Exam Prep Ch.3 Research Ethics Lanier

CHAPTER 3

TRUE/FALSE

1. Institutional review boards (IRBs) regulate quantitative research but not qualitative research.
2. Ethical researchers can protect only research subjects. Therefore, they do not need to minimize risk for the staff or any other partners in the research process.
3. As payment for participation can be coercive, IRBs do not allow for payment for participation in research studies.
4. The most standardized ethical guidelines in the field of criminology and criminal justice are well presented in the research ethical standards of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.
5. The potential psychological effects of research participation must be given weight as well as physical, financial, or legal considerations.
6. In general, as a research participant, if a person is 16 years of age, parental consent is not required.
7. Quantitative research presents greater ethical challenges than qualitative research.
8. With qualitative research, such as personal interviews, anonymity is not feasible, but confidentiality is.
9. IRBs approved the research proposals in the Tearoom Trade Study and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to the Webster’s New World Dictionary, ethics in research methods can be defined as conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group. What are the two major organizations that many criminology and criminal justice researchers belong to?
2. American Society of Criminology and Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
3. American Society of Criminology and American Sociological Association
4. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and American Sociological Association
5. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and American Psychological Association
6. ASC stands for which of the following?
7. American Society of Criminology
8. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
9. American Sociological Association
10. American Science Conference
11. Which of the following is false regarding ethics in research methods?
12. Historically, researchers in criminal justice areas simply self-imposed research standards and ethics.
13. Recently, academic organizations have started implementing research guidelines.
14. As academic research guidelines are not legally binding, individual researchers are not required to uphold the guidelines.
15. None of the above
16. __________ are groups of people who evaluate for approval planned research studies prior to their being conducted, as well as monitor and review the studies to protect study participants.
17. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
18. IRBs
19. Peer review panels
20. Ethical guideline assemblies
21. Which of the following must be submitted to IRBs for their review?
22. Complete research intent
23. Entire questionnaire if survey is used
24. Informed consent form if survey is used
25. All of the above
26. Which of the following is the most important function of IRBs?
27. To control research quality
28. To secure research funding
29. To ensure that research subjects are not harmed
30. To protect researchers from legal liabilities
31. __________ contributed to the establishment of IRBs.
32. The experiments of Nazi doctors during the World War II
33. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study in Alabama
34. Research abuses in health and medical studies
35. All of the above
36. The __________ outlines the most important ethical concerns for studies involving human participants.
37. Belmont Report
38. Delaware Report
39. Vermont Report
40. UN Report
41. Which of the following is not included in the report in question 8?
42. Respect for persons
43. Beneficence
44. Justice
45. Rewards for researchers
46. The referenced report in question 8 requires researchers to obtain the __________ to ensure that no harm is done to participants and truthful disclosure regarding the study purpose.
47. fully informed consent of participants
48. federal government permission to conduct research
49. presidential approval of federal research
50. All of the above
51. Which of the following is false regarding the IRB’s approval?
52. Some researchers argue that the IRB approval has become increasingly political, bureaucratic, and legalistic.
53. Informed consent required by the IRB is criticized as the first of a long and even more tortuous series of bureaucratic attempts to destroy the freedom of truth-seeking.
54. The “no harm” mandate extends to the revealing of information that would embarrass participants.
55. Researchers in the field of criminal justice cannot study criminal victimization if there is any risk of potential harm to participants.
56. Which of the following is the most obvious and important ethical consideration when conducting research?
57. No harm to participants
58. Voluntary participation
59. Anonymity
60. Confidentiality
61. Which of the following is false regarding “no harm to participants?”
62. Harm from research can take various forms, including physical, emotional, psychological, and financial damages.
63. As emotional harm is often invisible, the potential for emotional effects is not be given the same weight as other forms of harm from research.
64. The potential for physical harm can be difficult to measure.
65. Researchers also have to consider the potential for financial harm such as the possibility of participants’ employment being put at risk.
66. Which of the following is true regarding informed consent?
67. Research participants should provide their knowing and willing consent before they participate in a research project.
68. The vast majority of universities in the United States do not require a signed, written consent form yet.
69. Informed consent means that the researcher has knowledge of the study and reserves a right to conduct research.
70. All of the above
71. Which of the following is true regarding voluntary participation?
72. No coercion can be used to obtain the research participants’ informed consent.
73. It is still voluntary even if inmates perceive that they will receive better treatment from prison staff when they participate in a request by officials.
74. When a professor asks students to complete a survey in his or her class, those students never feel pressure to comply.
75. Specifically vulnerable to exploitation are the rich, the powerful, and the elderly.
76. Researchers can achieve __________ by having research participants complete a questionnaire with no name, number, or other identifier.
77. informed consent
78. anonymity
79. confidentiality
80. research goal
81. Researchers can secure __________ by promising to ensure and keep the participant’s identity a secret.
82. informed consent
83. anonymity
84. confidentiality
85. research goal
86. Lanier and Potter (2010) conducted research on inmates with AIDS. As all participants had either HIV or AIDS, confidentiality was critical. How did the researchers assure confidentiality?
87. By deleting participants’ name
88. By deleting participants’ address
89. By creating unique identifiers
90. By deleting the data collected
91. Which of the following is false regarding deceiving participants?
92. Ideally, researchers are required to inform the research participants of the nature and intent of the study.
93. Having research participants know that they are being studied may alter their behavior or responses.
94. Providing too much information about the details of the study to participants may bias their responses, which jeopardizes the credibility of the study.
95. Researchers reserve a right to deceive participants about the purpose of the study because otherwise the study would be ruined.
96. Which of the following is considered unethical when collecting and analyzing data?
97. To massage, manipulate, or alter any data collected
98. To code in a manner that is not neutral and objective
99. To skip double data entry
100. All of the above
101. Which of the following is false regarding the Tearoom Trade Study?
102. Laud Humphreys conducted research on homosexual activities in public bathrooms for his PhD dissertation.
103. For the study, Laud Humphreys stationed himself in public bathrooms and played the role as watchqueen while observing hundreds of homosexual activities.
104. Laud Humphreys followed some of the men he observed, recorded their license plate numbers, and later visited their home to interview them claiming to be a health-service interviewer.
105. His dissertation proposal was reviewed and approved by the IRB; therefore, the dissertation was not problematic at all.
106. Which of the following was not the harm that occurred in Tearoom Trade Study?
107. Participants’ identity were all revealed.
108. Involuntary participation
109. Failure to obtain informed consent
110. Loss of the university reputation
111. Which of the following is false regarding the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
112. The study was about possible racial variation in the effects of syphilis.
113. The African Americans who were suffering from syphilis were not treated even after medical examinations.
114. Over the course of the project, the U.S. Public Health Service officials not only denied study participants treatment but also prevented other agencies from supplying treatment.
115. The U.S. Public Health Service began to administer penicillin to patients with syphilis, including study participants.
116. Which of the following is false regarding the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
117. It is one of the most famous research studies on the effect of police patrol on crime and fear of crime by manipulating the level of police patrol.
118. Surprisingly, citizens did not notice the difference when the level of patrol was changed.
119. The experiment implied that resources allocated to preventive patrol can be devoted to other crime control strategies.
120. The experiment had no ethical issue because it greatly contributed to the development of police science.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. __________ are guidelines developed to lead and direct research.
2. __________ are established to oversee that ethical standards are ensured and necessary steps are taken to reduce the risk to research participants.
3. The most important ethical concerns for studies involving human participants are outlined in the __________.
4. __________ represents that no one, including the researcher, can identify any specific research study participant.
5. __________ is the process of knowing the identity of a research participant, but keeping it private. It involves taking necessary steps to protect the participants’ identity from others.
6. __________ means that the research participant has knowledge of the study and gives permission to be researched.
7. __________ represents converting words into numbers so that statistical analysis can occur.
8. The __________ addressed ethical issues in research following the medical abuses committed by Nazi Germany in World War II in the name of science.