Chapter 8: Cultures

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The system of knowledge and beliefs of a particular people, how they construct and employ meanings that guide their perceptions and behaviors in multiple contexts, refers to a society’s ______.

a. values

b. traditions

c. ethnocentrism

d. culture

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Ideals, values, or standards for living make up what definition of culture?

a. normative

b. functional

c. mental

d. structural

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Social heritage and tradition, passed down from one generation to the next, makes up what definition of culture?

a. normative

b. historical

c. structural

d. functional

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, and behavior make up the ______ definition of culture.

a. normative

b. historical

c. functional

d. structural

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which definition of culture refers to arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared among people?

a. historical

b. structural

c. symbolic

d. normative

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following terms frames our thinking about contemporary multiculturalism and posits the idea that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture?

a. ethnocentrism

b. cultural relativism

c. worldview

d. traditions

Learning Objective: 8-5: Analyze how the approaches of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism would benefit or be harmful to social work practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. A term used to describe the idea that truth and meaning are perspectival is ______.

a. ethnocentrism

b. ideology

c. postmodernism

d. biological determinism

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. ______ is a term applied to the dominant ideas about the way things are and should work.

a. Ethnocentrism

b. Ideology

c. Postmodernism

d. Biological determinism

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The tendency to elevate the social and cultural processes of one’s own society over others is known as ______.

a. symbolism

b. exploitation

c. cultural bias

d. ethnocentrism

Learning Objective: 8-5: Analyze how the approaches of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism would benefit or be harmful to social work practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. A verbal or nonverbal representation that stands for something is a(n) ______.

a. symbol

b. worldview

c. cultural innovation

d. ideology

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Symbols

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ is a term originally used to explain people on welfare, poor single parents, and other problems of inner cities.

a. Underclassism

b. Poverty ideology

c. Culture of poverty

d. Institutional poverty

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Class

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ is a process of culture change in which the cultural uniqueness of the minority is abandoned and its members try to blend invisibly into the dominant culture.

a. Accommodation

b. Acculturation

c. Bicultural socialization

d. Assimilation

Learning Objective: 8-5: Analyze how the approaches of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism would benefit or be harmful to social work practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Culture Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. ______ is a process of culture change where partial or selective change is made by nondominant groups.

a. Accommodation

b. Acculturation

c. Bicultural socialization

d. Assimilation

Learning Objective: 8-9: Identity the major mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Culture Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. A process of culture change where there is mutual sharing of culture is defined as ______.

a. accommodation

b. acculturation

c. bicultural socialization

d. assimilation

Learning Objective: 8-9: Identity the major mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Culture Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. A process of culture change that involves a nonmajority group or member mastering both the dominant culture and their own is defined as ______.

a. accommodation

b. acculturation

c. bicultural socialization

d. assimilation

Learning Objective: 8-9: Identity the major mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Culture Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. ______ is a system of classification that uses certain physical characteristics to divide humans into supposedly distinct groups.

a. Diversity

b. Race

c. Ethnic identity

d. Social class

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. ______ is the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability, and that a particular race is superior to others.

a. Ethnocentrism

b. Socialism

c. Classism

d. Racism

Learning Objective: 8-5: Analyze how the approaches of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism would benefit or be harmful to social work practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. ______ is a sense of cultural, historical, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people considered to be distinct from other groups.

a. Diversity

b. Ethnicity

c. Social class

d. Race

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. A way of ascribing status, prestige, and power is ______.

a. diversity

b. ethnic identity

c. social class

d. racism

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Class

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Ethnic identity has traditionally been asserted through ______.

a. preferences in food, clothing, language, religion

b. views on terrorism

c. political affiliation

d. differences in child development

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Status based on achievement and egalitarianism is characteristic of which cultural era?

a. postmodern culture

b. modern culture

c. traditional culture

d. premodern culture

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. What is considered to be part of the foundation of postmodern culture?

a. socioeconomic status

b. industrial revolution

c. global electronic communications

d. ethnocentrism

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. A basic axiom of culture is that it is learned through social interaction.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A basic axiom of culture is that it is patterned, symbolic, adaptive, and maladaptive.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A term used to describe contemporary culture is modernism.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The original term “culture of poverty” refers to the way of life developed by the middle class to adapt to difficult circumstances experienced in life.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Class

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In the practice orientation to culture, structure influences how we construct ourselves, or in other words, what we make of ourselves based on what things mean to us.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Theoretical Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The concept of assimilation is the process of partial or selective cultural change.

Learning Objective: 8-9: Identity the major mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Define the term racism.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Define the term ethnic identity.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Compare and contrast the idea of a culture of poverty with the contemporary idea of practice orientation.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Other Theoretical Perspectives, Social Class

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Define the term cultural hegemony.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture and Power

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is meant by ‘human agency’ and how does it relate to social structure?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theories of Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe why immigration is a prominent feature of U.S. society today.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Explain the difference between the terms premodern, modern, and postmodern.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Discuss the dilemma of ideal vs. real culture.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ideal Culture Versus Real Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Compare and contrast the four processes of cultural change which include assimilation, accommodation, acculturation, and bicultural socialization. Cite examples of where you think Rubina is in this process. Explain your position.

Learning Objective: 8-9: Identity the major mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: How Culture Changes

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Explain what is meant by a practice orientation. What is the overall goal of this theoretical approach? How does this orientation compare to the culture of poverty? How might this practice orientation explain the prevalence of poverty in Rubina’s community?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Other Theoretical Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Compare and contrast the definitions of culture and nature.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What is Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Explain why it is important to appreciate the tension between the force of social structure and human agency in social work practice. Provide an example of how a social worker might consider social structure and human agency to better understand the story of Rubina.

Learning Objective: 8-10: Apply knowledge of human culture to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theories of Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Explain and discuss diversity using the practice orientation model for conceptualizing, organizing, and analyzing cultural processes. Include in your discussion the concepts relevant to the practice orientation: race, ethnicity, social class, gender, and family. Explain why it is important to our practice to understand these concepts when working with diversity.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theories of Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Discuss the concepts of ideology, ethnocentrism, cultural symbols, and cultural innovation. Explain how having an understanding of these concepts helps social workers to have a conceptualization of culture.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Major Concepts in the Study of Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Describe the sociocultural factors in the construction of education.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ideal Culture Versus Real Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Discuss the characteristics of traditional, modern, and postmodern culture.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Compare and contrast three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mentalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. What are the challenges of defining culture?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Outline the elements that make up a comprehensive definition of culture.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Major Concepts in the Study of Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard