

c) shoulder to hip ratio

d) facial symmetry

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

205. Miguel has in mind exactly the type of person he wishes to have as a partner – someone attractive. He would be surprised to hear that what he wants coincides with what most other people want. Which evolutionary explanation below explains why this preference for attractiveness exists?

a) We choose attractive people because we all want attractive children.

b) These characteristics may signal good health and reproductive fitness.

c) We think that being seen with an attractive person makes us more socially acceptable.

d) These characteristics signal intelligence.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

206. According to David Buss, what is a key gender difference in mate selection?

a) Females prefer younger males; males prefer females with greater resources.

b) Males prefer younger females; females prefer older men.

c) Males choose mates based on attractiveness; females choose mates based on personality.

d) Males choose mates based on personality; females choose mates based on attractiveness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

207. Your twenty-two-year-old friend has just told you that she is dating a fifty-five-year-old man. According to David Buss, which of the following might explain the attraction between this couple?

a) The male is looking for someone attractive; the female is looking for someone to provide offspring.

b) The male is looking for someone who can provide offspring; the female is looking for an established male who can provide greater resources.

c) Both the male and female are looking for a mate who can provide offspring.

d) The female is looking for someone who is attractive; the male is looking for someone who could work and increase the number of resources.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

208. You just found out that your sixty-two year old uncle is dating a twenty-five-year-old woman. According to David Buss, which of the following might explain the attraction between this couple?

a) The male is looking for someone attractive; the female is looking for someone to provide offspring.

b) The male is looking for someone who can provide offspring; the female is looking for an established male who can provide greater resources.

c) Both the male and female are looking for a mate who can provide offspring.

d) The female is looking for someone who is attractive; the male is looking for someone who could work and increase the number of resources.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

209. According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic important in human mate selection?

a) body odour

b) symmetry in movement

c) shoulder to hip ratio

d) breast or penis size

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

210. Fleur has been studying mate selection for her class in Evolutionary Psychology. She tells her brother that the reason he has a “type” is due to evolution. She tells him that certain preferences, such as a preference for voice pitch, body odour, or facial symmetry have evolved for all the following reasons EXCEPT

a) they indicate immune function.

b) they suggest the stability of an individual’s intellectual abilities.

c) they communicate information about hormonal status.

d) they reveal any abnormalities in the course of development.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

211. When it comes to traits that humans find attractive in a potential mate, which of the following is NOT true?

a) Body odour plays an important role in attractiveness.

b) Females prefer males with broad shoulders and narrow hips.

c) Both sexes find facial symmetry more attractive.

d) Both sexes prefer more feminine facial features in their partner.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

212. Which of the following offers the best evolutionary explanation of why we have specific preferences for certain characteristics in mate selection?

a) We choose attractive people because we all want attractive children.

b) These characteristics may signal good health and reproductive fitness.

c) We think that being seen with an attractive person makes us more socially acceptable.

d) We are naturally selecting against unattractiveness.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

213. In mate selection, men are less interested in focusing on physical resources because

a) they can fertilize and leave.

b) they are capable of acquiring resources independently.

c) physiological characteristics and resources tend to coincide in women.

d) physical attractiveness is a more reliable sign of a fertile woman.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

214. Ginger just joined the dating scene after being single for six months. She is 20 years old, attractive, heterosexual, and a student. According to evolutionary theory, which of the following men would Ginger prefer to date, assuming she is looking for a potential mate?

a) Gabriel who is an 18-year-old artist who lives with his parents.

b) Aadil who is also a 20-year-old student with food allergies.

c) Kofi who is a 25-year-old fashion model who travels a lot.

d) Józef who is a 27-year-old dentist who coaches little league in the summer.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

215. Andrei just joined the dating scene after being single for six months. He is 50 years old, attractive, heterosexual, and a teacher. According to evolutionary theory, which of the following women would Andrei prefer to date, assuming he is looking for a potential mate?

a) Sasha who is an attractive 18-year-old woman with an immune disorder

b) Luisa who is an unattractive but very intelligent 25-year-old student

c) Maélie who is a 32-year-old fashion model

d) Bronwyn who is a somewhat attractive 45-year-old single mother with three children

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

216. What cultural arrangement describes an instance where men have multiple wives?

a) polymarital

b) polyandry

c) polygamy

d) polynuptial

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

217. Thelma is one of four women married to Lawrence. Lawrence is part of the cultural arrangement of ___.

a) polyandry

b) polynuptual

c) polysexual

d) polygamy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

218. Polyandry is

a) the practice of males having multiple male partners.

b) the practice of females having multiple female partners.

c) the practice of males having multiple female partners.

d) the practice of females having multiple male partners.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

219. Rae is a 22-year old Canadian. How many sexual partners is it statistically likely that Rae has had?

a) 1 to 2

b) 2 to 3

c) 3 to 4

d) more than 4

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

220. _____ percent of couples engage in premarital sex in the United States and _____ percent of Canadian couples living together are unmarried.

a) 100; 48

b) 96; 10

c) 95; 17

d) 72; 50

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

221. When did Kinsey begin studying human sexuality?

a) 1930s

b) 1940s

c) 1950s

d)1960s

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

222. What is NOT one of Albert Kinsey’s important contribution to sex research?

a) He described the phases of the human sexual response cycle.

b) He normalized many sexual behaviours that society previously thought were abnormal.

c) He lessened taboos about discussing sexual practices.

d) He placed sexual orientation on a continuum rather than dichotomizing it.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

223. Which of the following aspect of Kinsey’s theory of sexual orientation was MOST controversial?

a) It suggested everyone contains a certain proportion of heterosexuality and homosexuality.

b) It suggested that sexual orientation is changeable.

c) It suggested everyone could become homosexual.

d) It downplayed the role of the environment in sexual orientation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

224. At what phase of sexual response are humans fully aroused, as measured by an increase in breathing and heart rate?

a) excitement

b) plateau

c) orgasm

d) resolution

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

225. Which phase of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is marked by muscle tension and a flush that spreads across the chest?

a) plateau

b) orgasm

c) resolution

d) excitement

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

226. Which of the following is NOT a contribution that arose from Masters and Johnsons sexual research?

a) Desire is important to the phases of sexual response.

b) Women were encouraged to enjoy sex.

c) Sexual behaviour is physically possible for healthy persons of all ages.

d) Altered societal standards as to what is normal sexual behaviour.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

227. Shortly after having sex, Bella is feeling aroused again. Leon, however, does not seem to be aroused at all. Which of the following likely explains Leon’s lack of interest?

a) Males are not as easily aroused as females.

b) Leon did not experience the orgasm phase.

c) Leon is in the refractory period.

d) Leon is experiencing the plateau phase.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

228. The ______________________ is not a part of Masters and Johnson human sexual response cycle.

a) desire phase

b) excitement phase

c) plateau phase

d) resolution phase

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

229. Sex therapist Helen Kaplan introduced the idea of _____.

a) desire

b) females enjoying sex

c) orgasm

d) sex for older adults

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

230. The testes and adrenal glands produce male hormones called

a) testosterone hormones.

b) progesterones.

c) androgens.

d) follicle-stimulating hormones.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

231. _____ are involved in the sex drive for _____.

a) Progesterones; men

b) Androgens; men and women

c) Estrogens; men and women

d) Estradiols; women

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

232. Where is testosterone produced in males?

a) brain

b) penis

c) testes

d) vas deferens

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

233. Blood levels of what hormone are positively related to the sex drive in males?

a) testosterone

b) progesterone

c) estrogen

d) adrenalin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

234. What reproductive hormone is associated with how attractive a woman feels?

a) testosterone

b) progesterone

c) estrogen

d) adrenalin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

235. The female ovaries produce the female sex hormones known as

a) estrogen and androgens.

b) progesterone and androgens.

c) progesterone and estrogen.

d) testosterone and androgens.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

236. Regarding sex drive, __________ are to males; as ________ are to females.

a) progesterone; estrogen

b) androgens; progesterone

c) progesterone; androgens

d) androgens; androgens

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

237. In females, _________ levels are important for physiological aspects of the sexual response, and ________ levels determine sex drive.

a) progesterone; estrogen

b) estrogen; progesterone

c) androgen; estrogen

d) estrogen; androgen

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

238. Keshon and his boyfriend are watching a movie when the two lead characters begin to have sex. Keshon finds that he becomes sexually aroused by this scene. How would you explain why Keshon is experiencing sexual arousal by watching a movie?

a) The scene causes a release of testosterone in Keshon’s brain.

b) The scene causes a release of estrogen in Keshon’s brain.

c) The scene causes the mirror neuron system in Keshon's brain to be activated.

d) The hippocampus in Keshon’s brain has been activated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice

239. Greig is a participant in a research study in which the experimenter shows him a series of pictures. Although he cannot remember any of the pictures being sexual, he begins to feel sexually aroused. Which of the following is the MOST probable explanation for Greig’s sexual arousal?

a) Some of the photos were sexual but were presented and removed too quickly for Greig to be consciously aware of them.

b) Some of the photos evoked sexual memories for Greig which activated the mirror neuron system.

c) Greig is having a sexual fantasy surrounding one of the pictures he saw.

d) Greig has experienced a sudden burst of progesterone, which has caused him to experience sexual arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice

240. What neural system is at work when specific areas associated with a behaviour are activated when we watch other people engage in similar behaviours?

a) striatal reflective cells

b) cerebellar emulating neurons

c) matching cells in the amygdala

d) mirror neurons

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

241. Lauren is concerned that her partner, Johan, can be aroused by watching sexual behaviour in movies or online. She feels this is not normal. What can you tell her?

a) This is normal for all activities, including sexual activity. Mirror neurons are activated in ways similar to being involved in the activity itself.

b) This is not normal. Most people do become sexually aroused by observing sexual contact if they are in happy relationships.

c) This is normal but may mean the relationship needs work. Sexual urges can be activated without our knowledge., so it may be an unconscious signal that Lauren’s partner is dissatisfied.

d) This is normal for men. Women need a sexual relationship with a real person in order to become aroused, but men can become aroused just thinking about sexual acts.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

242. Uma is discussing the differences in sexuality between men and women with her psychology study group. Which of the following differences is LEAST true?

a) Men are more likely aroused by visual stimuli than women and women by physical contact and verbal expression.

b) Men are more likely attracted to youthful qualities and women are more likely attracted to qualities that signal dependability and strength.

c) Men are more likely to experience a drop in sex drive with age than women.

d) Men are more likely to fantasize about a greater number of sexual partners than women.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

243. With regard to the sexual response cycle, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

a) Patterns of sexual response are more variable in women than men.

b) Patterns of sexual response are more variable in men than women.

c) The sexual response cycle is of shorter duration for men than for women.

d) The sexual response cycle is of shorter duration for women than for men.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

244. Evidence suggests that males have a higher sex drive than women. However, this difference may, in part, be to all the following EXCEPT what?

a) biases in reporting

b) media portrayals of men and women with high versus low sex drives

c) an overreporting from closeted homosexual males may be skewing the data

d) actual differences in sex drive may exist

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

245. According to evolutionary theory, what type of mates do males generally prefer?

a) youthful

b) dependable

c) friendly

d) compliant

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

246. According to evolutionary theory, what type of mates do females prefer?

a) youthful

b) dependable

c) friendly

d) compliant

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

247. When it comes to sexual arousal, men are to ___as women are to ___.

a) fantasy; visual stimuli

b) visual stimuli; fantasy

c) visual stimuli; physical contact

d) physical contact; verbal expression

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

248. When it comes to sexual arousal, visual is to _____ as physical is to _____.

a) women; men

b) men; women

c) men; men

d) women; women

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

249. Which of the following describes a difference between men and women regarding sexual fantasies?

a) Women have more sexual fantasies than men.

b) Men have more sexual fantasies than women.

c) Men’s fantasies involve more risky sexual behaviours than women’s fantasies.

d) Women’s fantasies typically involve more actors on television than men’s fantasies.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

250. Which of the following may explain gender differences in sexual desire and sexual activity?

a) Males have higher testosterone levels than females.

b) Women tend to be more distracted by daily life stressors than men do.

c) Women are still subject to social constraints that perceive women with high sex drives negatively.

d) Research has not actually found significant gender differences in sexual desire or sexual activity.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

251. Which of the following is a universal taboo?

a) sex with children under 14 years old

b) incest

c) sex with animals

d) masturbation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

252. Which of the following is a sexual taboo that almost seems to be universal?

a) sex before marriage

b) homosexuality

c) bisexuality

d) incest

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

253. Which of the following is a possible reason why incest is a universal taboo?

a) It violates the rules of most religions.

b) It increases the chance of defective recessive genes being passed on to offspring.

c) It leads to birth defects and intellectual disabilities.

d) It arose from the need to arrange marriages.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

254. Sexual attraction towards members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes would describe an individual's

a) sexual response pattern.

b) sexual stigma.

c) sexual motivation.

d) sexual orientation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

255. Which of the following people is MOST likely to be homosexual?

a) Juan, whose identical twin is homosexual.

b) Eli, whose best friend is homosexual.

c) Daniel, who was raised by two homosexual men.

d) Jordan, who had a very close relationship with his mother.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

256. In interviewing a client seeking counseling on sexual orientation, which of the following questions a therapist could ask is MOST relevant to the client?

a) Were you seduced by a same-sex adult?

b) Have you had unsuccessful same-sex relationships?

c) Were your parents’ homosexual partners?

d) Are you attracted to men, women, or both?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

257. Current research investigating the cause of sexual orientation suggests ___________ play the dominant role.

a) culture and society

b) family and church

c) genetics and biology

d) upbringing and education

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

258. Of the following, which statement is not supported by empirical research on sexual orientation?

a) Studies suggest a strong genetic influence on sexual orientation.

b) Prenatal hormone exposure may be an important factor in sexual orientation.

c) Homosexuality exists in the animal kingdom.

d) Sexual abuse in childhood, by a same-sex person, increases risk of homosexuality.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

259. Of the following, which statement is not supported by empirical research on sexual orientation?

a) Concordance rates among monozygotic twins is high for sexual orientation.

b) Males are more likely to be gay if they have several older brothers.

c) Bonobos and other species have confirmed cases of homosexuality.

d) Children sexually abused by same-sex adults are more likely to later identify as homosexual.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

260. Unconscious motivation refers to motivation that

a) people are aware of.

b) cannot be verbalized.

c) can be verbalized.

d) is repressed.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

261. The two most commonly used tests to tap into unconscious motivations are the ___________________.

a) MMPI-2 and the TAT

b) Rorschach inkblot test and the IAT

c) TAT and the IAT

d) MMPI-2 and the NEO-PI-R

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

262. Which of the following tests below is used to assess unconscious motivation but is NOT considered a type of personality inventory?

a) the TAT

b) Myers-Briggs

c) the MMPI-2

d) the NOE-PI-R

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

263. Which of the following individuals is most likely taking the TAT?

a) Aurora is taking a test where she is expected to associate objects with moral judgements.

b) Gianni is taking a personality test that presents him with black and white drawing of people in a variety of ambiguous interactions.

c) Hassam is taking a personality test that presents him with inkblot drawings and he must provide a label for each one as quickly as possible.

d) Kennedy is taking a personality test that is asking her questions that are assessing her on five key factors of personality

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

264. Which of the following statements regarding motivation is TRUE?

a) Both conscious and unconscious cognitive states influence motivation.

b) Individuals are aware of both their unconscious and conscious motivations.

c) It is not possible to tap into a person’s unconscious motivations.

d) Motivation represents an inner drive, so really only represents unconscious motivation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

265. Abena is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and asked to describe what she believes is happening between the people in the picture. Which test is Abena taking?

a) NEO-PI-R

b) Rorschach

c) TAT

d) MMPI

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

266. Abdul is looking at a series of abstract patterns and is to explain what each image looks like to him. Frankie is looking at pictures and is asked to create a story about each picture. What is implied here?

a) Abdul is taking a Rorschach inkblot test, while Frankie is taking a TAT.

b) Abdul is taking a TAT, while Frankie is taking a Rorschach inkblot test.

c) Both Frankie and Abdul are taking a TAT.

d) Both Frankie and Abdul are taking a Rorschach inkblot test.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

267. Both Atticus and Zuko are taking projective tests. If Atticus is taking a Rorschach test and Zuko is taking a TAT test, how might they be different?

a) Atticus is responding to abstract images and Zuko is responding to drawings of ambiguous scenes.

b) Atticus is responding to drawings of ambiguous scenes and Zuko is responding to true/false questions.

c) Atticus is responding to true/false questions and Zuko is responding to a series of interview questions.

d) Atticus is responding to a series of interview questions and Zuko is responding to drawings of ambiguous scenes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

268. Dr. Ng wants to assess her client’s unconscious motivations for the way he interacts with the women in his life. Which of the following tests will Dr. Ng use to tap into her client’s unconscious motivations?

a) MMPI

b) NEO-PI-R

c) Rorschach

d) TAT

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

269. Which of the following individual is most likely taking the IAT?

a) Aurora is taking a test where she is expected to associate objects with moral judgements.

b) Gianni is taking a personality test that presents him with black and white drawing of people in a variety of ambiguous interactions.

c) Hassam is taking a personality test that presents him with inkblot drawings and he must provide a label for each one as quickly as possible.

d) Kennedy is taking a personality test that is asking her questions that are assessing her on five key factors of personality

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

270. What test is most commonly used to assess whether we have unconscious bias toward individuals of different ethnicities of sexual orientations?

a) the TAT

b) Myers-Briggs

c) the IAT

d) the NOE-PI-R

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

271. The hedonic principle states that individuals

a) experience self-image issues and difficulty regulating behaviour.

b) pursue gratification from egoistic admiration of their self-concept.

c) choose to avoid painful experiences and approach pleasurable experiences.

d) display excessive attention- seeking behaviours and experience a high need for approval.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

272. Which of the following statements regarding approach motivation is TRUE?

a) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals experience higher rates of dissatisfaction in their personal relationships.

b) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals experience higher well-being.

c) Individuals who are motivated by both an approach motivation and an avoidance motivation are unable to cope psychologically.

d) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals tend to be from non-Western societies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

273. The statement that “When all else is equal, avoidance motivation is stronger than approach motivation” refers to what concept?

a) loss aversion

b) hedonistic principle

c) unconscious motivations

d) extrinsic motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

274. Which neurotransmitter systems are related to risk and loss aversion?

a) acetylcholine and histamine

b) glutamate and dopamine

c) serotonin and GABA

d) dopamine and norepinephrine

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

275. The _____, _____ and _____ are key structures in the brain controlling loss aversion.

a) hypothalamus; amygdala; tegmentum

b) striatum; amygdala; prefrontal cortex

c) limbic system; hippocampus; prefrontal cortex

d) hippocampus; substantia nigra; limbic system

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

276. The drug _____ is known to reduce _____.

a) propranolol; loss aversion

b) melatonin; hedonic motivation

c) fluoxetine; loss aversion

d) diazepam; hedonic motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

277. Seth, an alcoholic, and Marwa , a gambling addict, are both experiencing a(n) _____, similar to that seen with those taking the drug _____.

a) increase in feelings of loss aversion; propranolol

b) reduction in feelings of loss aversion; fluoxetine

c) increase in feelings of loss aversion; fluoxetine

d) reduction in feelings of loss aversion; propranolol

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

278. Being without motivation is referred to as

a) avoidance motivation

b) anhedonia

c) amotivation

d) unconscious motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

279. Amotivation is fueled by feelings of

a) low competency, autonomy, and relatedness.

b) inadequacy and low self-esteem.

c) learned helplessness.

d) rejection and incompetence.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

280. Hikikomori can be considered an example of

a) loss aversion without symptoms of anxiety.

b) a form of paranoia.

c) learned helplessness.

d) extreme amotivation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

281. Hikikomori and amotivation

a) are unrelated.

b) are both extreme examples of being without motivation.

c) are sequential steps moving toward a state of increased motivation and competency.

d) have been shown to be precursors to schizophrenia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

282. Seventeen year old Makoto leaves his room for food and bathroom breaks only. He has no interactions with the other members of his family, spending his time online or in other solitary activities. This situation has persisted for months. Makoto may be experiencing a phenomenon known as _____.

a) loss aversion

b) hikikomori

c) approach avoidance

d) komorebi

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

283. Research indicates that amotivation is a state that

a) increases with age.

b) decreases with the pursuit and completion of higher education.

c) is unrelated to feelings of competence.

d) is more common in males.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

284. Anhedonia is _____ that is often associated with _____.

a) a loss of motivation and pleasure; depression.

b) associated with long-term perseverance to reach a goal; approach motivation.

c) a state of being without motivation; anxiety

d) the belief that we cannot avoid negative outcomes; learned helplessness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

285. Which of the following brain areas are NOT involved in the neural connections related to motivation and feelings of pleasure or reward?

a) prefrontal cortex

b) ventral tegmental area

c) anterior cingulate cortex

d) ventral thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

286. Which of the following is associated with intrinsic motivation?

a) autonomy

b) dependence

c) incompetence

d) reliance on rewards

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

287. Which of the following is NOT associated with intrinsic motivation?

a) relatedness

b) inability to accept failure

c) competence

d) autonomy

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

288. What term is used to describe the satisfaction derived from simply engaging in a behaviour?

a) intrinsic motivation

b) extrinsic motivation

c) central motivation

d) inherent motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

289. Ella and Hazel are taking a pottery class. Although Hazel hopes that, with practice, she will be able to sell her pottery, Ella is just thinking of the enjoyment she will get from working with the clay. Which of the following is MOST probably TRUE?

a) Ella will enjoy the pottery class more than Hazel will.

b) Hazel will enjoy the pottery class more than Ella.

c) Both Ella and Hazel will enjoy the class equally.

d) Ella will become frustrated if she is not as good a pottery as Hazel and, therefore, will quit.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

290. Patrick has entered a sailing contest. If he wins, he will receive $10,000 which will pay for his tuition for the next year. If he does NOT win, he may have to take a year off university. Which of the following will MOST likely describe Patrick’s reaction if he wins?

a) Patrick will become more confident in his sailing ability.

b) Patrick will think he succeeded because of the $10,000 prize money.

c) Patrick will feel ashamed that the money meant so much to him.

d) Patrick will feel a greater sense of competence and autonomy.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

291. Kevin was not enrolled in school, nor did he have a job that required mathematical skills or reasoning, yet he spent several nights a week reading and solving problems in an old calculus textbook. How would you best explain this behaviour? Kevin is

a) extrinsically motivated.

b) competitive.

c) intrinsically motivated.

d) trying to fulfill his self-esteem need.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

292. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

a) Extrinsic motivation is based on reward and punishment, while intrinsic motivation is based on personal satisfaction.

b) Extrinsic motivation is based on external incentives, while intrinsic motivation is based on reward and punishment.

c) Extrinsic motivation is based on personal satisfaction, while intrinsic motivation is based on a fear of punishment.

d) Extrinsic motivation is socially influenced, while intrinsic motivation is genetic.

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

293. Which of the following is a correct matching of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

a) Simona loves ballet and practices eight to ten hours a day.

b) Ander trains eight to ten hours a day for the marathon he is planning to run at the end of the month.

c) Alfie’s father has been grooming Alfie for the golf pro circuit since he was three-years old. Alfie practices eight to ten hours a day.

d) Greta skis eight to ten hours a day, just to feel the wind in her face and the rush of the downhill speed.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

294. Vivian and Lilian are both registered in the same psychology class. Vivian wants to do well because she is very interested in the material, while Lilian wants to do well because she wants to see an ‘A’ on her transcript. How is their achievement motivation different?

a) Vivian is intrinsically motivated, and Lilian is extrinsically motivated.

b) Vivian is self-determined, and Lilian is future-driven.

c) Vivian is able delay her gratification and Lilian is not.

d) Vivian is more likely to fail than Lilian.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

295. Jacques always gets a reward from his parents when his team wins a soccer match. Based on this information, which of the following statements is probably true?

a) Jacques has no feelings of self-worth.

b) Jacques is not meeting his goals of affiliation.

c) Jacques gets incredibly upset when he loses a game.

d) Jacques is not extrinsically motivated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

296. Tasha is entering an essay contest. Tasha really hopes to win the $3000 awarded for the top essay. Which of the following correctly describes how Tasha will feel when the competition is over?

a) If Tasha wins, she will feel very competent. If she loses, she will work to improve her writing.

b) If Tasha wins, she will feel very competent. If she loses, she will think the contest was “rigged.”.

c) If Tasha wins, she will think it is because of the reward. If she loses, she will feel she has failed.

d) If Tasha wins, she will think it is because of the reward. If she loses, she will work harder to win the next competition.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

297. Fixed mindset is to _____ as growth mindset is to _____.

a) innate; developed

b) developed; innate

c) approach motivation; avoidance motivation

d) avoidance motivation; approach motivation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

298. Jemma was determined to succeed as a clinical psychologist. She knew the competition to get into a clinical graduate program was fierce but felt sure that if she worked hard, listened to the advice of her professors, and was strategic about acquiring important volunteer and research skills, that she would reach her goal. Which of the following is TRUE of Jemma?

a) Jemma is employing avoidance motivation.

b) Jemma is experiencing a reduction of loss aversion.

c) Jemma has a growth mindset.

d) Jemma has a fixed mindset.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

299. Bethany has always wanted to be an engineer. However, she is convinced that she was not born with the necessary skills. Her friend Avery argues that instead of focusing on her innate skills, Bethany should know that hard work and perseverance will help her to reach her goal. Based on this information what can we say about Bethany and Avery’s views?

a) Avery has a growth mindset and Bethany has a fixed mindset.

b) Bethany has a growth mindset and Avery has a fixed mindset.

c) Avery is intrinsically motivated, and Bethany l is extrinsically motivated.

d) Bethany is intrinsically motivated, and Avery is extrinsically motivated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

300. Grit is most related to

a) a fixed mindset.

b) a growth mindset.

c) anhedonia

d) extrinsic motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

301. Brain imaging studies show that the neural connections between the _____ and the _____ are important for both grit and growth mindset.

a) ventral thalamus and inferior colliculi

b) cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex

c) ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex

d) hippocampus and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

302. Which of the following is a psychological need?

a) water

b) affiliation

c) food

d) sex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

303. The need to form attachments to others is called

a) affiliation.

b) attraction.

c) autonomy.

d) achievement.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

304. What psychological need is associated with belonging?

a) self-worth

b) affiliation

c) food

d) achievement

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

305. According to Diener and Seligman, why is it important to be a part of a social group?

a) need for leadership

b) stress reduction

c) achievement

d) evolutionary advantage

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

306. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following describes an evolutionary advantage of being part of a social group?

a) It raises our self-esteem.

b) Groups can help provide food and protection.

c) It prevents loneliness and increases levels of happiness.

d) It motivates us to pursue our highest need of self-actualization.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

307. What reflex reinforces an infant’s chances of survival due to affiliation with the mother?

a) rooting

b) Babinski

c) tonic neck reflex

d) Moro reflex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

308. Positive relationships with friends and significant others help to raise ___.

a) self-esteem

b) emotional bonding

c) intelligence

d) achievement

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

309. Which of the following is NOT a need that is filled through affiliation?

a) It helps us define who we are.

b) It raises our self-esteem.

c) It allows us to self-actualize.

d) It allows us to feel secure about our place in the world.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

310. Richard and Marlene have been happily married for 52 years. Because of this healthy long-term relationship, what health consequences can we expect to observe?

a) Both will be less depressed, and both will live longer.

b) Richard will be less depressed and will live longer.

c) Marlene will be less depressed and will live longer.

d) We do not have enough information to predict what health consequences will arise over time for this couple.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

311. Troy was raised in a chaotic and unstable family. His mother had addiction issues and her boyfriends come and went and were often quite abusive. There was little to eat and no affection. Now in his teens, Troy has joined a gang. We might have predicted this outcome for Troy because

a) gangs target vulnerable youth.

b) motivation to succeed in any context is common in abused children.

c) affiliation is an essential psychological need that was not being met.

d) aggression is learned and requires an outlet.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

312. If you were researching reasons for adolescent gang involvement, which of the following would be a key factor you would likely uncover in your investigation?

a) the desire for money

b) the desire for power

c) the desire to belong

d) the desire to succeed

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

313. Oscar has just finished his initiation into a dangerous street gang. Although Oscar is aware of the risks, he willingly decided to join the gang. Which of the following best explains Oscar’s decision?

a) Oscar likes to feel powerful.

b) Oscar is a very aggressive person.

c) Oscar is having his affiliation needs met by the gang.

d) Oscar likes the socialization the gang has to offer.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

314. What brain structure is activated when people feel excluded?

a) anterior cingulate cortex

b) thalamus

c) hypothalamus

d) red nucleus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

315. Danil’s anterior cingulate cortex is being activated in a social situation. What is most likely happening to Danil?

a) He is being excluded.

b) He is having sex.

c) He is winning an award.

d) He is eating.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

316. Hugh is a grade ten student who has just moved to a new school. As the “new kid” he has become the victim of bullying and has not yet made any friends. Which area of Hugh’s brain is likely activated?

a) anterior hypothalamus

b) posterior hypothalamus

c) anterior cingulate cortex

d) posterior cingulate cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

317. Besides being activated by social exclusion, the anterior cingulated cortex also responds to

a) overeating.

b) sexual arousal.

c) physical pain.

d) achievement.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

318. Our motivation to belong may explain which of the following behaviours?

a) abusing a significant other

b) writing a novel

c) joining a gang

d) reading this textbook

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

319. After being separated from her abusive husband for two weeks, Janella decides to give him another chance. Which of the following may be a factor in Janella’s decision?

a) Janella feels she can achieve more with her husband than she can alone.

b) Janella feels a sense of belonging with her husband that she does not feel alone.

c) Janella is intrinsically motivated to reunite with her husband.

d) Janella is extrinsically motivated to reunite with her husband.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

320. Giovanna has been living in a women’s shelter with her two preschoolers. Her husband has begged her to return home. Giovanna has fled her home and returned before, only for the cycle of abuse to be repeated. However, she is seriously considering going home again. Which of the following may be a factor in Giovanna’s decision?

a) Giovanna feels she can achieve more with her husband than she can alone.

b) Giovanna feels a sense of belonging with her husband that she does not feel alone.

c) Giovanna is intrinsically motivated to reunite with her husband.

d) Giovanna is extrinsically motivated to reunite with her husband.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

321. Which of the following two people are most likely to show activation in the SAME brain area?

*Van, who just stubbed his toe

*Mia, who was just kicked out of her yoga group

*Gen, who is doing a logic puzzle

*Lira, who is watching TV

a) Gen and Lira

b) Van and Mia

c) Van and Gen

d) Mia and Lira

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

322. When Katrina first went away to university, she called home almost every night because she was homesick. Six weeks into the semester, however, she only calls home once a week and is excited to tell her mother about the clubs she has joined and all the new friends she has made. Katrina probably does not call home as much because

a) her drive to succeed is being met.

b) she now feels connected to friends at school so her need for affiliation has been met.

c) she need for autonomy has been met.

d) she feels a sense of achievement.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

323. According to self-determination theory, our life’s purpose comes from

a) reproducing and securing our future.

b) instinctive feelings of competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

c) having a solid family network.

d) relating to our peers.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

324. What theory states that competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive and give meaning to life?

a) self-determination

b) emotional intelligence

c) affiliation

d) predestination

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

325. Dr. Grenville believes that competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive. Which of the following theories would Dr. Grenville MOST likely support?

a) dual-centre theory

b) triarchic theory

c) self-determination theory

d) set point theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

326. What is a term used to describe achievement that is motivated by incentives?

a) competition

b) affiliation

c) self-regulation

d) conviction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

327. Dillan was in a motor vehicle accident and suffered damage to his prefrontal cortex. Which of the following might you expect of Dillan?

a) Dillan may have problems with vision.

b) Dillan may not want to affiliate with others.

c) Dillan will be afraid to be alone.

d) Dillan will have difficulties with impulse control.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

328. Which of the following individuals most probably experienced prefrontal cortical damage.?

a) Matthew claims he cannot see anything but is able to avoid objects in his path.

b) Ramona cannot stop eating because she never feels full.

c) Theo is impulsive and does not consider the future consequences for his actions.

d) Bertrand has lost the ability to comprehend speech.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

329. Varner is 3 years old, and he is very good at delaying gratification. For instance, he waited his turn for access to a favoured toy, and he waited for his mom to find the camera when it was time to blow out his birthday candles. Based on this, what would you predict about Varner when he gets older?

a) He will have gifted IQ.

b) He will make a good income.

c) He will be married.

d) He will do better in school.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

330. Three-year-old Jan and Biel were in a delay of gratification experiment in a laboratory setting. Jan was able to delay gratification and Biel was not. Research predicts that Jan will experience greater ___________ success then Biel.

a) financial

b) academic

c) athletic

d) occupational

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

331. Why are young children unable to delay gratification as easily as adults?

a) Their prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until early adulthood.

b) They do not understand the concept of time in order to wait during the delay.

c) Once they put something out of their mind, they do not remember to retrieve it again after the delay.

d) Their neurons do not communicate as rapidly as an adult’s.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

332. Research suggests that the ability to delay gratification may depend on the development of the

a) autonomic nervous system.

b) basal ganglia.

c) prefrontal cortex.

d) parietal cortex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

333. Vincent is participating in a study in which he is offered 2 cookies now or 4 cookies in half an hour. What are the researchers looking for in Vincent?

a) his ability to count

b) his ability to represent different quantities of food

c) his ability to respond to verbal instructions

d) his ability to delay gratification

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

334. Zoe was very hungry, but she knew that she could NOT stop studying to eat because her final exam was in 20 minutes, and she could eat after the test. This example illustrates what phenomenon?

a) self-worth

b) affiliation

c) delayed gratification

d) achievement

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

335. What factor is related to the ability to delay gratification?

a) confidence

b) self-actualization

c) achievement

d) impulse control

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

336. Why is the ability of children to delay gratification so important?

a) It is related to intelligence.

b) It may predict academic and social success.

c) It is linked with decreased psychological disorders.

d) It is predictive of longevity.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

337. Six-year old Jerry and his two-year old brother, Liam, are playing with blocks. Every time Jerry takes a block, Liam yells, "Mine"! and grabs it from him. Jerry lets his brother have the blocks because he knows Liam will soon have a nap and he can play with all the blocks himself. Jerry appears to have developed the ability to _____.

a) empathize

b) delay gratification

c) demonstrate sibling affiliation

d) accommodate

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

338. Jessica, 4 years old, is unwilling to wait until her birthday to open her gifts. What neural characteristic can explain why she is having difficulty delaying gratification?

a) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated.

b) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated.

c) Neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated.

d) Neurons in the thalamus are fully myelinated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

339. What neural characteristic may explain why young children have difficulty delaying gratification?

a) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated.

b) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated.

c) Neurons in the cerebellum are fully myelinated.

d) Neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

340. At what stage of development does the prefrontal cortex contain adult levels of synapses to connect the neurons?

a) infancy

b) later childhood

c) puberty

d) young adulthood

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

341. Forty-year-old Jason became angry and punched his thirty-nine-year old brother, Pierre. This inability to inhibit his immediate thought of aggression is most probably related to Jason’s ___.

a) low levels of glucose

b) undetected brain damage

c) immature cognitive functioning

d) poor impulse control

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

342. Twelve-year-old Xavier has just been caught shoplifting a video game. When the police and his mother ask him why he did it, he told them that he saw it and “just wanted it”. Xavier is exhibiting difficulty with __________ which is related to myelination of the ___________.

a) episodic memory; hippocampus

b) reward delay processing; parietal cortex

c) impulse control; parietal cortex

d) impulse control; prefrontal cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

343. What is the difference between the psychological need for affiliation and the need for achievement?

a) Brain size influences the need for affiliation, but not achievement.

b) Achievement is defined in the same way across different societies, but affiliation is not.

c) Affiliation is a basic psychological need, but achievement is not.

d) Affiliation is less important than achievement.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

344. What might motivate someone from a collectivist society to achieve?

a) to maintain self-worth

b) to make the social group proud

c) to help purchase items for the social group

d) to make their personal success universal

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

345. Charlie is an accomplished violinist in his school orchestra. He is unconcerned with what MOST of his classmates think or say, but whenever the teacher gives a nuanced critique of one of Charlie’s solos, he listens with interest. What would you offer as an explanation?

a) Charlie has a high need for achievement.

b) Charlie prefers moderately difficult tasks.

c) Charlie is competitive.

d) Charlie is highly self-regulated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

346. How are motivations different from emotions?

a) Motivations navigate people towards a goal, whereas emotions do not.

b) Motivations respond to internal needs, whereas emotions are reactions to external stimuli.

c) Motivations occur only in humans, whereas emotions are universal among all species.

d) Motivations reflect a need for homeostasis, whereas emotions reflect a need for self-actualization.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

347. Which of the following is NOT a component of emotion?

a) physiological

b) psychological

c) cognitive

d) behavioural

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

348. Which of the following is a basic emotion?

a) jealousy

b) shock

c) surprise

d) shame

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

349. Approximately how many words in the English language refer to emotion?

a) 200

b) 300

c) 400

d) 500

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

350. During her breakup with Jessica, Anika became “tongue-tied” and could NOT express her emotions. This seems incredible because ___words in the English language refer to emotion.

a) 169

b) approximately 200

c) 432

d) over 500

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

351. Despite _____ words in the English language that refer to emotion, Khaled was overcome and unable to express his emotions when he called his in-laws to report the birth of his son, their first grandchild.

a) 169

b) approximately 200

c) 432

d) over 500

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

352. Which of the following is NOT a component of emotion?

a) affective

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) physiological

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

353. Maja hears a funny joke and laughs until her eyes water and her cheeks are sore. Which component of emotion is displayed in this example?

a) behavioural

b) cognitive

c) physiological

d) affective

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

354. You are interviewing potential candidates at a company where the corporate culture is strong and important. One of the company’s core values is giving back to the community, so you ask the candidates how they would feel about joining in on volunteer projects on the weekend. Which candidate is revealing the MOST information through non-verbal communication?

a) Hilary looks unhappy and crosses her arms as she says that she would be glad to volunteer if that is expected of employees.

b) Courtney frowns as she explains that she would love to join the team but is already scheduled to be a volunteer firefighter on the weekends.

c) Chelsea looks concerned as she explains that she would not usually be able to volunteer on weekends due to other commitments.

d) Daphne smiles and nods as she says that she would enjoy spending a Saturday giving back to the community.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion and discuss the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

355. Which of the following activities is/are related to the physiological component of emotion?

a) body temperature

b) respiration

c) pupil dilation

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

356. As Victor is getting ready to give his valedictorian speech, he finds he is perspiring, breathing rapidly, and his mouth is so dry he can barely swallow. Victor is experiencing the ___ component of emotion.

a) physiological

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) emotional

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

357. What assumption is central to the idea that physiological reactions to stimuli can be used to assess emotional experiences?

a) that different emotions can cause similar physiological responses

b) that different emotions result in different physiological reactions

c) that the emotions caused by experiencing an event are like the emotions experienced when remembering the event

d) that our interpretation of the physiological reaction to an event is crucial to how we define our emotional experience

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

358. The subjective appraisal and interpretation of one’s feelings are associated with what component of emotion?

a) physiological

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) social

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

359. As Yoshie is watching the latest psychological thriller movie, she finds that she is feeling nervous, frightened, and tense. Which component of emotion does this illustrate?

a) physiological

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) emotional

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

360. The subjective appraisal and interpretation of an individual’s feelings and surrounding environment comprises the ________component of emotion.

a) physiological

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) psychological

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

361. Kai and Terra are sitting next to each other on an airplane. As soon as the plane takes off, Kai goes to sleep. Terra on the other hand is very frightened and grips the arms of the chair for the entire flight. The fact that Kai and Terra could experience the flight so differently reflects the ______________ component of emotion.

a) physiological

b) psychological

c) cognitive

d) behavioural

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

362. Which of the following is NOT included as part of the cognitive component of emotion?

a) an appraisal of the event producing the emotion

b) interpreting the emotion that has been evoked

c) verbal expression of an emotion

d) evaluative thoughts about an emotional experience

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

363. Following a flood, Jane was worried that desperate looters were going to attack her when they saw that she was carrying food and water. As a result, her nervous system required her to take swift action for survival by running away quickly. What response is occurring here?

a) fight-or-flight response

b) critical stress response

c) adaptive feedback response

d) parasympathetic nervous system response

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

364. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive function of emotion?

a) organizing memory

b) prioritizing needs and goals

c) improving language acquisition

d) guiding decision making

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

365. Most precisely, what part of the human nervous system is responsible for producing the physical manifestations of anxiety?

a) peripheral nervous system

b) parasympathetic nervous system

c) autonomic nervous system

d) sympathetic nervous system

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

366. What is the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

a) The sympathetic nervous system controls the expression of positive emotions, and the parasympathetic nervous system controls the expression of negative emotions.

b) The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reading emotions in others and the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for projecting our emotions to others.

c) The sympathetic nervous system controls facial expressions, and the parasympathetic nervous system controls nonverbal communication of the entire body.

d) The sympathetic nervous system arouses the body into action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms the body back to its normal state.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

367. During emotional arousal, the _____________ nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight and the _____________ nervous system restores the body to homeostasis.

a) sympathetic; parasympathetic

b) parasympathetic; sympathetic

c) autonomic; somatic

d) somatic; autonomic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion and discuss the components, measurement, and functions of

emotion.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

368. Which of the following are used to express the behavioural component of emotion?

a) facial expression

b) gestures

c) body posture

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

369. What is the difference in the accuracy of members from a remote tribe to identify emotions from looking at photographs of facial expressions compared to people from Western society?

a) No difference, both are equally accurate.

b) Members from the remote tribe are more accurate than people from Western society.

c) People from Western society are more accurate than members from the remote tribe.

d) Members from the remote tribe are only accurate with photographs of people they know, whereas people from Western society are accurate with people from varied cultures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

370. William is looking at photographs of a man from the Fore tribe in New Guinea who is making different facial expressions. Which of the following is likely true about William’s ability to identify the facial expressions?

a) He will not be able to identify the emotion that belongs with each of the facial expressions.

b) He will be able to identify the negative emotions.

c) He will be able to identify the six fundamental emotions.

d) He will be able to identify the positive emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

371. According to research by Ekman, there are six fundamental emotions. Which of the following is NOT one of these six emotions?

a) curiosity

b) fear

c) surprise

d) disgust

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

372. Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman’s six fundamental emotions that participants can typically identify in others?

a) surprise

b) fear

c) embarrassment

d) disgust

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

373. Basic emotions are best thought of as

a) a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of their background or experiences.

b) the first emotions that develop in infants that are highly dependent on experience.

c) the building blocks of all our complex emotions.

d) the emotions of happiness, fear, sadness, and anger.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

374. What emotional response is associated with clenched teeth and furrowed eyebrows?

a) frustration

b) happiness

c) sadness

d) anger

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

375. While listening to a news story about the ongoing government efforts in the Middle East, Amelia frowned and slumped her shoulders. What emotion was she expressing?

a) anger

b) surprise

c) frustration

d) sadness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

376. When Jamila discovered a dead mouse in the bag of dog food in her garage, her eyes narrowed, her nostrils were pulled straight up, producing wrinkles at the sides and bridge of the nose, and her lips were raised, with the corners of her mouth turned down. What emotion was Jamila expressing?

a) anger

b) surprise

c) disgust

d) sadness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

377. People who score high on the personality-related dimension of alexithymia find it especially difficult to

a) engage with others interpersonally.

b) understand facial expressions.

c) understand social-based emotions (e.g., embarrassment and shame).

d) cognitively process emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: What is Emotion

378. Mikael was recently found to score high on the personality-related dimension of alexithymia. Which of the following would MOST likely be true of Mikael?

a) Mikael would probably be extremely sensitive to the emotions of others.

b) Mikael has lower activity in his prefrontal cortex and amygdala when viewing emotional content.

c) Mikael would process emotional facial expressions faster than someone who scores low on alexithymia.

d) Mikael would not use emotional facial expressions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

379. Hyuk was recently found to score high on the personality-related dimension of alexithymia. Which of the following would MOST likely be true of Hyuk?

a) Hyuk would probably be extremely sensitive to the emotions of others.

b) Hyuk would have difficulty remembering emotion-related words on a memory test.

c) Hyuk would have extreme emotional mood swings.

d) Hyuk would not use emotional facial expressions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

380. Elijah has difficulty processing the emotions of other people and seems unable to remember emotion-related words. Elijah would likely score high on the personality-related dimension of _____________.

a) cyclothymia

b) alexithymia

c) dysthymia

d) emotive-dyslexia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

381. Nevaeh participated in a study in which she was asked to describe her reactions to a short film using words that describe emotions such as cheerful, angry, and timid. What approach was being used to measure Nevaeh’s emotional experience?

a) behavioural displays

b) self-report

c) associative learning

d) physiological reactions

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

382. Piao hid behind a one-way mirror and observed the children interacting in a playroom. By carefully recording what he saw, which approach is being used to document the children’s emotional experience?

a) behavioural displays

b) self-report

c) associative learning

d) physiological reactions

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

383. Dr. Griffin is conducting a research study; he shows his participants emotionally-charged photographs and observes their body language and facial expressions. What type of information is Dr. Griffin collecting to measure emotion?

a) self-reports

b) facial electromyography readings

c) physiological responses

d) behavioural displays

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

384. Which of the following is NOT a legitimate limitation of the use of self-ratings in the study of emotion?

a) They provide a limited picture of a person’s emotional experience.

b) They rely on a person’s ability to properly identify and describe an emotional experience.

c) There are limited self-report tools available.

d) They do not work well with children.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

385. Dr. Ludwig is conducting a study on emotion. He shows his participants an emotionally-charged film and then gives them a questionnaire on how different scenes in the film made them feel. Which measure of emotion is Dr. Ludwig using?

a) behavioural displays

b) physiological reactions displays

c) self-reports

d) social observations

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

386. Facial electromyography measures

a) a person’s startle response.

b) how quickly a particular facial expression occurs.

c) the contraction of certain facial muscles associated with different emotions.

d) the amount of perspiration on the forehead associated with different emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

387. What physiological measurement technique measures muscle contractions in areas of the face when emotionally charged stimuli are encountered?

a) facial EEG

b) facial PET

c) facial MRI

d) facial EMG

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

388. Wesley is having his facial EMG measured while he views different scenes. Which of the following is most likely to be found?

a) His eyelids tense when he does not want to look at something.

b) His brows furrow when looking at geometric shapes.

c) His smiling muscles are active when he views upside down faces.

d) His frowning muscles are active when viewing extremely unpleasant stimuli.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

389. Shawnita is on a jury and is required to look at graphic crime scene photos of a murder. How might an EMG determine whether Shawnita found these photos distressing?

a) Her eyes are closed, and her head is down.

b) Her upper eyelids are drooped, eyebrows are angled to form a “V,” lower lips is jutted outward and downward.

c) Her facila muscles show heightened activity.

d) Her frowning muscles are active, and her eyebrows are lowered and contracted.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

390. Martin is a movie producer who is getting ready to release a new horror movie. To see how scary movie-goers might find the film, he asks a group of people to view the film and then fill out a questionnaire about how the film made them feel. What are some of the problems that Martin may have with this type of measure of emotion?

a) Martin may interpret the answers to the questions in the way that would be most favorable to the film.

b) His viewers may not be able to accurately identify or describe the emotional experience evoked by the film.

c) As the film presents a false scenario, it is unlikely the viewers will feel the same emotions they would in a real situation.

d) The viewers probably will not be willing to admit how frightening they found the film.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

391. Shaan is taking an fMRI to demonstrate through brain activity that he is truthfully reporting to his insurance company the events surrounding the fire at his business. How might this fMRI evidence by used in court?

a) It will be used as evidence because the fMRI approach can accurately show whether Shaan is telling the truth.

b) It will be used as evidence because the fMRI approach can accurately show that Shaan remembers being off-site at the time the fire was set.

c) It will not be used as evidence because although the fMRI approach can accurately show whether Shaan is lying, it cannot accurately show how he feels about the fire.

d) It will not be used in court as evidence because the fMRI approach cannot accurately detect lying behaviour in individuals.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

392. What is the major problem with using lie detectors?

a) They have more false positives with men than women.

b) They are racially biased.

c) They cannot tell if a response is due to emotion or something else.

d) They are inaccurate because of user error.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

393. What would be the MOST effective argument against the use of polygraph testing to determine if someone is telling the truth?

a) Lying does not trigger the same physiological responses in everyone, and the test cannot attribute specific emotions to physiological changes.

b) One in ten polygraph tests will result in an inaccurate determination of truthfulness.

c) It has been proven that lying does not generally produce detectable physiological responses.

d) Physiological changes measured by a polygraph are not consistent across cultures and should be analyzed in the context of each culture’s display rules.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

394. Which of the following would MOST allow a polygraph testing to be more dependable in detecting guilt?

a) Develop a means to detect more subtle changes in autonomic arousal during questioning.

b) Develop a scale that measures intensity of emotion, which correlates significantly to feelings of guilt.

c) Create a dual polygraph so that a control reading can be taken from a non-guilty party.

d) Create a measurement system that can read a person's intent as well as response.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

395. Chioke is showing emotion during a lie detector test because, although innocent, he fears that he will not be believed. Chioke’s experience demonstrates one of the biggest problems with using lie detector tests. What is it?

a) The general public does not understand the technology involved well enough to interpret the data properly.

b) They cannot be properly tested, because the liar is always instructed to lie, and this may cause a different physiological reaction than lying for real.

c) They do not detect lies; they detect emotional reactions to stimuli.

d) There is low reliability with lies and low validity with truths.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

396. What involuntary startle reflex was described in the text as a reliable measure of how adults emotionally react to life situations?

a) knee jerk

b) Babinski

c) eye blink

d) Moro

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

397. Baldwin, a police detective, is looking at crime scene photos from a murder. Which of the following is most likely to occur when Baldwin is looking at the photos?

a) Baldwin’s heart rate will increase.

b) Baldwin’s facial muscles will become more relaxed.

c) Baldwin’s eye blinks will become more pronounced.

d) Baldwin’s facial muscles will twitch.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

398. Dr. Cordon is conducting a research study using various measures of emotional arousal. During the experiment, she presents her participants with images depicting negative and positive emotional stimuli. Which of the following is she NOT likely to find?

a) Participants would have more pronounced eye blinks when viewing positive stimuli than negative stimuli.

b) Participants would have a higher galvanic skin response for negative stimuli than for positive stimuli.

c) The muscles around the participants’ eyebrows would lower and contract for negative stimuli whereas the muscles around the mouth will become more active for positive stimuli.

d) Participant’s heart rate would decrease when viewing unpleasant stimuli and increase when viewing pleasant stimuli.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

399. Lucia is watching a documentary on the holocaust. It shows very graphic photos of the suffering of persons in the Nazi concentration camps. She later watches a documentary about puppies. Which of the following accurately describes the changes in heart rate that Lucia would experience while watching both documentaries?

a) Lucia’s heart rate would decrease while watching the documentary on the holocaust and increase with the puppy documentary.

b) Lucia’s heart rate would increase while watching the documentary on the holocaust and decrease with the puppy documentary.

c) Lucia’s heart rate would increase while watching both documentaries.

d) Lucia’s heart rate would decrease while watching both documentaries.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

400. Joud thought about her new puppy, Max, and had warm, fuzzy, pleasant thoughts about him. If her heart rate were assessed, what pattern would be observed for this pleasant stimulus?

a) reduced

b) accelerated

c) arrhythmic

d) alpha waves

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

401. Xaria’s physician just told her that the medical tests indicated cancer. If her heart rate were assessed, what pattern would be observed for this unpleasant/fearful news?

a) reduced

b) accelerated

c) arrhythmic

d) alpha waves

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

402. Which of the following would be TRUE of the galvanic skin response?

a) Negative emotional arousal would produce a higher galvanic skin response, whereas positive emotional arousal would produce lower response.

b) Negative emotional arousal would produce a lower galvanic skin response, whereas positive emotional arousal would produce higher galvanic skin response.

c) A lower galvanic skin response would be found for both positive and negative emotional arousal.

d) A higher galvanic skin response would be produced by both positive and negative emotional arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

403. Dr. Filbert is conducting a research study on emotional arousal. He places a large electrode on the palm of his participant’s hand and then presents them with negative and positive images. Which measurement is Dr. Filbert using?

a) facial electromyography

b) heart rate

c) galvanic skin response

d) ocularmyography

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

404. Tarun worked in a psychology lab that studied emotional arousal via skin conductance. Given the discussion in the text, where would a large electrode be placed to measure perspiration levels and skin conductance?

a) palm of the hand

b) behind the knee

c) near the jugular vein in the neck

d) near the left eye on the face near the hairline

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

405. Which of the following is admissible in court as evidence of lying?

a) fMRI

b) classic lie detectors

c) facial electromyography (EMG)

d) None of these measures are admissible in court.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

406. Which of the following is NOT used to measure physiological reactions of emotion?

a) EEG

b) facial EMG

c) startle reflex

d) skin conductance

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

406. Nayyir believes that she remembers every detail of the day her grandfather died. She remembers her mixed emotions when the extended family arrived at her mother’s house; then she remembers the surreal and sad emotions she experienced when the entire family went to the hospital to say their individual goodbyes. Finally, she remembers her sorrow at leaving her mother alone when the children were made to leave so that life support could be withdrawn. What function of emotions is being illustrated here?

a) prioritizing concerns

b) making decisions

c) goal-directed behaviour

d) organizing memories

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

407. Which of the following regarding the function of emotions is accurate?

a) Couples who share negative emotions jeopardize the quality of their relationships.

b) Emotions disrupt the organization of thoughts and behaviours.

c) Individuals who keep emotions private experience difficulties in relationships.

d) Emotions exist independent of behaviour.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

408. What patterns of behaviour help us to adapt and survive in our social and physical environments?

a) social arbitration

b) emotional profusion

c) behavioural reflexes

d) action tendencies

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

409. What action tendency evokes forgiveness, motivates reconciliation, and adherence to social norms?

a) anger

b) embarrassment

c) anxiety

d) sadness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

410. Which of the following reflects an action tendency for embarrassment?

a) Tony runs into a friend at the mall that he has not seen in a long time.

b) When Tony runs into his friend at the mall, he apologizes because he told him he was too sick to go out.

c) When Tony sees his friend at the mall, he goes into the nearest store to avoid him as he told him he was too sick to go out.

d) After telling Tony he is too sick to go out, Tony runs into a friend in the mall. Tony tells his friend he does not want to speak to him again.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

411. The action tendency of directing our attention to a potential threat and taking appropriate action to avoid or cope with it is associated with the emotion of

a) sadness.

b) embarrassment.

c) anxiety.

d) anger.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

412. Jasmine just experienced an intense emotional reaction when her boyfriend of 2 years broke up with her. If she is like 90% of people who have had recent emotional experiences, what is she most likely to do?

a) Use this experience as a learning tool to move forward.

b) Seclude herself to allow her to express her emotions freely and alone.

c) Discuss the emotional experience with someone else.

d) Bottle it up inside and try to suppress her emotions.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

413. According to James-Lange, how does an emotion begin?

a) elicitation of physiological change

b) elicitation of behavioural change

c) commitment to a decision

d) perception of an event

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

414. Colin was sweaty and hot from the summer sun when his father scolded him. Colin interpreted his sweaty state as occurring due to his father reprimanding him. Who proposed a theory that suggests that physiological responses to a stimulus like the sun provides the basis for our experiencing an emotion?

a) James-Lange

b) Pavlov

c) Cannon-Bard

d) Schachter and Singer

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

415. Which of the major theories of emotion does the following statement "I am happy because I am laughing" BEST describe?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Two-factor

d) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

416. Which theory of emotion states that perception of a stimulus triggers physiological arousal, which an individual experiences as emotion?

a) James-Lange theory.

b) Cannon-Bard theory.

c) Schachter’s and Singer’s two factor theory.

d) Duchenne and Mehrabian’s theory.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

417. We see a black bear in the woods, our hearts race as we begin to run, and then we experience fear. This is best explained by the ___________________.

a) James-Lange theory

b) Cannon-Bard theory

c) facial feedback hypothesis

d) Schachter Two-Factor theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

418. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,

a) the emotion causes the physiological arousal.

b) the physiological arousal causes the emotion.

c) the physiological arousal and emotion happen simultaneously.

d) the physiological arousal and label provided for it contribute to the emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

419. According to Lange, what physiological structure is the root cause of all emotion?

a) emotional hub

b) vasomotor centre

c) sympathetic complex

d) arousal nucleus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

420. Xander believes that if he were to see a bear in the woods, his body would react physiologically and then he would feel fear. Which major theory of emotion does Xander agree with?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Two-Factor

d) cognitive-mediational

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

421. The fact that persons with spinal cord injuries continue to experience emotional excitability similar to their functioning prior to their injury disputes which theory of emotion?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter and Singer

d) cognitive mediational

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

422. What would be the BEST way to scientifically study the cognitive component of emotion?

a) Combine self-report surveys with corresponding physiological data.

b) Use polygraph tests to measure the accuracy of subject reporting.

c) Survey multiple subjects about their emotional states.

d) Measure non-verbal communication across cultures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

423. Trystan believes that the experience of emotion is based on physiological responses, but that there is also a cognitive component that provides context for the emotion. Leon, on the other hand, believes that the experience of emotion depends entirely on the vasomotor system and cognition does NOT play a role at all. Whose theories support Trystan and Leon’s beliefs?

a) Trystan – Lange; Leon – James

b) Trystan – James; Leon – Cannon

c) Trystan – Cannon; Leon – James

d) Trystan – James; Leon – Lange

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

424. What is the difference between the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories of emotion?

a) The James-Lange theory believes that the emotion leads to physiological arousal and the Cannon-Bard theory believes that physiological arousal leads to the emotion.

b) The James-Lange theory posits that a cognitive label is necessary for an emotional experience while the Cannon-Bard posits that emotional experiences are separate from cognitive interpretations.

c) The James-Lange theory suggests that the thalamus is involved in relaying emotional information while the Cannon-Bard does not mention a role for the thalamus.

d) The James-Lange theory argues that physiological arousal precedes the emotion whereas the Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological arousal and the emotion occur simultaneously.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

425. Which of the following points did Cannon use to dispute the accuracy of the James-Lange theory?

a) All our emotions originate from the vasomotor system.

b) Physiological arousal is very fast and obvious in response to emotions.

c) Adrenalin injections that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system lead to discrete and identifiable emotional reactions.

d) Humans with severed spinal cords still report emotional experiences.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

426. Which of the following is NOT an argument used by Cannon to dispute the James-Lange theory of emotion?

a) All species display the same emotions yet have different visceral organs.

b) Removal of visceral organs does not alter emotions.

c) Visceral changes can occur for both emotional and non-emotional events.

d) Visceral changes are too slow.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

427. The thalamus is responsible for which functions in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

a) labeling different emotions

b) sending messages to the sympathetic nervous system

c) causing awareness of emotion

d) creating physiological arousal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

428. The theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system occur simultaneously is known as the ________ theory of emotion.

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter and Singer

d) Cognitive mediational

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

429. Xiang was alone in an elevator that suddenly plummeted several floors before it stopped suddenly. It was only a matter of seconds, but it was long enough for Xiang to simultaneously experience intense physiological arousal and terror. What theory of emotion does Xiang agree with the most?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) facial-feedback

d) Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

430. Levi was startled awake by a major earthquake. He immediately felt frightened, broke out in a cold sweat, and jumped out of bed to run for cover—all in the same instant. This description of Levi's experience best fits the ____________________ theory of emotion.

a) Cannon-Bard

b) Singer-Bard

c) Cannon-Lange

d) Schachter and Singer

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

431. Jonas was anxious about his upcoming wedding. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, what structure relays information about an event to the sympathetic nervous system once it perceives an event as emotionally laden?

a) anterior cingulate cortex

b) frontal cortex

c) thalamus

d) cerebellum

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

432. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which structure relays information about an emotionally-stirring event to the sympathetic nervous system?

a) anterior cingulate cortex

b) frontal cortex

c) thalamus

d) cerebellum

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

433. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which comes first: the experience of emotion or bodily arousal?

a) Arousal occurs first.

b) Emotion occurs first.

c) The reaction varies by situation.

d) Both occur simultaneously.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

435. Logan suffered a spinal cord injury that has left him paralyzed from the neck down. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, how would Logan’s experience of emotion have changed since the accident?

a) Logan would experience emotions as he did before the accident and his experience may even be more intense for certain emotions.

b) Logan would only feel a few emotions, and those he does feel would be much less intense than before the accident.

c) Logan would feel basic emotions, but the experience of emotion would have decreased intensity.

d) Logan would not experience any emotions as the physiological connection would be severed.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

436. Animals who have been surgically prevented from experiencing physiological arousal still demonstrate behaviours that are characteristic of emotional arousal. This supports the ____________________ theory of emotions.

a) Cannon-Bard

b) James-Lange

c) Schachter's two-factor

d) facial feedback

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

437. Yusuf is meeting a blind date on a rickety suspension bridge above a large canyon with rapids below. How is he likely to rate her attractiveness compared to if he was meeting her in a park?

a) He is likely to find her more sexually attractive on the bridge.

b) He is likely to find her less sexually attractive on the bridge.

c) He is likely to rate her the same level of attractiveness in both settings.

d) He is likely to ignore her initially and focus on the bridge but then her attractiveness will grow on him gradually as he gets used to the bridge.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

438. Participants in Schachter and Singer's classic study initially believed the experiment was testing the effect of

a) vitamins on visual skill.

b) adrenaline on visual skill.

c) epinephrine on emotion expression.

d) vitamins on emotion expression.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

439. Some participants in Schachter and Singer's classic study were told that they were getting an injection of "Suproxin". They were told this in order to

a) make the participants feel their emotions more strongly.

b) make them associate their emotions with the injection.

c) hide from them the real purpose of the injection.

d) inform them about the purpose of the injection.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

440. According to Schachter and Singer, what faculties determine our emotional state?

a) physiological arousal

b) cognitive

c) evolutionary

d) genetic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

441. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory allows for which possibility that does NOT appear in the other emotion theories?

a) Emotion and physiological arousal happening simultaneously.

b) Emotion happening before physiological arousal occurs.

c) Emotion occurring because of physiological arousal.

d) Different emotions corresponding to the same physiological signs.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

442. What group that received epinephrine in the initial study conducted by Schachter and Singer were told that they would experience no side effects?

a) informed

b) deceived

c) misinformed

d) control

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

443. Which group that received epinephrine in the initial study conducted by Schachter and Singer was immune to the arousal manipulation?

a) informed

b) deceived

c) misinformed

d) control

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

444. Quentin and Aiden are in basic training together and are often partnered. They have each interpreted their aversive physical arousal as dislike for the other. What theory of emotion describes the mislabelling of physical arousal?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter-Singer

d) Facial Feedback

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

445. Walking down the street, you are confronted by a dog baring its teeth and growling. Your heart rate increases, and you start to run away from this dangerous situation that has caused you to experience fear. Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

a) two-step phobic fear response

b) Cannon-Bard

c) James-Lange

d) Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

446. Walking down the street, you are confronted by a dog baring its teeth and growling. According to the Schachter and Singer Two-Factor theory, which of the following is most likely to be the conclusion you reach?

a) Your heart is beating faster because you are afraid.

b) You are afraid because your heart is beating faster.

c) As your heart is beating fast in this dangerous situation, you must be afraid.

d) You are afraid because of the situation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

447. On the way home from work, Preeya just misses running over a dog because the person in front of her was not paying attention to the road. Later that same evening, her roommate annoys her by listening to her music too loudly. If the Schachter-Singer theory is true, then Preeya will likely

a) snap or yell at her roommate.

b) ignore the behaviour but internally seethe.

c) realize that her annoyance is due to the near accident and not her roommate.

d) point out how, based on her earlier experience, there is evidence that inconsideration to others can potentially cause serious problems.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

448. In what way is the James-Lange theory like the Two-Factor theory of emotion?

a) They both believe that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.

b) They both believe that cognitive labels for the physiological arousal are needed before an emotion can be experienced.

c) They both place emphasis on the thalamus as a relay centre for emotional information.

d) They both agree that negative emotions are processed much faster than positive emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

449. Sabina sees her friend, Violet coming toward her. Violet is flushed, her eyes are wide, and she is breathing rapidly. Thinking that Violet is frightened or upset, Sabina asks Violet what has frightened her so much. Violet responds that she is not frightened at all, but she is excited because she just found out she won a large scholarship. Which theory of emotion explains Sabina’s confusion about Violet’s emotional state?

a) James-Lange theory

b) Cannon-Bard theory

c) Facial-feedback theory

d) Two-factor theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

450. Ramon is feeling particularly tense about an upcoming tennis match. He has physiological symptoms of fear, including sweaty hands and a shakiness in his legs. As he experiences these symptoms, he becomes more fearful that he will NOT succeed in playing his best. The BEST course of action would be for Ramon to

a) accept the James-Lange theory and recognize that he cannot alter the feelings that are being triggered in his environment, and therefore face the match as calmly as he can.

b) embrace the Schachter and Singer two-factor theory and imagine that the physiological symptoms are because the day is especially hot.

c) recognize that according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the tensions and the physiological arousal are happening simultaneously, so he can alter his perception and experience simultaneous relaxation.

d) utilize a synthesis of the James-Lange and the Schachter and Singer two-factor theory to reattribute his fear to fear of succeeding rather than fear of failure.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

451. How does two-factor theory differ from Cannon-Bard theory?

a) Two-factor theory suggests that we actively assess the context of our arousal and assign emotion to it, while Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotion is an unconscious reaction to stimuli.

b) Two-factor theory suggests that different types of arousal occur before we feel different emotions, while Cannon-Bard theory suggests that arousal and emotion occur at the same time.

c) Two-factor theory suggests that emotions trigger a physiological response, while Cannon-Bard theory suggests that physiological arousal causes an emotional response.

d) Two-factor theory suggests that arousal is generated in a different part of the brain from emotion, while Cannon-Bard theory suggests that arousal and emotion are generated in the same place.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

452. Which is the BEST statement of synthesis of the ideas from James-Lange's, Cannon-Bard's, and Schachter and Singer's two-factor theories of emotions?

a) A cognitive appraisal of emotion occurs as well as the physiological changes; this appraisal happens at different times according to the different theories.

b) Physiological arousal plays a significant role in the experiencing of emotions, whether it occurs initially, simultaneously, or resultantly.

c) The experiencing of the emotional state, such as fear, is the single, culminating step in the processing of emotional reactions.

d) Physiological arousal is not the only factor involved in experiencing emotions, but it is the initiating factor.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

453. How is the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion different from Schachter and Singer’s theory?

a) Arousal is more important.

b) Cognitive interpretations play a broader role.

c) Cognitive interpretations play a lesser role.

d) The id oversees cognition.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

454. The theory proposing that cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion is the ________ theory.

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Two-factor

d) Cognitive mediational

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

455. What psychologist developed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?

a) Piaget

b) Lazarus

c) Adler

d) Skinner

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

456. What is a distinguishing characteristic of the two-factor theory compared to other theories of emotion?

a) The two-factor theory accounts for the role of cognitive appraisal.

b) The two-factor theory suggests that each emotion is physiologically distinct.

c) The two-factor theory states that two messages are sent by the thalamus simultaneously.

d) The two-factor theory is supported by scientific experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

457. Which of the following best illustrates cognitive-mediational theory?

a) Jonah sees a bear, his heart starts to race, and he turns and runs away.

b) Jonah sees a bear, realizes that it is in a cage, so he is not afraid.

c) Jonah sees a bear, his heart races while he feels fear.

d) Jonah is afraid of bears, so when he sees a bear, he feels fear.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

458. Paisley is walking home from work late at night when she hears a noise behind her. She turns and sees a man following her. Which of the following best illustrates cognitive-mediational theory?

a) Paisley sees the man, her heart starts to race, and she turns and runs in fear.

b) Paisley sees a man, realizes it is her co-worker and friend Jake, so she is not afraid.

c) Paisley sees a man, her heart races while she feels fear.

d) Paisley has a phobia of being attacked, so when she sees the man, she panics.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

459. To combat depression, Simone’s therapist told her to practice smiling. What theory of emotion does Simone’s therapist support?

a) facial-feedback

b) Cannon-Bard

c) James-Lange

d) Cognitive-mediational

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

460. Which of the following is an example of a situation that would be explained by the facial-feedback hypothesis?

a) Dorian smiled to mask his nervousness giving a lecture and found that he actually felt less nervous.

b) Alec felt more welcomed and at ease at a party after other partygoers smiled and shook his hand.

c) Lexi learned at a young age that it was not appropriate to cry in public but it was appropriate to cry in front of close friends and family.

d) Enola was not as scared when she saw that everyone else was enjoying the view from the lookout tower.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

461. Your best friend just won the lottery. Even though you may experience envy, you also

cannot help feeling excited along with him because you are both grinning from ear to ear. This reaction supports the __________________ regarding the origin and intensification of emotion.

a) social reciprocity theory

b) two-factor hypothesis

c) facial-feedback hypothesis

d) Cannon-Bard theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

462. What type of smile reveals genuine emotion due to facial activity around the eyes and mouth?

a) Duchenne

b) social

c) simulated

d) DuChamps

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

463. What is a difference between a Duchenne smile and a social smile?

a) A Duchenne smile requires the use of more muscles than a social smile.

b) A social smile requires the use of more muscles than a Duchenne smile.

c) A Duchenne smile is deceptive, while a social smile is genuine.

d) A social smile is culturally acceptable, while a Duchenne smile is culturally inappropriate.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

464. Drew and Wes are having their pictures taken professionally for their profiles on their company website. In his photo, Drew smiles with his eyes and appears open and relaxed while Wes’s smile appears tighter and more controlled. Explain the difference in their emotional expressions.

a) Drew exhibits a Duchenne smile and Wes exhibits a social smile.

b) Wes exhibits a private smile and Drew exhibits a social smile.

c) Drew exhibits a professional smile and Wes exhibits a private smile.

d) Drew exhibits a Duchenne smile and Wes exhibits a professional smile.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

465. According to Tomkins, what inborn system is activated by emotionally-stirring stimuli to bypass the parts of the brain involved in cognition?

a) reflex

b) affect program

c) thalamus

d) schematic reference

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

466. What vowel sound did Zajonc and colleagues hypothesize would result in positive emotional experiences?

a) long “u” sound

b) “ah” sound

c) soft “a” sound

d) long “i” sound

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

467. Dehron went to see a movie about reptiles and noticed that he felt happy after an intensive discussion about cobras. This finding is consistent with the results reported by Zajonc and colleagues because what vowel sounds are activated?

a) long u

b) ah

c) i

d) short u

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

468. Jelena is singing in a musical that involves her saying the sounds ‘ee’ and ‘ah’ repeatedly. What effect is this likely to have on her mood and why?

a) It is likely to lower her mood because making these sounds stimulates a facial muscle pattern that is like when we are sad.

b) It is likely to improve her mood because making these sounds lowers the temperature of the blood going to the brain.

c) It is likely to lower her mood because making these sounds stimulates the same hormones involved in aggression and territory defense.

d) It is likely to improve her mood because making these sounds stimulates the temporal lobe which holds our positive memories.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

469. What term refers to the sensory feedback received from the activity of facial muscles?

a) facial efference

b) facial emotivity

c) facial expression

d) facial feedback

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

470. Xia is an accountant and is having a busy morning. She is often putting her pencil in her teeth to hold on to it as she shuffles through her papers. According to the facial-feedback theory, what will this do to Xia’s mood?

a) It will make her feel frustrated and disorganized.

b) It will make her feel more pressured for time.

c) It will sadden her mood.

d) It will improve her mood.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

471. If you were to test the facial-feedback hypothesis by holding a pen in your mouth, which of the following outcomes would this test reveal?

a) There is no difference in emotional experience between holding the pen between your lips or your teeth.

b) Holding the pen with your lips (mouth closed) will produce a greater change in emotional sensations than holding the pen with your teeth (mouth open).

c) More pleasant feelings will be associated with holding the pen between your teeth (mouth open) relative to holding the pen between your lips (mouth closed).

d) The cognitive experience of emotion is only influenced when all of the facial muscles are involved in emotional expression.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

472. Who originated the concept of facial-feedback as a theory of emotion?

a) Schachter

b) Galton

c) Craik

d) Darwin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

473. Which of the following are possible explanations as to how facial expressions might produce physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotions? Select all that apply.

a) The patterns of facial muscle activity change the temperature of blood entering the brain, thereby affecting neuron activity in the brain, and eventually producing particular emotional states.

b) Facial expressions cause others around us to respond with similar expressions which cause our mood to change to match the expression.

c) Facial muscle activity activates the amygdala, which in turn activates the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to the subjective experience of emotion.

d) Facial muscle activity activates the hypothalamus which causes the release of the stress hormone cortisol. This activates the sympathetic nervous system and leads to the subjective experience of emotion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

474. To Darwin, emotions served what function?

a) communication

b) mate selection

c) survival

d) affiliation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

475. According to Darwin, why would emotional expression have evolved?

a) They function to increase our awareness of things that are dangerous and safe.

b) They provide us with another important clue as to how we should interpret environmental events.

c) They serve a communicative function that is essential to survival.

d) They provide time for cognitive interpretations of a situation to become evident.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

478. When do people begin to display the basic emotions and associated facial expressions?

a) infancy

b) 2–6 years

c) adolescence

d) adulthood

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

479. The study and enhancement of positive feelings, positive traits, and positive abilities is called

a) Constructive Psychology.

b) Progressive Psychology.

c) Positive Psychology.

d) Pseudopsychology.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

480. What newer area of psychological research investigates the enhancement of feelings such as happiness and optimism and traits such as perseverance and wisdom?

a) positive psychology

b) clinical psychology

c) behaviourist psychology

d) social psychology

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

481. Positive psychology is best defined as

a) the study of ways to improve ourselves, including our physical and mental health, as well as ways to improve society, including altruism and empathy.

b) the study and enhancement of positive feelings, positive traits, positive abilities, and virtues that enhance the well-being of society.

c) the study of how our personality characteristics dictate our typical ways of interpreting events.

d) the study of how to turn negative emotions into positive emotions.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

482. Dominic volunteers twice a week serving dinner at a soup kitchen. Which aspect of Positive psychology is demonstrated by this example?

a) positive feelings

b) positive traits

c) positive abilities

d) positive socialization

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

483. According to Positive Psychology, which of the following would be an example of positive feelings?

a) Kyle’s brother was killed by a drunk driver. Kyle forgave the driver of the car.

b) Priya volunteers once a week at a local homeless shelter.

c) Alexander has just lost his job. He feels that this will now give him the time he needs to look for a better job.

d) Despite many personal obstacles, Isla has just graduated from university.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

484. Ahmed wanted to know how he could enhance his affirming emotions to make his life and the lives of others more enjoyable. What new area of psychology should he research?

a) positive psychology

b) clinical psychology

c) existential psychology

d) psychoanalytic psychology

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

485. Yolanda is a graduate student in clinical psychology, and she is very tired of focusing on things that are wrong with people. She instead wants to learn about people who find happiness and how they do it. What field of psychology should Yolanda switch to?

a) developmental psychology

b) positive psychology

c) neuropsychology

d) social psychology

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

486. Which of the following characteristics are happy people MOST likely to possess?

a) high self-esteem

b) occupational satisfaction

c) leadership skills

d) high social skills

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

487. Yvonne is a graduate student studying positive psychology. What emotion is she most likely focusing on in her studies?

a) happiness

b) sadness

c) empathy

d) compassion

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

488. Ren is a graduate student who is focusing on how constructive life experiences play a role in adaptive qualities such as optimism, perseverance, and wisdom. Ren is most likely studying _____ psychology.

a) clinical/counseling

b) developmental

c) positive

d) cognitive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

489. Most people from around the world report that they are happy. Which of the following countries reports the highest levels of happiness?

a) Mexico

b) New Zealand

c) United Arab Emirates

d) Canada

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

490. What percentage of people typically report being unhappy?

a) 10%

b) 17%

c) 23%

d) 30%

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

491. What is the relationship between happiness and chronological age?

a) strong

b) moderate

c) minimal

d) zero

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

492. According to a research study cited in your textbook, which of the following people would report the greatest level of enjoyment with their lives as a whole?

a) Erik, from Denmark

b) Jackson, from Canada

c) Adam, from the United States

d) Gabriella, from Spain

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

493. Which of the finding is NOT an accurate research finding about happiness?

a) People who are unemployed report they are not happy.

b) Healthy people over the age of 65 are happier than younger people.

c) Women and men are equally as happy.

d) Most people with spinal cord injuries are only slightly less happy than other people.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

494. Which of the following individuals would most likely rate their happiness highly?

a) Yan, 32, who has a low socio-economic status

b) Rick, 46, who has a spinal injury

c) Ida, who is 72 and in good health, a grandmother

d) Diego, 24, who is single, and in university

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

495. Deepti is a healthy and married 68-year-old who is very optimistic and outgoing. Which of the following characteristics of Deepti is NOT related to higher levels of happiness?

a) female (compared to male)

b) over 65 years of age (compared to younger adults)

c) optimistic and outgoing (compared to pessimistic and reserved)

d) married (compared to single)

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions

496. Twenty-two-year-old Olivia and her forty-seven-year-old mother, Janet, are going to visit their seventy-year-old neighbor, Ruth. According to research on happiness, which one of these women will report the highest levels of happiness?

a) Leslie will report being happier than Janet or Ruth.

b) Janet will report being happier than Leslie, but not as happy as Ruth.

c) Janet will report being happier than Ruth, but not as happy as Leslie.

d) Ruth will report being happier than either Janet or Leslie.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

497. Lilly was a happy child who always displayed an optimistic attitude. As an adult, however, she struggled with poverty as well as health issues. Based on the discussion in your textbook, if you asked Lilly how happy she is, what would you expect her to report?

a) She is very unhappy because poverty causes people to feel unhappy.

b) She is happy because the best predictor of future happiness is past happiness.

c) She is unhappy because people who have poor health report being unhappy.

d) She is unhappy because women are typically less happy than men.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

498. Pablo’s identical twin, Hugo, is a very happy person. What can we expect about Pablo?

a) There is no way to know. There is no correlation between twin happiness.

b) He is dependent on Hugo for his happiness.

c) He is depressed.

d) He is also happy.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions

499. Which of the following is not related to empirical findings?

a) Highly optimistic people have a 55% reduced risk of death from any cause.

b) Highly optimistic people have a 23% reduced risk of heart problems.

c) A temperamental predisposition to look at life optimistically is more important than an individual’s life situation.

d) Only one person in a hundred reports being “not too happy.”

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

500. In what way does positive psychology differ from other branches of psychology?

a) It does not use inferential statistics to analyze data.

b) It accepts fewer objective ways of measuring behaviour compared to other branches of psychology.

c) It assumes that most people are living unfulfilled lives and it strives to remedy that.

d) It focuses on positive emotions and traits.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

501. Which of the following is the most important factor in happiness?

a) happiness means different things to different people

b) wealth

c) health

d) being married

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

502. Which of the following characteristics leads to a 55% reduced risk of death from any cause?

a) being from a large family

b) being married

c) being optimistic

d) being wealthy

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

503. What is the best predictor of future happiness?

a) clinical assessment

b) past happiness

c) money

d) social status

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

MATCHING QUESTIONS

504. Match the appropriate terms in the left column to the definitions in the right column.

1. F: Body weight set point

2. H: Self-determination theory

3. L: Arousal theory

4. M: Drive-reduction theory

5. J: Dual centre theory

6. C: Lateral hypothalamus

7. A: Intrinsic motivation

8. I: Affiliation

9. O: Instinct theory

10. B: Extrinsic motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

505. Match the appropriate terms in the left column to the definitions in the right column.

1. F: Evolutionary theory

2. E: Facial feedback theory

3. G: Differential emotions theory

4. A: James-Lange theory

5. C: Two-factor theory

6. D: Cognitive-mediational theory

7. B: Cannon-Bard theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

506. Match the appropriate terms in the left column to the definitions in the right column.

1. H: Emotion dysregulation

2. E: Emotion

3. I: Display rules

4. G: Emotional intensity

5. C: Facial efference

6. A: Sympathetic nervous system

7. F: Action tendencies

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

507. An example of an innate reflex in babies explained by the turning of their heads and searching for a mother’s nipple prior to feeding is the ___ reflex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

508. The theory that best explains why we sweat on a sweltering day is ___.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

509. The tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of equilibrium is known as ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

510. Jasmine has just accepted a lower-paying job because the new job is more interesting. The theory that best explains Jasmine’s decision is the ___theory of motivation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

511. Georgio has been working on an assembly line where he puts three bolts into one part of an automobile. Lately, he has been forgetting one of the bolts on several parts each day. Georgio’s inferior performance could likely be explained by the ___.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

512. How important an incentive is to an individual person is called ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

513. At the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the need for ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

514. Intra- and extra-cellular fluid levels is critical for the generation of ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

515. Water ___ occurs when ingesting too much water causes improper levels of ions and salt balance in the intra- and extracellular spaces.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

516. Stomach cues that signal us to stop eating are known as ___ cues.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

517. A genetic condition linked to an insatiable appetite that leads to obesity is known as ___ syndrome.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

518. Current estimates indicate that nearly ___ percent of the Canadian population is obese.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

519. People with anorexia usually have a(n) ___ body image.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

520. A cultural arrangement where women have multiple male partners is termed ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

521. According to Kaplan, the element of ___ occurs at the beginning of the sexual response cycle and determines whether one is “in the mood.”

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

522. On average, sex drive in males declines with age as testosterone levels ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

523. Current research strongly suggests that homosexuality is a ___ condition that CANNOT be “cured.”

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

524. Unconscious motivation refers to motivation that cannot be _____..

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

525. The concept of _____ suggests that people are more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

526. The _____ principle states that individuals choose to avoid painful experiences and approach pleasurable experiences.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

527. Engaging in a behaviour that is satisfying in and of itself is ___ motivating.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

528. _____ is a belief that hard work and effort can improve a person’s skill or talent in a particular area.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

529. Anna decides to take a part-time position at the local veterinary hospital because she thinks the work would be personally rewarding to her. Her action is likely a result of ___ motivation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

530. Being part of a ___ group, whether it is with family or friends, allows us to feel secure about our place in the world.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

531. The fear of social ___ is a powerful motivator that may explain why people remain in abusive relationships and join gangs.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

532. The theory of ___ states that competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

533. Mature thought processes such as goal setting and planning CANNOT occur without an intact ___ cortex.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

534. An individual state that occurs in response to some internal or external event is defined as a(n) ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

535. Pupil ___ is a physiological response to emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

536. Ekman and colleagues found that people can typically identify 6 emotions from facial expression ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

537. ___ observations of emotion are the most widely used approach to study emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

538. A physiological measure of emotion that collects data on muscle contractions in the face is known as facial ___.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

539. Patterns of behaviour that help us adapt and survive in our environments are known as ___ tendencies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

540. According to Lange, a collection of nerves and muscles that causes blood vessels to constrict or dilate is referred to as the ___ centre.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

541. Schachter and Singer believed that earlier theories of emotion neglected the influence of ___ in our emotional experiences.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

542. Lazarus argued that cognitive ___ serves as a mediator between environmental stimuli and people’s reactions to those stimuli.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

543. When a smile involves muscle activity around the eyes and mouth, it is described as a genuine or ___ smile.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

544. According to the evolutionary perspective, emotions serve a ___ function.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

545. In general, people with spinal cord injuries report that they are slightly ___ happy than others.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS

546. If all behaviours were innate, which two types of psychological experiments would no longer be necessary?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

547. What bodily adaptation is activated when external temperature falls, and our body becomes too cold?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

548. What scientific law states that ideal task performance occurs when our arousal level is at the optimal level for the difficulty of a task?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

549. Name an external motivation to graduate from university/college.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

550. What needs reside on the tier directly above the most basic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

551. What two mechanisms drive our need for water?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

552. What two chemicals that are present in the bloodstream and related to the metabolism of food have been widely studied?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

553. Explain the dual-centre theory of motivation as it applies to eating behaviour.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

554. What hormone has been linked to the regulation of hunger through the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

555. What is the term used to describe the weight at which our adult bodies tend to stabilize at a specific level?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

556. In addition to the physical risks of obesity, name a psychological risk that obese individuals are at an increased risk of having.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

557. Describe some of the negative and positive stereotypic characteristics often attributed to obese persons.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

558. What behavioural cycle defines bulimia?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

559. What is polygamy?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

560. What significant age-related sexual finding did Masters and Johnson uncover?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

561. What area of the brain is involved in the reward processes and interacts with female hormones to influence feelings of attachment to a sexual partner?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

562. According to the evolutionary perspective, what two male characteristics do females find attractive?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

563. What are the two most common tests used to tap into unconscious motivations?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

564. What is hedonic motivation?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

565. What is the basic premise of loss aversion?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

566. How are growth mindset and fixed mindset different??

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

567. According to the evolutionary perspective, what are two advantages of belonging to a social group?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

568. What area of the brain is activated when we feel the pain of social exclusion?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

569. Name one culture discussed in your text that reportedly places less emphasis on individualization or autonomy.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

570. Describe an instance from your own life in which a biological motivation was inhibited in favour of gaining a social reward.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

571. What type of cultures do NOT consider autonomy an essential element of the self-determination theory?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

572. Identify two changes in bodily arousal that may accompany an emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

573. Identify two ways in which emotion can be expressed.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

574. What component of the nervous system acts to return the body to a normal state following an intense physiological reaction to emotion?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

575. What phenomenon is described by the finding that people need to share emotionally intense experiences with others?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

576. How is heart rate affected by the presentation of unpleasant stimuli such as a picture of mutilated bodies?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

577. Which action tendency evokes forgiveness and motivates reconciliation?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

578. Who was the leading critic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

579. When the cause for physical arousal is NOT apparent, from where do we obtain clues to help us identify the cause?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

580. What types of stimuli did Lazarus use when studying emotional response?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

581. What type of smile only involves muscles around the mouth?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

582. Why may emotional patterns be passed from one generation to the next?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

583. What term is used to describe the level of happiness people consistently return to during their lifetimes?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

584. Name one shortcoming of instinct theory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

585. Why are thrill-seeking behaviours difficult for drive-reduction theories to explain?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

586. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between task difficulty and arousal?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

587. Describe the difference between primary and secondary incentives. Provide an example of each type of incentive.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

588. Describe the behaviour of someone who has achieved self-actualization.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

589. Describe how leptin acts as a chemical signal to “tell” the brain to stop eating.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

590. Describe how damage to the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (VMH) can change how glucose is regulated in the body.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our levels of hunger and our eating behaviour

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

591. Describe how the likelihood of overeating can be explained from an evolutionary perspective.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

592. Describe the psychological effects of bulimia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

593. The text discusses how peahens (female peacocks) seem to select their mates based on the number of tail feather “eyes” found on the male peacock’s tail. Describe how this method of mate selection may lead to natural selection and reproductive fitness.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

594. Identify and describe the four phases of human sexual response as defined by Masters and Johnson.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

595. Describe the results of neuroimaging studies by indicating what brain areas are active while experimental participants are aroused.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

596. Describe two gender-related differences in sex drives between males and females.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

597. Describe three possible biological factors that influence sexual orientation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

598. Describe how avoidance motivation and approach motivation relate to the concepts of the hedonic principle and loss aversion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

599. Describe growth mindset and fixed mindset and explain how they are related to motivation to succeed.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

600. Describe one piece of evidence that suggests that humans seek a connection from others from birth.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

601. Describe the relationship between affiliation and achievement and self-actualization.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

602. How does intrinsic motivation “fit” into the theory of self-determination?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

603. What two abilities that are critical to achievement tend to develop over time as a child ages?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

604. What beliefs do individuals from collectivist cultures have about achievement?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

605. How does the cognitive component of emotion determine how intensely we experience an emotion?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

606. What three methodologies are used to measure emotions?

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

607. Describe how skin conductance can be used to measure emotional arousal.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

608. Describe the relationship between emotional expression and relationship quality.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

609. Describe two of Cannon’s criticisms of the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

610. Describe Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory of emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

611. Describe the facial-feedback theory of emotion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

612. Describe how facial muscle activity may influence the physiological function of the brain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

613. What research evidence suggests that all people, regardless of culture or country of origin, can effectively interpret basic emotions?

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

614. Describe three personality characteristics that happy people tend to share.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

LABELLING

615. Label the areas that are involved in the reward pathway.

Ventral tegmental area

Nucleus accumbens

Prefrontal cortex

Frontal part of cerebral cortex

Cingulate cortex

Ventral tegmental area

Nucleus accumbens

Prefrontal cortex

Frontal part of cerebral cortex

Cingulate cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

616. Label each of the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

physiological needs

safety needs

belonging and love needs

esteem needs

self-actualization needs

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

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