Exam Prep Chapter 14 Toward the Future

Chapter 14

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The burden of STIs in developing countries
   1. Occurs because women in developing countries are more sexually promiscuous than women in developed countries.
   2. Is largely because the diagnosis and treatment of STIs is sorely lacking in many settings.
   3. Is the second leading cause of health problems for women, after pregnancy and childbirth.
   4. Both b and c.
   5. All of the above.
2. From now until 2050, which continent will add more people to the Earth’s human population?
   1. Africa
   2. Asia
   3. Latin America
   4. Oceana
3. If the unmet need for contraception were fully met
   1. An estimated 54 million unintended pregnancies would be averted annually
   2. An estimated 22 million unplanned births would be averted annually.
   3. An estimated 25 million induced abortions would be averted annually.
   4. An estimated 7 million miscarriages would be averted annually.
   5. All of the above.
4. U.S. foreign assistance for population and reproductive health
   1. Has steadily risen in response to global need over the past 4 decades.
   2. Is independent of domestic politics.
   3. Is important for contraceptive security in many nations, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
   4. Is highest in the world in terms of percentage of Gross National Income per capita spent on population assistance, including family planning.
5. Globally, what percentage of women who die in pregnancy or childbirth live in developing countries?
   1. 29
   2. 49
   3. 79
   4. 99
6. If the unmet demand for modern contraception in the developing world were fully met,
   1. An estimated 54 million unintended pregnancies would be averted annually.
   2. An estimated 22 million unplanned births would be averted annually.
   3. An estimated 25 million induced abortions would be averted annually.
   4. An estimated 7 million miscarriages would be averted annually.
   5. All of the above.

True/False Questions

1. T F Criminalizing abortion usually decreases both its incidence and safety.
2. T F Taking inflation into account, U.S. international population assistance has declined since 1995.
3. T F The most effective policy interventions for reducing population growth also improve reproductive health.
4. T F In terms of its population assistance contribution per Gross National Income, the American share is highest in the world.
5. T F The widely used ICPD definition of reproductive health lacks specificity in terms of actual services and measureable objectives.
6. T F At the global and national levels, separate policy communities address environmental sustainability, population and reproductive health, food security, and climate change.

Essay Questions (Suggested Main Points listed)

1. What was the dispute between those concerned about rapid population growth and women’s health advocates at the ICPD Conference in 1994. Why does this chapter state that this dispute is dated and unproductive?
   1. Same interventions that work for lowering fertility also improve reproductive health (e.g., family planning, girls’ education)
   2. Nearly a global consensus that coercive practices concerning individuals’ fertility are unacceptable and that human rights must be respected.
   3. Collaboration is vital between these communities to move forward for improving women’s health and stabilizing population growth.
2. Worldwide, the majority of maternal deaths are from severe bleeding, infections, eclampsia, obstructed labor and the sequelae of unsafe abortions--all causes for which there are highly effective interventions. Why do you think this situation continues and what needs to happen to address global maternal mortality more effectively?
   1. Status of women is low so women’s lives are not valued within many cultures (e.g., India).
   2. Lack of infrastructure to address these problems (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa)
   3. Taboo nature of abortion in many societies as well as out of wedlock pregnancy.
   4. Lack of will by politicians in richer countries.
   5. Conservative politics steer resources away from any topic associated with induced abortion.
3. What would it take in terms of resources and collective action to address the global unmet need for family planning services?
   1. Total of $8.1 billion to meet the existing need for modern contraceptive methods for all women in the developing world, only $4.1 billion more than the $4 billion expenditure for contraceptive care in 2012.
   2. Resources and leadership, including more leadership from the U.S.
   3. Good design incorporating valid causal mechanisms of how objectives will be attained along with consistent and valid metrics.
   4. Realistic policy planning requires that reproductive health services must be delineated.