Chapter 1 Why Research At All? Test Bank Docx Lanier

CHAPTER 1

TRUE/FALSE

1. Positivism heavily relies on a guessing.
2. Researchers use deductive reasoning when they are testing theories.
3. Qualitative research is seeking an in-depth understanding of one particular phenomenon or group.
4. Quantitative research relies on statistics, positivism, and scientific methods.
5. Mixed methods refer to the combination of qualitative and quantitative research in one study.
6. Scientific research does not help policymakers or public administrator in developing policies or practices.
7. Qualitative research is typically focused on surveying as many individuals as possible at one time.
8. Government entities are more likely to fund quantitative research.
9. Qualitative researchers attempt to achieve objectivity while quantitative researchers are more likely to just acknowledge its elusive nature.
10. Among explorative, descriptive, and explanatory research, explanatory research is the most common.
11. A cause in one cause-and-effect relationship cannot be an effect in another relationship.
12. Concomitant variation simply means that there is a relationship between two variables.
13. Causality can be established when concomitant variation, temporal sequencing, and the elimination of other rival causal factors are all satisfied.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. __________ is a field of study that examines all of the sources of knowledge. In other words, __________ seeks to determine what the legitimate sources of knowledge are. Which of the following is the most appropriate term?
2. Research; research
3. Positivism; positivism
4. Epistemology; epistemology
5. Statistics; statistics
6. __________ is the basis for knowledge derived from the use of science. Inevitably, __________ is generally a deductive process. Which of the following is the most appropriate term?
7. Research; research
8. Positivism; positivism
9. Epistemology; epistemology
10. Statistics; statistics
11. When researchers try to develop a theory or generate a hypothesis, they use
12. deductive reasoning.
13. inductive reasoning.
14. explorative research.
15. descriptive research.
16. Inductive research goes from the __________ to the __________.
17. specific; general
18. general; specific
19. top; bottom
20. bottom; top
21. Deductive research goes from the __________ to the __________.
    1. specific; general
    2. general; specific
    3. top; bottom
    4. bottom; top
22. Quantitative research methods deals with
23. data.
24. numbers.
25. statistics.
26. All of the above
27. Which of the following is false regarding qualitative research?
28. Qualitative research is traditionally nonnumerical.
29. Qualitative research is more likely to rely on actual observations or experiences to develop knowledge.
30. Respondents in qualitative research are typically asked closed-ended questions where the researcher can gain a deeper understanding of the given topic.
31. Qualitative research intends to understand meaning individuals give to a phenomenon inductively.
32. The differences between quantitative research and qualitative research exclude
33. the importance of literature review.
34. how data are collected.
35. how data are analyzed.
36. underlying theoretical basis of the study.
37. What can be defined as the scientific planning of induced change in a troublesome situation with the focus on a specific problem?
38. Inductive research
39. Quantitative research
40. Applied research
41. Basic research
42. What can be defined as research that is concerned with extending the knowledge base and can focus on testing theories that explain social problems?
43. Inductive research
44. Quantitative research
45. Applied research
46. Basic research
47. Which of the following is false regarding applied and basic research?
48. The distinction between applied and basic research is the underlying motivation or reason for the study.
49. Applied research target areas where a specific problem exists.
50. Most corporations and government entities provide research funding even though they do not have a clearly defined problem.
51. Because of the difficulty to get governmental research funding, writing a good grant proposal has become an important area in research.
52. Which of the following can be an example of basic research?
53. When a researcher assists the local sheriff with controlling drug-related crimes
54. When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration developed Velcro
55. When a researcher conducted research to reduce police use of unnecessary force
56. All of the above
57. Which of the following is false regarding who conducts research?
58. In-house research refers to studies conducted by a person within the organization.
59. Hired-hand research is conducted by a person external to the organization, but paid by the organization.
60. Third-party research is conducted by a personal external to the organization and paid by means outside the organization.
61. It is not really important who conducts the research as long as it is conducted.
62. Those concerned with who conducts research is primarily focused on
63. simplicity of research.
64. funding of research.
65. objectivity of research.
66. None of the above (Who conducts the research is not really important as long as it is conducted.)
67. In theory, __________ research can provide the highest level of objectivity regarding research findings and interpretations.
68. in-house
69. hired-hand
70. third-party
71. qualitative
72. When researchers conduct research to see how many robberies are actually occurring in a given neighborhood, the research is
73. explorative.
74. evaluation.
75. explanatory.
76. None of the above
77. __________ research is conducted in an attempt to describe a problem, policy, or program.
78. Explorative
79. Descriptive
80. Explanatory
81. Evaluation
82. __________ research is to reveal or explain causes, motivations, or reasons of why certain phenomena occur.
83. Explorative
84. Descriptive
85. Explanatory
86. Evaluation
87. ___________ research is the most difficult to conduct
88. Explorative
89. Descriptive
90. Explanatory
91. All of the above (All are equally difficult.)
92. Which of the following does not constitute cause and effect relationships?
93. Concomitant variation
94. Temporal sequencing
95. Nonspuriousness
96. Direction of change
97. With respect to causality, __________ means that when one variable changes the other variable also changes.
98. concomitant variation
99. temporal sequencing
100. nonspuriousness
101. statistical significance
102. __________ relationship refers to a case when the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases.
103. Positive
104. Inverse
105. Quantitative
106. Qualitative
107. __________ means that the cause must occur first before the effect occurs.
108. Concomitant variation
109. Temporal sequencing
110. Nonspuriousness
111. Direction of change
112. The elimination of other rival causal factors that can influence the change in a given cause-and-effect relationship is related to
113. concomitant variation.
114. temporal sequencing.
115. nonspuriousness.
116. direction of change.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. _____________ examines all sources of knowledge, and deals with how it is we know what we know.
2. The basis for knowledge derived from the use of science is __________, which is a method for using precise empirical observations to confirm or deny rules that can predict human behavior.
3. In __________ research, researchers consider the data first and then develop a theory to explain the phenomenon they observe.
4. Typical questions provided in quantitative research are __________ questions.
5. When researchers assist the local police department with determining the best solution to increased burglaries, the researchers are conducting __________ research.
6. With respect to the distinction of who conducts research, __________ means the conclusions are founded on careful observation rather than personal basis.
7. __________ is conducted to explore a specific problem and is very common in the field of criminal justice.
8. __________ means being able to predict the effect that one variable will have on another.
9. In cause and effect relationships, __________ means that the cause must precede the effect.
10. __________ occurs when an apparent causal relationship between variables is actually due to some alternative, unrecognized variable.