Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In regard to reporting gender-based violence, most victims ______.

A. report right away

B. gain sufficient social support after reporting

C. perceive that the costs outweigh the benefits

D. are usually believed

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Unlike the FBI’s old definition of rape, the updated definition ______.

A. focuses the fact that consent is not given

B. indicates victims and perpetrators can be any gender

C. indicates violence against women specifically

D. physical force is required

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A woman has a ______ chance of being a victim of rape or attempted rape while a man has ______.

A. 33.3%; 4%

B. 10%; 5%

C. 19.5%; 1.5%

D. 50%; 6.7%

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rape

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Data show that sexual violence, such as rape, is alarmingly prevalent among ______.

A. ethnic minority populations

B. Black and Latinx populations

C. the gay male population

D. sexual minority and trans populations

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Having persistent and intrusive flashbacks, trouble sleeping, and reactive behaviors are examples of ______.

A. PTSD symptoms

B. normal symptoms of aging

C. symptoms of suicide ideation

D. pain disorder symptoms

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A woman discloses to a friend that she was raped. The friend asks, “What were you wearing and were you drinking too much?” This is an example of ______.

A. acquiring all of the facts

B. victim blaming

C. supporting the victim

D. the victim self-blaming

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Researchers found that the Jezebel stereotype was associated with ______ in Black women.

A. lower self-esteem

B. increased sexual behavior

C. higher self-esteem

D. decreased sexual behavior

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Growing up in a violent home environment is an example of ______.

A. a risk factor for women to be raped

B. a protective factor for men

C. a risk factor for men to rape women

D. a protective factor for social disorganization

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rapists

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. ______ is a factor that seems to reduce a man’s likelihood of committing rape.

A. Willpower

B. Intelligence

C. Morality

D. Empathy

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rapists

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. “The rapist is the product of male gender-role socialization.” The psychologist who said this most likely believes in the ______ theoretical model of rape.

A. victim-precipitated

B. psychoanalytic

C. psychopathology of rapist

D. feminist

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. A juror who decides that the rape victim was really a slut who got herself into this situation and is trying to get the man in trouble is using the concept of ______.

A. victim-precipitated rape

B. the ego-split rapist

C. the silent rape reaction

D. the predatory rapist

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to Baron and Straus’s study of rape rates across the states of the United States, ______.

A. pornography does not significantly influence attitudes about rape

B. gender inequality is related to rape

C. social disorganization is not significantly related to rape

D. morality and control are related to rape

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Psychological research evidence has demonstrated that pornography ______.

A. may promote sexual violence

B. increases positive attitudes about women

C. may decrease rape rates

D. is more likely to be viewed by sexually violent men

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Partners explicitly and voluntarily agreeing to have sexual relations with one another is an example of ______.

A. negative consent

B. coercive consent

C. affirmative consent

D. temporary consent

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Awareness-based programs, empathy-based programs, and bystander intervention programs are all ______.

A. ineffective

B. examples of rape prevention programs

C. based on expectancy-value theory

D. designed to prevent victimization of sexual minorities

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The most effective rape prevention programs ______.

A. use a lecture and presentation style

B. have older, experienced adults lead the presentation

C. have participants actively practice skills

D. focus on mixed-gender groups

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Research has found that ______ is the most effective psychotherapy model when treating rape victims.

A. solution-focused therapy

B. feminist theory therapy

C. experiential therapy

D. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) is ______.

A. a standard treatment for incarcerated sex offenders

B. a program of relaxation to treat rape victims

C. an effective rape prevention program

D. a way of predicting which states have the highest rape rates

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Women are more likely to be attacked, raped, injured, or killed by ______ than by any other type of assailant.

A. strangers

B. previous offenders

C. current or former male partners

D. men who have been incarcerated

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Research shows that ______ women have the highest lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking.

A. Black

B. American Indian or Alaska Native

C. multiracial

D. White

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. In a community sample of transgender adults, White Hughto et al. (2017) found that ______ reported they had experienced intimate partner violence.

A. one eighth

B. one third

C. about half

D. over half

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Emotional numbing, extreme passivity, and helplessness are examples of ______.

A. symptoms of a batterer

B. short-term responses of long-term IPV victims

C. cognitive impairment symptoms of IPV victims

D. long-term responses of long-term IPV victims

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences of IPV for Victims

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. In regard to the intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence, research indicates that childhood exposure to parents’ IPV ______ the chances that one commits IPV in adulthood and ______ the chances that one is the victim of IPV in adulthood.

A. doubles; triples

B. triples; triples

C. doubles; doubles

D. triples; doubles

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of IPV for Victims

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Having an insecure or disorganized attachment style, experiencing childhood trauma, and having more traditional gender roles are examples of ______.

A. risk factors IPV perpetrators

B. risk factors for dysphoric-borderline batterers

C. risk factors for IPV victims

D. risk factors for rapists

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: IPV Perpetrators

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Research shows that the causes of intimate partner violence are ______ causes of rape.

A. similar to

B. different from

C. more prevalent than

D. less severe than

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of IPV

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Mandatory arrest, shock arrest, and no-drop policies are examples of ______.

A. empowering rape victims

B. common legal treatment of rapists and IPV perpetrators

C. legal and police reform in preventing IPV

D. police reform on gun regulation in relation to IPV

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The pattern of quid pro quo harassment, in which sexual favors are a requirement for employment, ______.

A. is rare

B. is illegal

C. is legal

D. occurs in most corporate businesses

Learning Objective: Define sexual harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment | Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. One meta-analysis found that ______ of women reported having experienced a behavior at work that fits the definition of sexual harassment.

A. 34%

B. 45%

C. 58%

D. 73%

Learning Objective: Define sexual harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment | Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. According to Pryor’s model, the man who sexually harasses is ______.

A. high in likelihood to sexually harass

B. both high in likelihood to sexually harass and in a situation conducive to harassment

C. likely from a violent family

D. above normal in testosterone levels

Learning Objective: Define sexual harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Forced prostitution, forced labor and marriage, organ removal, and the exploitation of children are examples of ______.

A. slavery that is not common today

B. human trading

C. migrants trying to get out of poverty

D. human trafficking

Learning Objective: Define sexual harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Human Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In regard to evidence on the recovered memory/false memory debate, ______.

A. laboratory studies show that information associated with unpleasant emotions may be forgotten for a period of time and then remembered again.

B. there is evidence that about 40% of therapists unscrupulously implant false memories of abuse in their female clients

C. over half of the victims of child sexual abuse reported delayed recall of it

D. there is more evidence supporting false memory than recovered memory

Learning Objective: Summarize human trafficking and child sexual abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Studies of adults who were sexually abused as children indicate that they ______.

A. are likely to become schizophrenic

B. tend to be overachievers

C. have elevated rates of psychological distress

D. do not differ from adults who were not abused as children

Learning Objective: Summarize human trafficking and child sexual abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Impact on the Victim

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Rape is one of the most underreported crimes.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Most rapes are committed by strangers.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. About 10% of rapes result in pregnancy.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Research shows that there are certain types of men who are identified as “typical rapists.”

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rapists

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Evaluations of restorative justice conferences show that they are preferred over traditional justice (e.g., trials) by most victims and responsible persons.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Around the world, an average of 30% of women over age 15 have experienced intimate partner violence.

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Among both undergraduate and graduate students, faculty members and instructors are the perpetrators of sexual harassment more often than peers.

Learning Objective: Define sexual harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment in Education

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Human trafficking is often referred to as “modern-day slavery.”

Learning Objective: Summarize human trafficking and child sexual abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Human Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. While school-aged children are most at risk of child sexual abuse, younger children are less likely to report that they’ve been victimized.

Learning Objective: Summarize human trafficking and child sexual abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. A meta-analysis of gender-differences in posttraumatic growth found that women displayed somewhat more growth than men.

Learning Objective: Summarize human trafficking and child sexual abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Looking Forward

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. “The effects of rape are pervasive and extend even to those who have not been raped.” Explain the meaning of this statement in terms of women’s fear of rape and how that influences them, including how they may or may not prevent rape from happening.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Identify the four factors that seem to make men more likely to rape women or predispose men to rape women.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Perpetrators of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Choose and contrast two theoretical views of rape (focusing on men’s rape of women), specifically discussing where each theory places blame.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain the feminist perspective on rape prevention, particularly what this view holds in regards to socializing boys.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is the premise and what are the components of restorative justice treatment as a method of handling rape in the criminal justice system?

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What are the six components of intimate partner violence?

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence: Definition and Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Explain the reasons some women who are victims of intimate partner violence stay with the batterer.

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Consequences of IPV for Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Contrast the three types of batterers.

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Perpetrators of IPV

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. According to feminist analysis, what do rape, wife-battering, sexual harassment, and incest all have in common?

Learning Objective: Explain intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. How would you define gender-based violence? What are some examples? Explain why gender-based violence is tragically underreported.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Gender and Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are some of the impacts on women who have been raped? Analyze the factors that can worsen a woman’s psychological response to rape. What is one thing we can do to help lower the intensity of women’s psychological response to rape?

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Impact of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain rape culture and analyze how cultural values and rape myths shape our sexual scripts and support or even encourage men raping women.

Learning Objective: Discuss rape and other forms of sexual assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Causes of Rape

Difficulty Level: Medium