Exam Prep Ch11 Culture

Chapter 11: Culture

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 01

1) _______ is the total of all learned ideas, beliefs, values, knowledge, and customs that regulate the behavior of members of a particular society.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Ethnicity

b. Gender

c. Culture

d. Race

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 02

2) Culture is learned through the process of

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. indulgence.

b. consumption.

c. performance.

d. socialization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 03

3) _______ concerns all of the social interactions, observations, and active processing of information about the values, norms, and practices of the culture.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Consumption

b. Socialization

c. Performance

d. Indulgence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 04

4) _______ concerns the process by which individuals learn about their own culture.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Enculturation

b. Desacralization

c. Acculturation

d. Consumption

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 05

5) Cultural food preferences demonstrate the process of

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. orientation.

b. conventions.

c. desacralization.

d. enculturation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 06

6) _______ describes the process by which an individual learns about a new culture.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Acculturation

b. Enculturation

c. Consumption

d. Desacralization

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 07

7) The process of movement, translation, and adaptation of a consumer from one cultural environment to another is known as consumer

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. enculturation.

b. acculturation.

c. intersectionality.

d. coordination.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 08

8) _______ occurs when consumers entering a new culture abandon their own culture in favor of the new culture.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Acculturation

b. Enculturation

c. Assimilation

d. Maintenance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 09

9) _______ occurs when consumers prefer aspects of their own culture and reject aspects of a new culture.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. Assimilation

b. Compliance

c. Segregation

d. Resistance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 10

10) Sometimes immigrants separate themselves from some aspects of the new consumer culture. This is known as

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. segregation.

b. compliance.

c. assimilation.

d. convention.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 11

11) What is global consumer culture?

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

a. The private behaviors that consumers undertake to aid the transition from the private to public self

b. The extent to which the individual feels driven to conform to the subjective preferences of other cultures

c. A connection with other people around the world based on the brands and products that they enjoy

d. The process by which consumers communicate their specialized cultural knowledge

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 12

12) Beliefs are

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. the thoughts an individual has about an object, idea, or person.

b. the informal societal rules that govern an individual’s behavior.

c. deep-rooted and enduring ideals and guiding principles.

d. norms of behavior passed from generation to generation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 13

13) Values are

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. deep-rooted and enduring ideals and guiding principles.

b. the informal societal rules that govern behavior.

c. norms of behavior passed from generation to generation.

d. the thoughts an individual has about an object, idea, or person.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 14

14) Honesty is a

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. belief.

b. value.

c. more.

d. ritual.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 15

15) _______ is the familiarity with people or things gained through experience and education.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. Ethnicity

b. Indulgence

c. Knowledge

d. Collectivism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 16

16) The understanding of a culture’s values and customs is referred to as cultural

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. ecology.

b. orientation.

c. identity.

d. knowledge.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 17

17) The norms of behavior that have been passed from generation to generation are called

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. archetypes.

b. values.

c. customs.

d. beliefs.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 18

18) Americans have turkey and pumpkin pie at Thanksgiving. This is a

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. custom.

b. belief.

c. more.

d. value.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 19

19) _______ are a particular type of custom and have a strong moral overtone.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. Cults

b. Mores

c. Myths

d. Rites

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 20

20) _______ are a specific form of custom and relate to the norms for the conduct of everyday life.

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

a. Archetypes

b. Tribes

c. Conventions

d. Rituals

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 21

21) The rituals that mark a change in a person’s social status are called

Feedback: Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.3

a. exchange rituals.

b. holiday rituals.

c. possession rituals.

d. rites of passage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 22

22) A _______ is a story that contains symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture.

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. myth

b. norm

c. more

d. ritual

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 23

23) What is an archetype?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. The stable characters that capture basic ideas that seem constant and frequently re-emerge across times and places

b. The relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of studying, practicing, or experiencing something

c. An internal drive that all humans have, such as the need for food, water, love, friendship, and acceptance

d. A self-definition for some individuals that rejects the simple, discrete definitions of gender and gender identity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 24

24) The term _______ refers to a symbolic and expressive activity, often involving a series of behaviors that are repeated over time.

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. ethnicity

b. ritual

c. value

d. belief

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 25

25) Kristen is getting rid of her car, but first she will first remove any personal items. This is an example of which type of ritual?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. Grooming

b. Exchange

c. Divestment

d. Possession

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 26

26) Kristen is gifting her car to Matt for his birthday. This is an example of which type of ritual?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. Exchange

b. Divestment

c. Grooming

d. Possession

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 27

27) The objects and products that accompany or are consumed in a ritual setting are called ritual

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. audiences.

b. values.

c. scripts.

d. artifacts.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 28

28) What is cultural ecology?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. The physical geography of a place and the way individuals and the cultural system have adapted to that environment

b. The stream of research that focuses on benefiting consumer welfare and quality of life across the world

c. A classification system that divides groups of people based on a composite measure of income and education

d. A field of study that examines all the external influences on a consumer, such as social class, gender, and family

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 29

29) Which type of ritual is associated with transforming mass-produced products into more personal products for the home or workplace?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.4

a. Grooming

b. Possession

c. Exchange

d. Divestment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 30

30) Which type of rituals are private behaviors consumers undertake to aid the transition from the private to public self?

Feedback: Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

a. Divestment

b. Grooming

c. Exchange

d. Possession

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 31

31) The _______ dimension of Hofstede’s dimensions of culture assesses the extent to which individual goals are balanced against collective or group goals.

Feedback: Page reference: Classification of Cultures

Learning objective: 11.4

a. masculinity–femininity

b. uncertainty avoidance

c. individualism–collectivism

d. power distance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 32

32) What occurs when we attach sacred meaning to profane consumption so that everyday products, people, places, and events are elevated and have a distinctiveness and specialness in the eyes of consumers?

Feedback: Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.4

a. Acculturation

b. Desacralization

c. Intersectionality

d. Sacralization

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 33

33) What occurs when a sacred item, person, place, or experience is no longer special and is downgraded to the realm of “everyday” in the minds of consumers?

Feedback: Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.4

a. Desacralization

b. Intersectionality

c. Sacralization

d. Acculturation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 34

34) _______ describes those consumption activities that are set apart from everyday consumption activities and are treated with some degree of respect or awe.

Feedback: Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.4

a. Sacred consumption

b. Reverse socialization

c. Profane consumption

d. Salient belief

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 35

35) _______ is the term used to capture those consumer objects and events that are more “everyday” in nature.

Feedback: Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.4

a. Reverse socialization

b. Salient belief

c. Profane consumption

d. Sacred consumption

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 36

36) A _______ is a smaller, cohesive group of people that share similar values, beliefs, tastes, and behavioral patterns.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. archetype

b. race

c. ritual

d. subculture

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 37

37) _______ refers to the color of a person’s skin and other physical features.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Ethnicity

b. Race

c. Culture

d. Orientation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 38

38) _______ refers to a variety of cultural factors, such as nationality, ancestry, shared customs, and language.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Ideology

b. Race

c. Ethnicity

d. Orientation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 39

39) _______ refers to how an individual perceives him- or herself within the broader social context.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Uncertainty avoidance

b. Gender identity

c. Power distance

d. Cultural ideology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 40

40) _______ is a self-definition for individuals that rejects the simple definitions of gender and gender identity.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Non–gender binary

b. Voluntary simplicity

c. Uncertainty avoidant

d. Performance identity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 41

41) _______ occurs when multiple identities exist at the same time.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Power distance

b. Intersectionality

c. Brand community

d. Acculturation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 42

42) _______ consist of a group of consumers, emotionally connected by similar consumption values and usage, who utilize a brand as the link to create a community and express identity.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Consumer tribes

b. Performance roles

c. Individualistic cultures

d. Possession rituals

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 43

43) _______ are a specific example of gift giving, where consumers purchase things for themselves as a way of regulating their own behavior.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. Heuristics

b. Avoidances

c. Self-gifts

d. Wants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 44

44) A _______ refers to a non–geographically bound community that is connected through brand admiration, with a structured set of social relations.

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. brand community

b. long-term orientation

c. cultural ecology

d. power distance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 45

45) One use of age-based subcultures is based on an individual’s

Feedback: Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

a. gender.

b. ethnicity.

c. values.

d. generation.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 46

46) Food preferences provide a good demonstration of the process of enculturation. Why? Outline the process food-based enculturation.

Feedback:

• Cultural practices and values are picked up by children simply by watching their parents, family members, and teachers
• As children observe the adults in their lives, they begin to copy many of their dietary choices
• These choices are then reinforced through social rewards such as praise
• These preferences can be passed from generation to generation as individuals teach their children what their parents taught them

Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 47

47) What is the difference between acculturation and enculturation? What facilitates acculturation and enculturation?

Feedback:

• Enculturation concerns the process by which individuals learn about their own culture
• Acculturation describes the process by which an individual learns about a new culture
• Societal institutions, family, school, and church facilitate enculturation and acculturation

Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 48

48) What has contributed to the increased interest in a global consumer culture (GCC)? List at least four of the factors listed in the text that increase the likelihood of consumers to adopt a global consumer culture?

Feedback:

• Technology has made it very easy to connect and share ideas with other consumers around the world
• Consumers are more likely to adopt a GCC if they:

1. Have exposure to global and foreign mass media
2. Have exposure to the marketing activities of multinational corporations
3. Have social interactions through traveling
4. Are more cosmopolitan in their outlook
5. Are open to and desire to emulate a GCC
6. Can self-identify with a GCC

Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 49

49) Why should a marketing manager be aware of cultural beliefs and values before launching a new product or promotional strategy?

Feedback:

• Beliefs and values vary from culture to culture
• To make sure that they do not use ingredients, colors, or images that are inappropriate based on that culture’s values and beliefs
• Changes should be made to fit the local tastes and customs for products that are culturally bound

Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.2

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 50

50) Identify and describe at least two cultural archetypes that you have seen in an advertisement. What are the characteristics of those archetypes?

Feedback:

• Archetypes are the stable characters that capture basic ideas, feelings, fantasies, and visions that seem constant and frequently re-emerge across times and places

Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 51

51) What is a ritual artifact and how do they relate to a ritual script?

Feedback:

• Ritual artifacts are the objects and products that accompany or are consumed in a ritual setting
• The ritual script that guides the use of the ritual artifacts

Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.3

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 52

52) What is the difference between sacralization and desacralization? Provide a detailed example of each.

Feedback:

• Sacralization occurs when we attach sacred meaning to profane consumption so that everyday products, people, places, and events are elevated and have a distinctiveness and specialness in the eyes of consumers
• Desacralization occurs when a sacred item, person, place, or experience is no longer special and is downgraded to the realm of “everyday” in the minds of consumers

Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.3

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 53

53) Provide three practical examples of sacred consumption.

Feedback:

• Consumption activities that are set apart from everyday consumption activities and are treated with some degree of respect or awe
• It is important to remember that sacred consumption is not necessarily associated with religion

Page reference: Culture and Consumption

Learning objective: 11.4

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 54

54) What are two ways of the ways that marketers use age-based subcultures to reach their target markets?

Feedback:

• Marketers are able to use them is by classifying individuals according to the age they are at present
• Age-based subcultures can be key stages or milestones in a person’s life

Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 55

55) Describe the female dimension and the masculine dimension. How do they relate to a non–gender binary individual? Why is the concept of gender identity important to marketers?

Feedback:

• The feminine dimension is “gentle, warm, and compassionate”
• The masculine dimension is “aggressive, dominant, and forceful”
• Non–gender binary is a self-definition for some individuals that does not fit neatly into any of the previous models of gender or gender identity
• Gender identity is important to marketers because it allows them to create insights into how they can construct advertising messages that will ideally resonate with particular groups

Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 56

56) What is a brand community? What are the three key characteristics that make a brand community unique?

Feedback:

• Moral responsibility
• Rituals and traditions
• Recognizable connection

Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 57

57) Imagine that you are conducting a consumer research study on consumer acculturation. Your study is focused on American immigrants in Italy. Clearly define the four main outcomes of consumer acculturation presented in the text. Provide an example of an individual from each outcome.

Feedback:

• Assimilation: consumers entering the new culture abandon their own culture in favor of the new culture
• Maintenance: aspects of both cultures are maintained
• Resistance: consumers prefer aspects of own culture and reject aspects of the new culture
• Segregation: new immigrants separate themselves from some aspects of the new consumer culture
• These categories are not mutually exclusive; they can overlap over time and across circumstances

Page reference: What Is Culture?

Learning objective: 11.1

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 58

58) Describe and differentiate between the three elements of the cultural system.

Feedback:

• Cultural ecology refers to the physical geography of a place and the way individuals and the cultural system have adapted to that environment
• Social structure is an established set of structures that dictate the patterns by which individuals interact with one another and live their lives
• Cultural ideologies are the beliefs, values, principles, and worldview held by members of the culture

Page reference: Making Sense of Culture: Myths and Rituals

Learning objective: 11.2

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 59

59) Describe Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture. Be sure to highlight the specific aspects of each dimension. Identify at least one critique of Hofstede.

Feedback:

• Hofstede’s six key dimensions of culture: individualism–collectivism, masculinity–femininity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence
• The individualism–collectivism dimension assesses the extent to which individual goals are balanced against collective or group goals
• The masculinity–femininity dimension assesses the extent to which a culture is more action-oriented, assertive, and analytical (masculine), or more sympathetic, understanding, and compassionate (feminine) in its overall outlook and behavior
• Power distance describes how differences in power influence interpersonal relationships
• Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which a cultural group is tolerant of uncertainty, ambiguity, and risk
• Long-term orientation concerns a culture’s time orientation and the extent to which it is concerned about the future as well as the past
• Indulgence represents the tendency for a society to be open to the gratification of basic and natural human motivations to have fun and enjoy life
• Hofstede conducted his original study in a western corporate cultural setting
• Cultural dimensions assume that national identity is the same as cultural identity and ignores the variations within the culture and across subcultures

Page reference: Classification of Cultures

Learning objective: 11.4

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11 Question 60

60) What is a subculture of consumption? What are the two important characteristics of subcultures? Why do marketers attempt to understand subcultures? Provide an example of a subculture based on demographic characteristics. Choose a product and sketch out a strategy for marketing to that specific subculture.

Feedback:

• A subculture of consumption is a group of consumers who have a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity
• These subcultures of consumption have two important characteristics: an identifiable ethos and value system that brings its members together, and an identity and a set of core values that guide their decision-making and behavior
• A subculture’s members express their shared values via the relationships they have with certain brands
• Cultures and subcultures have a major impact consumer decision-making

Page reference: Subcultures

Learning objective: 11.5