Chapter 7: Morality, Religion, and Values

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Independent decision-making, the ability to voice an opinion, and a personal value system are all part of ______.

A. cognitive autonomy

B. empathic concern

C. civic engagement

D. future orientation

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The ability to view and make judgments about issues such as equality and fairness in the social world represents ______.

A. civic engagement

B. moral reasoning

C. care orientation

D. emotional autonomy

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which is the first of Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning determined by self-interest?

A. care

B. conventional

C. preconventional

D. justice

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which level of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning is the most difficult to reach?

A. empathic

B. altruistic

C. individualism

D. postconventional

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which is Kohlberg’s most popular hypothetical conflict used in order to assess moral reasoning?

A. the Heinz dilemma

B. Gilligan’s justice

C. the secure attachment issue

D. the future orientation

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which is an example of Stage 5 behavior according to Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A. petitioning to change an unjust law

B. raising a hand instead of speaking out to avoid getting in trouble

C. listening to the teacher to get a star in class

D. stopping at a red light to maintain order on the road

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Mr. Hernandez had explained to the class what behaviors constituted bullying so that everyone understood. He explained that the rules applied to everyone, including him, and that all students and faculty had a duty to uphold these rules for the good of the entire school. Mr. Hernandez used which of Kohlberg’s stages to explain the moral reasoning of these rules?

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 3

C. Stage 4

D. Stage 5

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Carter is studying Rosa Parks and segregation in history class. As he reads about her stance on segregation and her disobedience of the law, he realizes that she was trying to change an unjust and unethical law. Carter is relating Rosa Parks to which stage of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 3

C. Stage 4

D. Stage 5

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Sophia is sharing her pencils with Josh because he forgot his at home. She does not want to see him get in trouble with the teacher for not being prepared for the test that day. She hopes that if she were in the same situation, Josh or another student, would do the same for her. Sophia’s decision is influenced by which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 3

C. Stage 4

D. Stage 5

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. A child who reasoned that Heinz should steal the drug because good people help others is assessing this situation at which of Kohlberg’s stages?

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 3

C. Stage 4

D. Stage 5

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessing Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Tucker was given the Heinz dilemma to ponder. He decided that he would steal the drug so that his wife would be happy. He explained that when you love someone, you do everything you can to make that person happy and give them what they want. Tucker’s reasoning follows along which level of Kohlberg’s theory?

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. future orientation

D. justice orientation

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assessing Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. What impact does a high parent–child relationship have on moral reasoning?

A. high parent–child relationships have no effect on moral reasoning

B. high parent–child relationships predict low moral reasoning.

C. high parent–child relationships predict advanced moral reasoning.

D. high parent–child relationships predict dysfunctional moral reasoning.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which was considered an issue with Kohlberg’s development of the levels of moral reasoning according to Gilligan?

A. the use of a hypothetical situation

B. the fact that only boys were assessed

C. the use of students from collectivist cultures

D. tThe fact that children answered the way their parents wanted them to

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. What impact did gender have on the understanding of moral reasoning according to Carol Gilligan?

A. Girls were socialized to come from a care orientation while boys from a justice orientation.

B. Girls were socialized to come from a justice orientation while boys from a care orientation.

C. Girls would reach Stage 6 of moral reasoning while boys would reach Stage 5.

D. Girls would reach Stage 5 of moral reasoning while boys would reach Stage 6.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which is characterized with concern for others and a responsibility to not cause harm in moral reasoning according to Carol Gilligan?

A. preconventional reasoning

B. gender intensification

C. future orientation

D. care orientation

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Anna read the Heinz dilemma in her psychology class. She has determined that Heinz should not steal the drug, not because it is immoral or wrong by society’s laws, but because if Heinz were to go to jail, then he would not be able to be there for his sick wife. According to Gilligan, Anna is reasoning from which perspective?

A. future orientation

B. justice orientation

C. care orientation

D. civic orientation

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. What impact does culture have on moral reasoning?

A. Cultural values can determine the higher level of moral reasoning relative to this context.

B. Cultural values create all behavioral autonomy relative to levels of moral reasoning.

C. Cultural values seen in religiosity determine moral reasoning for all people.

D. Cultural values of interdependence hold the rights of the individual at the highest level of moral reasoning.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Luis believes that cheating on an exam is the wrong thing to do. He has to raise his grade in English so that he can play on the soccer team in the regional playoffs because the team is depending on him as their only goalie. Since he has gotten behind in his English class, he decides that he will copy a web page he found into his paper to get it turned in on time. In this instance, Luis perceives this particular conflict as a ______.

A. social convention

B. personal choice

C. prosocial behavior

D. civic identity

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. What is the impact of moral reasoning on behavior?

A. Moral reasoning is highly influential on individual behavior.

B. Moral reasoning is not related to individual behavior.

C. Moral reasoning is moderately related to individual behavior.

D. Moral reasoning shows low levels of relationship to individual behavior.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which concept refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit another individual?

A. empathic concern

B. civic engagement

C. gender intensification

D. prosocial behavior

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prosocial Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What impact does prosocial behavior have on academic outcomes and social competence?

A. Prosocial behavior is positively associated with academic outcomes and social competence.

B. Prosocial behavior is positively associated with social competence but not academic outcomes.

C. Prosocial behavior is negatively associated with social competence and academic outcomes.

D. Prosocial behavior is negatively associated with academic outcomes but not social competence.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prosocial Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which concept refers to the ability to feel and understand another person’s emotional experience?

A. spirituality

B. religiosity

C. empathic concern

D. secure attachment

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which concept refers to doing something good for someone without expectation of self-reward?

A. emotional prosocial behavior

B. civic prosocial behavior

C. altruistic prosocial behavior

D. public prosocial behavior

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which kind of development influences how adolescents perceive and process both their own and other people’s emotions?

A. brain development

B. conventional development

C. development in obedience

D. collective development

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which statement is true about levels of self-reported prosocial behavior in early adolescence?

A. Self-reported prosocial behavior increases in early adolescence.

B. Self-reported prosocial behavior decreases in early adolescence.

C. Self-reported prosocial behavior is in areas of compliance only in early adolescence.

D. Self-reported prosocial behavior is high in girls in early adolescence.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which is an example of empathic concern?

A. putting the needs of the collective ahead of the individual

B. attending your church’s weekly service

C. helping your friend with homework

D. crying with your friend at the loss of her pet

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Kathleen’s teacher has asked for her to help tutor Jackson in her fifth period math class. Kathleen is happy to help once she is asked. Whenever anyone, at school or at home, asks for her help, she is always willing to do whatever is needed or asked of her. Kathleen is illustrating ______.

A. cognitive autonomy

B. civic identity

C. emotional prosocial behavior

D. compliant prosocial behavior

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Kayla sees a younger student, Jimmy, get pushed up against the lockers at school. Jimmy is visibly shaken and starts to well up with tears as the older boys walk away. Kayla immediately goes over to Jimmy to check on him. She makes sure that he goes to the office by walking him there herself while offering words of comfort to the younger boy. Kayla is illustrating ______.

A. emotional prosocial behavior

B. future orientation

C. secure attachment

D. peer victimization

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Both Landon and Keisha are helpful at school and at home. In fact, they both volunteer at the local animal shelter as well. But Keisha is the only one who gives a portion of her pay from her part-time job to aid the animal shelter in the anonymous collection basket at the door. Landon is most likely participating in ______.

A. spirituality

B. public prosocial behavior

C. empathic concern

D. collectivism

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. What impact does authoritative parenting have on prosocial behavior in adolescents?

A. Adolescents with authoritative parents have a decrease in prosocial behavior.

B. Adolescents with authoritative parents have higher rates of prosocial behavior.

C. Adolescents with authoritative parents are less likely to exhibit altruistic prosocial behavior.

D. Adolescents with authoritative parents are no more or less likely than others to act prosocially.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. How is peer feedback related to prosocial behavior among adolescents?

A. Prosocial behavior increases after prosocial feedback from peers.

B. Prosocial behavior increases after antisocial feedback from peers.

C. Prosocial behavior decreases after prosocial feedback from peers.

D. Feedback from peers has no affect on the increase or decrease of prosocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Jamal belongs to a club at school with his closest friends. Until now, the club has been mostly about gaming. They enjoy playing video games with one another while offering support and friendship to one another. One of Jamal’s friends has suggested that they hold a tournament. He suggests that they get sponsors, sell tickets to watch, and then give all of the proceeds to the boys and girls club in their community to help support gaming for lower income kids. Jamal’s friend is helping all of them participate in ______.

A. gender intensification

B. spirituality

C. prosocial behavior

D. future orientation

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. Being involved in a group of friends who models and communicates prosocial values helps to ______.

A. encourage gender intensification

B. encourage depression

C. discourage altruistic behavior

D. discourage aggressive behavior

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which is an example of a developmental outcome associated with prosocial behavior?

A. having a large group of friends

B. having a group of close supportive friends

C. having an insecure attachment to family

D. becoming more aggressive at school

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Prosocial behavior has been known to have a(n) ______ effect on problem behavior.

A. religious

B. discriminatory

C. protective

D. empathic

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Josiah, a 14-year-old boy, is involved with a group at school that frequently picks up trash and cleans local disadvantaged neighborhoods in his community. Most of his close friends also participate in this same group, many of whom live in the neighborhoods that they serve. This kind of prosocial behavior can predict ______.

A. higher levels of peer victimization in later adolescence

B. lower levels of altruism in later adolescence

C. higher levels of aggression in later adolescence

D. lower levels of aggression in later adolescence

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Rosa is involved with her friends in an after school program that helps to tutor younger kids in elementary and middle school with their homework. Many of these kids have working parents, so this kind of program helps them stay out of trouble and get help with their homework until their parents get off work. Rosa’s prosocial behavior can provide a buffer against ______.

A. cheating

B. risky sexual behavior

C. future orientation

D. gender intensification

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Which concept refers to an individual’s search for answers to questions about life, its meaning, and transcendent others?

A. spirituality

B. religiosity

C. empathic concern

D. future orientation

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. ______ includes rituals, affiliation, and participation in practices.

A. Spirituality

B. Religiosity

C. Intensification

D. Empathy

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. How do religiosity and spirituality differ?

A. Spirituality requires participation but may not include consideration of meaning.

B. Spirituality requires participation but may not include any affiliation.

C. Religiosity requires participation but may not include consideration of meaning.

D. Religiosity requires participation but may not include affiliation.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Victoria attends church every week with her parents. She considers herself to be affiliated with this religion. She has participated in mission trips and helps with Sunday school classes for the younger kids. She has never really contemplated the meaning of life though. She just understands that she wants to participate in this church for the support and good feelings it brings her. Victoria is experiencing religiosity but not ______.

A. altruism

B. empathy

C. intensification

D. spirituality

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Zion has stopped attending his family’s church. He is not sure whether that congregation is right for him or not. He wants to attend some other churches to explore what it all means to him. In fact, he is most interested in exploring the meaning of life and what God means to him. Zion is demonstrating ______.

A. spirituality

B. religiosity

C. empathy

D. fairness

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Which declines in late adolescence and emerging adulthood with regard to religiosity?

A. conflict

B. attendance

C. future orientation

D. secure attachment

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. What impact does spirituality versus religiosity have in adolescence?

A. Adolescents become dysfunctional in their spirituality and religion.

B. Adolescents become rigid in their spirituality and religion.

C. Adolescents tend to become more spiritual and less religious.

D. Adolescents tend to become more religious and less spiritual.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. What impact does cognitive advances have on religion in adolescence?

A. Cognitive advances help adolescents adhere to their parents’ religious beliefs.

B. Cognitive advances in adolescence allow them to put more emphasis on rituals and practices.

C. Abstract cognitive schemes allow adolescents to think about metaphysical concepts.

D. Cognitive schemes become conventional allowing adolescents to become rigid in their beliefs.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. ______ are what allow an adolescent to consider metaphysical concepts such as the existence of a deity.

A. Self-interests

B. Justice orientations

C. Compliant prosocial behaviors

D. Abstract cognitive schemes

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. As Jacob grows and develops, he is questioning his place in the universe and the meaning of life. He often contemplates the existence of God. He expresses a deep identity with his religious affiliation and takes part in many of his church’s practices. This religiosity does not stop his contemplation of the larger understanding. This contemplation is due to Jacob’s ability to use ______.

A. abstract cognitive schemes

B. gender intensification

C. future orientation

D. empathic concern

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Katrina has been wondering lately about her place in the universe. She ponders about the existence of God and what the meaning of life truly is. She questions how she can have an impact and what she is supposed to be doing here on Earth. She decides to talk to her parish priest about the questions she has been having. Katrina is exploring her understanding using ______.

A. civic identity

B. religion

C. empathy

D. self-interest

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. What impact does a warm, close, authoritative parenting style have on adolescent religiosity?

A. Adolescent religiosity is predicted to show similar levels with parents when the relationship is positive.

B. Adolescent religiosity is predicted to show greater levels than parents when the relationship is positive

C. Adolescent religiosity is not related to authoritative parenting.

D. Adolescent religiosity is predicted to show lower levels than parents when the relationship is positive.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Religious Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Gunnar has a distant relationship with his father. When his mother died, his father just faded away from any emotional contact with him. Their relationship has been in conflict ever since. In fact, Gunnar does not feel attached at all to his father other than they share a house. Instead, he has been attending a church in his neighborhood where a family has befriended him. His friend in this family invited him to dinner and ever since, he feels like this is where he can go for support. Gunnar’s strong religious attachment may be due to ______.

A. authoritative parenting

B. insecure attachment to his father

C. aggression from his father

D. collectivism

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Religious Socialization

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. Adolescents who are ______ to their parents show similar levels of religiosity.

A. empathetic

B. victimized

C. securely attached

D. insecurely attached

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Influences on Religious Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which is an example of an outcome of religiosity for adolescents?

A. depression

B. gender intensification

C. cheating

D. academic achievement

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religiosity and Adjustment

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Which statement is true about authoritative parenting, gender, and religiosity?

A. While parental religiosity predicts authoritative parenting, it does not predict adolescent religiosity in girls.

B. While parental religiosity predicts authoritative parenting, this style of parenting is not associated with risky sexual activity in boys.

C. While parental religiosity predicts authoritative parenting, this style of parenting is not associated with risky sexual activity in girls.

D. While parental religiosity predicts authoritative parenting, it does not predict adolescent religiosity in boys.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religiosity and Adjustment

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. What impact does religiosity have on emotional regulation in adolescents?

A. Participation in religious communities promotes healthy adolescent behaviors fostering emotional regulation.

B. Participation in religious communities promotes risky adolescent behaviors decreasing emotional regulation.

C. Participation in religious communities while promoting healthy adolescent behaviors does not affect emotional regulation.

D. Participation in religious communities while promoting risky adolescent behaviors does not affect emotional regulation.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Religiosity and Adjustment

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. What does peer-reviewed research reveal about the relationship between religiosity and mental health?

A. Religiosity is positively associated with mental health issues such as depression.

B. Religiosity has been known to cause mental health issues such as depression.

C. Religiosity acts as a predictor for mental health issues such as depression.

D. Religiosity acts as a buffer against mental health issues such as depression.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Religiosity and Adjustment

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Sophia’s family attends church every Sunday and makes sure to volunteer with their church whenever they can. Her parents are always open to discuss issues with Sophia and pay particular attention to her safety. While they monitor where Sophia goes, they do not helicopter over her but allow autonomy in decision-making with discussions along the way. Due to Sophia’s parents’ style and religiosity, Sophia has acquired a ______ against risk.

A. dysfunction

B. civil ideal

C. protective factor

D. collectivism

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Religiosity and Adjustment

Difficulty Level: Hard

57. Which concept is defined as the broad range of activities related to community and political involvement?

A. civic engagement

B. civic development

C. civic ideals

D. civic collectivism

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Which concept is defined as the skills, knowledge, and motivation to participate in community and political life?

A. civic engagement

B. civic development

C. civic ideals

D. civic collectivism

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. How do civic engagement and development differ?

A. Engagement refers to emotional autonomy while development refers to perspective taking.

B. Engagement refers to perspective taking while development refers to emotional autonomy.

C. Engagement refers to the activities while development refers to the motivation to be involved.

D. Engagement refers to the motivation while development refers to the activities for involvement.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Which behavior is an example of civic development?

A. campaigning for a candidate

B. volunteering at the animal shelter

C. knowing how to register to vote

D. protesting for animal rights

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Jada wants to be more present in her community. She joined an organization that spends every Saturday cleaning graffiti off the walls of local businesses. This volunteerism will not only benefit her community but raise awareness to the need for better crime prevention. Jada is participating in ______.

A. compliant prosocial behavior

B. moral reasoning

C. self-interest

D. civic engagement

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Hard

62. Oliver noticed that the number of vacant houses in his neighborhood is rising. He decides to approach his city council in order to invest money and resources into the once thriving community. Oliver’s motivation to addresss this problem illustrates ______.

A. civic development

B. civic ideals

C. future orientation

D. self-interest

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. What impact does moral reasoning have on civic purpose in adolescence?

A. Moral reasoning allows adolescents to consider their mental health influencing their motivation to deny their civic purpose.

B. Moral reasoning allows adolescents to think abstractly about principles like justice and fairness influencing their sense of civic purpose.

C. Moral reasoning allows adolescents to consider nondemocratic ideals that increase their civic purpose with gender intensification.

D. Moral reasoning allows adolescents to think about obedience to authority to make sure that they are always obeying in regard to their civic purpose.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. Trina, a 16-year-old girl, is petitioning her city for a fairness ordinance to protect LGBT individuals in her community. She was motivated to start this petition because of her best friend who “came out” as gay last year. Since then, she has educated herself and gotten very involved with the LGBT community. Trina has developed a ______.

A. secure attachment

B. obedience to authority

C. civic purpose

D. gender intensification

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Which concept is also an aspect of identity helping to understand large societal systems and one’s place in them?

A. empathic concern

B. perspective taking

C. civic purpose

D. civic development

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. Adolescents from higher socioeconomic status home with high levels of parental education have ______ civic involvement.

A. higher rates of

B. lower rates of

C. the same rates as any other adolescent in

D. no interest in

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Interaction with a heterogeneous group of people in community service allows adolescents to ______.

A. increase stereotypes

B. reduce stereotypes

C. increase self-interest

D. decrease socialization

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. What impact does socioeconomic status have on adolescent civic involvement?

A. Adolescents from lower socioeconomic status households have lower civic involvement.

B. Adolescents from higher socioeconomic status households have higher civic involvement.

C. Adolescents from middle-class socioeconomic status households have the highest civic involvement.

D. Socioeconomic status does not have any bearing on adolescent civic involvement.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. What role does “real life” play in influencing civic development?

A. Adolescents may experience gender intensification while performing civic duties.

B. Adolescents may experience an attachment to their neighborhood church.

C. Adolescents may experience a disconnect between their civic ideals and their experiences.

D. Adolescents may experience a dysfunctional attachment to prosocial behavior with civic experiences.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Tonya is a member of group at her high school that is serving the homeless population dinner one night a week. This group is run by a faculty member with the permission of the administration. The school has decided that this is a great way to teach students about leadership and volunteering in the community. Eventually, they would like to join a larger community-based organization that provides food seven nights a week. This way the students could interact with ______.

A. a heterogeneous group of people

B. the same people every day

C. only the same students

D. other students and teachers

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. An adolescent who internalizes right from wrong with a value system is demonstrating cognitive autonomy.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Kohlberg’s conventional moral reasoning contains the highest two levels an individual can reach.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Individuals who reason that Heinz should not steal because it is against the law would be reasoning at the postconventional level.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessing Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. A parent who uses issue-focused questions in discussion is helping to advance moral reasoning.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Self-reports of prosocial behavior tend to decline in early adolescence and stay there until emerging adulthood.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Prosocial behaviors performed without the expectation of reward are reported more by girls.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Maternal warmth is especially influential on the promotion of prosocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Prosocial behavior has no association with problem behavior in adolescents.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Caleb is reflecting on what his life and all life means which illustrates religiosity.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Religious affiliation, rituals, and practice are all parts of religiosity.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Religion and Religiosity

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. From adolescence to emerging adulthood, individuals become more spiritual and less religious.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Adolescents who are securely attached to their parents show a mismatch to their parents’ religiosity.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Religious Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. One aspect of civic development is the motivation to participate in community and/or political life.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Civic Development and Engagement

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. An adolescent struggling with identity may also be struggling with political affiliation.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Participating in community service with a heterogeneous group of people can lead to the strengthening of stereotypes.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. How do Stages 3 and 4 differ in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influences on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What impact did Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning have on gender?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What impact does culture have on moral reasoning?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What inference can you make about the research finding that as adolescents develop they will give more to their friends than to parents or strangers?

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What impact do high-quality close friendships have on prosocial behavior among adolescents?

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. How is prosocial behavior related to problem behavior in adolescence?

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior and Developmental Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What impact does religion have for an adolescent exploring identity?

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What is the impact of a secure attachment to parents for an adolescents’ religiosity?

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Religious Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What is the impact on identity development in adolescents from participation in civic engagement?

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. How are adolescents of color from lower SES communities influenced in their civic development?

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Give an example of the progression of an individual through all stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain how you would answer the “Heinz dilemma.” Based on your answers, how would you classify your reasoning level and stages? Why do you classify your answers as those stage(s)?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss the process of moral development and its influence on behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assessing Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. While boys and girls are more alike than different in terms of prosocial behavior, explain the differences in self-reporting of prosocial behavior. Provide an example of each type of prosocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine influences and outcomes of prosocial development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developmental Shifts in Prosocial Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain the relationship between cognitive development and religion.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize influences on religiosity and adjustment in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Religion

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How do abstract ideas, such as justice and fairness, impact an adolescent’s civic engagement and identity?

Learning Objective: 7.4: Discuss the development of civic engagement in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescent Development and Civic Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium