Exam Prep The Grasses Chapter 12 8th Edition

Plants and Society, 8e (Levetin)

Chapter 12 The Grasses

1) What percentage of the world's vegetation are members of the Family Poaceae?

A) 5

B) 10

C) 15

D) 20

E) 25

2) Grasses are

A) eudicots.

B) monocots.

C) paleodicots.

D) lycopods.

E) gymnosperms.

3) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Poaceae?

A) Leaves are alternate.

B) Culms are hollow at the node.

C) Leaves exhibit netlike venation.

D) Fibrous root systems are dominate.

E) Many have horizontal stems, such as aboveground stolons or underground rhizomes.

4) Which of the following is not a characteristic of grass flowers?

A) They usually have three stamens.

B) Grass flowers have enlarged, feathery stigmas.

C) Surrounding each flower are two bracts: an outer lemma and an inner palea.

D) Flowers are complete.

E) There is a single ovule in the ovary.

5) Which of the following terms is not matched with its definition?

A) stolon - underground horizontal stem

B) lemma - outer bract surrounding a grass flower

C) culm - the stem of a grass plant

D) awn - slender bristle extending from a lemma

E) glume - a bract beneath a spikelet

6) Which of the following is(are) correct?

A) Typical fruits for the Poaceae are grains.

B) Fruits are dry, single-seeded and indehiscent.

C) Interior to the bran is a layer of enlarged cells called the aleurone layer.

D) The germ is the embryo with its sheaths.

E) All of the above are correct.

7) Which of the following plants is not a member of the Poaceae?

A) wheat

B) rice

C) maize (corn)

D) oats

E) All of the above are members of the Poaceae

8) Which of the following statements applies to wheat?

A) Wheat is one of the most widely cultivated cereals in the world.

B) Wheat supplies a major percentage of the nutrient needs of humans.

C) The spikes of wheat are tightly packed with grains, usually with long awns.

D) Wheat has been called "The Staff of Life."

E) All of the above are correct.

9) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The domestication of wheat involves hybridization and resulting polyploidy of several species of wheat.

B) Molecular studies indicate that goat grasses should remain in the genus Triticum.

C) Triticum monococcum is a diploid species of wheat commonly known as einkorn wheat.

D) Emmer wheat is a tetraploid.

E) Tetraploid wheat evolved naturally about 100,000 years ago.

10) Which of the following is correct?

A) Durum wheat is grown primarily in the northern United States, Canada, and southern Europe.

B) Wheat cultivars can be categorized by their growing conditions and their protein content.

C) Bread often supplies more than half of the dietary calories to people throughout the world.

D) Applying heat to the grain makes the glumes easy to remove but also changes the gluten, making it "flat bread."

E) All of the above statements are correct.

11) The bracts surrounding a grass grain are called ________.

A) lemma

B) chaff

C) palea

D) glumes

E) awns

12) The outer wall of a grass grain is the ________.

A) chaff

B) aleurone layer

C) coleoptile

D) germ

E) bran

13) If a grass seed geminates, the ________ provides enzymes that break down endosperm.

A) chaff

B) aleurone layer

C) coleoptile

D) germ

E) bran

14) The embryo along with its coleoptile and coleorhiza sheaths are the ________.

A) chaff

B) aleurone layer

C) coleoptile

D) germ

E) bran

15) White flour is processed ________.

A) chaff

B) germ

C) endosperm

D) bran

E) More than one of the above are correct.

16) In whole-grain products, what part of the grain is removed?

A) chaff

B) germ

C) endosperm

D) bran

E) More than one of the above are correct.

17) Which of the following is not a correct match between the wheat species and its common name?

A) Triticum monococcum :: einkorn wheat

B) Triticum turgidum :: emmer wheat

C) Triticum durum :: bread wheat

D) All of the above are correctly matched.

E) None of the above are correctly matched.

18) Which species of wheat is used for producing bread flour?

A) Triticum aestivum

B) Triticum durum

C) Triticum monococcum

D) Triticum turgidum

E) None of the above are correct

19) Which of the following species of wheat is tetraploid?

A) Triticum aestivum

B) Triticum durum

C) Triticum monococcum

D) Triticum turgidum

E) None of the above are correct

20) Which of the following is the most commonly grown species of wheat?

A) Triticum aestivum

B) Triticum durum

C) Triticum monococcum

D) Triticum turgidum

E) None of the above are correct.

21) All of the following describe hard wheat except one. Choose the exception.

A) higher gluten than soft wheat

B) used mainly in making bread

C) grown in areas with limited rainfall

D) lower protein content than soft wheat

E) All of the above are correct.

22) Of particular concern to wheat farmers worldwide is a variety of the stem rust fungus known as which of the following?

A) Uk66

B) Ur91

C) Ug99

D) Gr76

E) Nk92

23) Which of the following essential vitamins is not missing in whole-grain wheat?

A) A

B) B3

C) C

D) B12

E) None of the above are correct.

24) Pick the statement that is not correct.

A) Early breads were prepared from whole grains that were coarsely ground.

B) Refined flour comprises mainly starchy endosperm.

C) Refined flour has a shorter shelf life than does flour that has not been refined.

D) Compared with other major cereals, wheat is a nutrient-rich food, missing only four of the essential nutrients (vitamins A, B12, C, and iodine)

E) The protein content of wheat is about 13 percent.

25) Botanically, what is the silk of maize?

A) the stamen filaments

B) the carpel styles

C) the carpel ovaries

D) the stamen anthers

E) amylopectin

26) What part of the maize plant prevents seed dispersal?

A) the tassel

B) the husk

C) the silk

D) the fruits

E) None of the above are correct.

27) Which of the following suggests that corn is an unusual cereal?

A) Corn is much larger than other cereals.

B) Corn has separate staminate and carpellate inflorescences.

C) The grains can be of various colors.

D) The grains are "naked."

E) All of the above are correct.

28) This type of maize has a core of soft starch surrounded by hard starch and a large percentage of water in endosperm cells. This type of maize is called ________.

A) flint

B) dent

C) waxy

D) popcorn

E) flour

29) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Until recently, the United States was committed to clean, renewable energy sources.

B) In 2017, the United States produced nearly 60 percent of the world's supply of ethanol for fuel.

C) Some scientists claim that the energy efficiency of growing corn for fuel may even result in an energy loss (considering the use of fertilizer, etc.)

D) Ecologists are concerned about the potential land use changes that could indirectly threaten the Amazonian rain forests and the Pantanal of Brazil because of the expansion of its biofuel program.

E) All of the above are correct.

30) The most common corn grown by Native Americans in northern North America was which of the following?

A) flint

B) dent

C) waxy

D) popcorn

E) flour

31) The most common corn grown in the Corn Belt of the United States is ________.

A) flint

B) dent

C) waxy

D) sweet

E) flour

32) The many colors of "Indian" corn result from pigments in the pericarp and the ________.

A) cotyledons

B) coleoptile

C) aleurone layer

D) coleorhiza

E) endodermis

33) The color and patterns seen in Indian corn are evidence of ________.

A) evolution

B) transduction

C) transposons

D) inbreeding

E) artificial selection

34) Pick the statement that is correct:

A) Flint corn has virtually no starch near the outer part of the kernel.

B) Sweet corn contains a high concentration of lipids instead of starch in the endosperm.

C) Corn is a fall annual that grows best under the extreme conditions of the northern prairies.

D) Kernel color is a simple recessive character of the aleurone layer and pericarp.

E) Barbara McClintock discovered transposons or "jumping genes" in corn.

35) How is teosinte different from maize?

A) Teosinte has terminal staminate flowers.

B) Teosinte has lateral carpellate flowers.

C) Teosinte has a diploid number of 20.

D) Teosinte kernels are surrounded by a hard fruit case.

E) Teosinte differs from maize in all the above.

36) The 1970 Southern leaf blight wide-spread epidemic was blamed on which of the following?

A) the use of GMOs.

B) extreme rainfall caused by global warming.

C) an extreme drought caused by global warming.

D) the use of disease-susceptible male-sterile lines.

E) organic farming techniques.

37) Approximately, 85% of the corn genome consists of which of the following?

A) transposons.

B) introns.

C) viruses.

D) inserted deletions.

E) exons.

38) Most corn grown in the United States is used for ________.

A) flour and cooking oil

B) biofuel

C) making liquor and beer

D) popcorn and directly eating as corn-on-the-cob

E) animal food

39) A number of scientists believe that using plant material for ethanol production will not become efficient until the ethanol can be made from ________ instead of sugars and starches.

A) cellulose

B) lignin

C) hemicellulose

D) nucleic acids

E) All of the above are correct

40) Which is the best environment for growing rice?

A) high-elevation mountains.

B) lowland tropical areas periodically flooded.

C) cool, moist climates with sandy soils.

D) former lake beds in dry climates.

E) All of the above environments are excellent for growing rice.

41) This staple crop grows to be 1 meter tall, flowers are in a panicle at tip of stalk, grains surrounded by bracts, and air chambers in the stalk. This staple crop is which of the following?

A) maize.

B) barley.

C) rice.

D) wheat

E) none of the above.

42) Which of the following statements about rice is(are) correct?

A) Rice is a large, multi-stalked annual.

B) A stalk of rice has a terminal panicle bearing grains surrounded by bracts.

C) Rice has characteristic air chambers in the stem that provide for the diffusion of gases throughout the plant.

D) There are thousands of varieties of Oryza sativa, which require different growing conditions and may vary in color, shape, size, and aroma.

E) All of the above are correct statements.

43) The growth of rice in paddies is enhanced by the nitrogen-producing species,

A) Anabaena azollae

B) Oryza sativa

C) Aegilops tauschi

D) Triticum aestivum

E) Zea mays

44) In rice cultivation, what is winnowing?

A) draining of the fields to prepare for harvesting.

B) harvesting the plant using sickles.

C) separating the grain from the chaff.

D) freeing the grain from the outer bracts.

E) None of the above are correct.

45) This variety of rice is the oldest variety and is not sticky when cooked. This variety of rice is called ________.

A) indica

B) javanica

C) japonica

D) amaroo

E) wild rice

46) Which of the following grains is a C4 plant that vegetatively looks similar to maize?

A) Secale cereale

B) Hordeum vulgare

C) Zea mays

D) Sorgum bicolor

E) Avena sativa

47) Which of the following species is not correctly paired with its common name?

A) Avena sativa :: oat

B) Triticum aestivum :: wheat

C) Oryza sativa :: rice

D) Secale cereal :: goat grass

E) Hordeum vulgare :: barley

48) Which of the following is currently believed to be the ancestor of modern corn?

A) triticale

B) triticum

C) tripsacum

D) teosinte

E) None of the above are correct.

49) In a grain the highest amount of starch would be found in the ________.

A) seed coat

B) endosperm

C) embryo

D) bran

E) aleurone layer

50) Polyploidy has had a significant impact on the evolution of modern ________.

A) corn

B) rice

C) wheat

D) potato

E) soybeans

51) Goat grasses played an important role in the evolution of which of the following:

A) corn

B) rice

C) wheat

D) potatoes

E) peanuts

52) The short grain rice variety that is sticky when cooked is called which of the following:

A) indica

B) japonica

C) javanica

D) sinensis

E) none of the above

53) Our present-day bread wheats are thought to be hybrids of einkorn wheat and goat grass.

54) The protein in wheat flour that provide elasticity to dough and permit breads and cakes to rise is gluten.

55) A hybrid crop called Aegilops is a cross between wheat and rye.

56) One unusual feature about the female flowers of maize is that they have a very long style.

57) Wheat is native to the North America.

58) Nitrogen-fixing species are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants.

59) Much of the corn grown in the United States today is used as animal feed, with only a small portion of the corn harvest being eaten directly by humans.

60) Barbara McClintock is also recognized as the first geneticist to consider the existence of epigenetic inheritance.

61) A major aim of current wheat breeding programs is resistance to ________ disease.

62) The condition in which an organism has more than the diploid number of chromosomes is known as ________.

63) The oldest forms of domesticated wheat are ________ and emmer.

64) ________ is a tetraploid wheat species that produces a hard starch ideal for making pasta and semolina flour.

65) ________ is primarily grown today to make the malt for brewing of beer.

66) The embryo of a grain is referred to as the ________.

67) ________ is the cereal grain which feeds the most people worldwide.

68) Sugarcane and bamboo are in the same botanical family as wheat; the scientific name of this family is ________.