Complete Test Bank Global Population and Reproductive Ch13

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Population policy interventions include
   1. Availability of information
   2. Laws and regulations
   3. Taxation and subsidy mechanisms
   4. Direct investments, including the offer of services.
   5. All of the above.
2. The first organized attempts in population policy tried to address
   1. High levels of mortality.
   2. Unmet need for family planning services.
   3. The implosion of the Eastern European population.
   4. Rapid population growth.
   5. None of the above.
3. The first decennial United Nations conference on population was held in ______in 1974.
   1. Bucharest
   2. Mexico City
   3. Cairo
   4. New York City
   5. None of the above.
4. This United Nations (UN) conference was the first to establish that individuals and couples have the right to freely and responsibly decide the number and spacing of their children.
   1. 1968 International Conference on Human Rights in Tehran.
   2. 1974 Conference on Population and Development
   3. 1984 Conference on Population and Development
   4. 1994 Conference on Population and Development
   5. 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.
5. Which of these international assistance organizations is most important for supplying contraceptives?
   1. World Bank
   2. UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)
   3. USAID (United States Agency for International Development)
   4. European Union
6. Signs that population could return to the forefront of global concerns include
   1. Increasing recognition of the linkages between demographic factors and important international concerns, such as mitigating climate change, alleviating poverty and reducing inequity.
   2. Deliberations about the demographic dividend (and other linkages between age structure and economic growth) at major economic development institutions, such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank.
   3. Discussions and analyses surrounding the post-2015 development agenda replacing the MDGs.
   4. All of the above.
   5. None of the above.
7. While there is apparently an emerging consensus about the need to provide family planning services to the world’s underserved populations, critical elements for attaining that goal are missing. Which of the following elements below pose a barrier to this goal?
   1. Little or no sense of time urgency on the part of international policymakers.
   2. Weak country leadership
   3. Little coordination between the myriad development actors and stakeholders.
   4. All of the above.
   5. None of the above.
8. Which of these countries is not a major donor to UNFPA?
   1. Netherlands
   2. Japan
   3. The Nordic countries
   4. Germany
   5. Belgium
9. Which of these conferences reinstated the central role of women in development?
   1. 1984 Conference on Population and Development
   2. 1995 Beijing Conference
   3. 1992 Earth Summit
   4. 1974 Conference on Population and Development

True/False Questions

1. T F Both the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the Population Council were formed in 1992.
2. T F Thus far in international climate change policy discussions, the role of population is seldom considered.
3. T F Global support for HIV/AIDS has diverted funding away from population and reproductive health.
4. T F About 60% of the world’s population live in countries where women have at least 4 children on average.
5. T F An estimated 222 million women, who want to avoid pregnancy, do not use an effective method of contraception.
6. T F From the beginning, the World Health Organization led global efforts to promote family planning programs.
7. T F The U.S. role in international population has diminished in recent decades.
8. T F Because of their political sensitivity, reproductive rights were initially left out of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs).
9. T F Today, the countries of the world are more demographically more similar than ever before.
10. T F In recent decades, the international policy climate has not been conducive for decisive action on population and reproductive health issues.
11. T F By 2050, nearly a third of the world’s population will live in urban areas.
12. T F The 1995 World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen reinstated women’s central role in development.
13. T F Both major political parties in the United States agree on issues related to international population and reproductive health assistance.
14. T F The purpose of the 2012 London Summit of family planning was to raise pledges of approximately US $4 billion to provide family planning services to 120 million women through 2020.
15. T F Nearly half of the world’s population lives in countries that have reached replacement level or lower fertility.
16. T F The United States reversed its longstanding population policy in 1984.
17. T F By the time it implemented the One Child Policy in 1979, China’s fertility had already declined to less than three children per woman.

Short Answer Question (Suggested Main Points listed)

1. What are the five key elements that belong to any effective reproductive health program?
   1. Family planning
   2. Maternal health
   3. children’s health
   4. prevention of HIV/AIDS
   5. prevention of violence against women.

Essay Questions (Suggested Main Points listed)

1. What are the three different population policy paradigms and when did they occur?
   1. The first period, the population control approach (1965-1974), corresponds to initial efforts aimed specifically at curtailing fertility.
   2. The second period, the population planning approach (1974-1981), focused on integrating population issues with overall development endeavors and contributed to more comprehensive national population policies.
   3. Finally, the third period, the competitive pluralism in population policy approach (1981-1994), saw the adoption of broader population policies in addition to other policy initiatives. Although the chapter discusses this paradigm in terms of 1981-1994, it goes on to say that this paradigm persists today.
2. In his discussion of the aftermath of the London Summit on Family Planning, the author elucidates crucial elements appear necessary for the renewed efforts on family planning to succeed. Discuss at least three of these elements and why it is important for successful family planning efforts.
   1. First, there must be a sense of urgency.  The 16 percent or so of the world population that lives in countries where fertility is still above 4 children per woman need rapid access to contraception. Most of the 49 LDCs fall into this category; their aggregate population is expected to more than triple during this century. 
   2. Second, family planning must remain voluntary – everywhere and for everyone--and different approaches should be explored.
   3. Third, broader development goals must also be incorporated. Gender sensitive policies, including universal female education as well as women’s labor force participation and legal autonomy, are necessary.
3. Why did the implementation of the Cairo Agenda fall short?
   1. First, many countries did not invest in reproductive health services in a systematic or comprehensive way, and very seldom have their efforts been sustained over time.
   2. Second, population programs since 1994 strived to satisfy personal needs of people and couples. By doing so, however, they lost sight of the big demographic picture as well as the huge logistical requirements needed to serve burgeoning populations.
   3. Third, the broad reproductive rights agenda with its many different components has been parceled out to a large number of different implementers (e.g., NGOs). These picked up isolated aspects of the overall reproductive health agenda, without adopting a holistic approach. As a result, the implementation of the reproductive rights agenda remained fragmented and unfocused.
   4. Fourth, much of the international population and reproductive assistance became fragmented as well.