Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms Chapter.4 Exam Prep 3e

Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach, 3e (Cowan)

Chapter 4 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

1) Protists include ________.

A) yeasts and molds

B) algae and protozoa

C) helminths

D) All of the choices are correct.

E) None of the choices are correct.

2) The first primitive eukaryotic cells likely evolved from ________.

A) archaea

B) bacteria

C) prokaryotes

D) the last common ancestor

E) None of the choices are correct.

3) Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in the cells of bacteria?

A) Nucleus

B) Mitochondria

C) Endoplasmic reticulum

D) Lysosomes

E) All of the choices are correct.

4) Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella because only eukaryotic flagella ________.

A) are used for cell motility

B) facilitate chemotaxis

C) facilitate phototaxis

D) are long, whiplike structures

E) contain microtubules

5) Cilia are structures for motility found primarily in ________.

A) protozoa

B) algae

C) fungi

D) bacteria

E) All of the choices are correct.

6) There are nine peripheral pairs and one central pair of ________ found inside eukaryotic flagella and cilia.

A) filaments

B) microtubules

C) flagella

D) cilia

E) None of the choices are correct.

7) Cell walls are not usually found in ________.

A) protozoa

B) algae

C) fungi

D) bacteria

E) All of the choices are correct.

8) The eukaryotic cell's glycocalyx is ________.

A) mostly polysaccharide

B) the site where many metabolic reactions occur

C) also called the cell wall

D) composed of lipids

E) protection against osmotic lysis

9) Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryote glycocalyx?

A) Protection

B) Adherence

C) Movement

D) Reception of chemical signals

E) All of the choices are functions.

10) Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of ________.

A) protozoa

B) algae

C) fungi

D) bacteria

E) All of the choices are correct.

11) The eukaryote cell membrane is composed of ________.

A) sterols

B) proteins

C) phospholipids

D) cholesterol

E) All of the choices are correct.

12) The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the ________.

A) ribosome

B) nucleolus

C) nucleus

D) Golgi apparatus

E) lysosome

13) When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible network of dark fibers called the ________.

A) nuclear envelope

B) nucleosome

C) nucleolus

D) nucleoplasm

E) chromatin

14) Histones are ________.

A) found in polyribosomes

B) enzymes found in lysosomes

C) proteins of the cytoskeleton

D) proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus

E) on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

15) The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ________.

A) histones

B) chromatin

C) pores

D) endoplasmic reticulum

E) inclusions

16) The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the ________.

A) mitochondria

B) lysosomes

C) Golgi apparatus

D) chloroplasts

E) endoplasmic reticulum

17) An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion is the ________.

A) mitochondria

B) lysosome

C) Golgi apparatus

D) chloroplast

E) endoplasmic reticulum

18) Protists with contractile vacuoles ________.

A) are algae

B) use them to expel excess water from the cell

C) typically live in salty seawater

D) use them for motility

E) All of the choices are correct.

19) A(n) ________ originates from the Golgi apparatus as one type of vesicle that contains a variety of enzymes for intracellular digestion.

A) perixosome

B) lysosome

C) magnetosome

D) inclusion

E) ribosome

20) Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found?

A) Mitochondria

B) Lysosomes

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Chloroplasts

E) Endoplasmic reticulum

21) Mitochondria possess all of the following except ________.

A) enzymes for metabolism

B) cristae

C) electron transport chain proteins

D) enzymes for photosynthesis

E) 70S ribosomes (prokaryote)

22) Which organelle is found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi?

A) Mitochondria

B) Lysosome

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Chloroplast

E) Endoplasmic reticulum

23) The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is ________.

A) 30S

B) 40S

C) 50S

D) 70S

E) 80S

24) Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?

A) Structural framework for the cell

B) Anchor points for organelles

C) Made up of microfilaments

D) Made up of microtubules

E) Made up of cilia

25) In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes have two locations: scattered in the ________ and on the surface of the ________.

A) cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus

B) nucleus; Golgi apparatus

C) cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

D) nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

26) The cytoskeleton ________.

A) anchors organelles

B) provides support

C) functions in movements of the cytoplasm

D) helps maintain cell shape

E) All of the choices are correct.

27) Filamentous fungi are called ________.

A) pseudohyphae

B) septa

C) molds

D) dimorphic

E) mycelium

28) When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called ________.

A) pseudohyphae

B) septa

C) molds

D) dimorphic

E) mycelium

29) Fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold at another temperature are called ________.

A) dimorphic

B) saprobes

C) pseudohyphae

D) spores

E) parasites

30) Which is not a characteristic of fungi?

A) Have cell walls

B) Photosynthetic

C) Include single-celled and filamentous forms

D) Heterotrophic nutrition

E) Can use a wide variety of nutrients

31) The long, threadlike branching cells of molds are called ________.

A) conidiophores

B) pseudohyphae

C) hyphae

D) septate

E) ascus

32) Most fungi obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals. These fungi are called ________.

A) saprobes

B) parasites

C) substrates

D) nonseptate

E) dimorphic

33) The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a ________.

A) septum

B) rhizoid

C) spore

D) bud

E) mycelium

34) Fungal infections are known as ________ and can be acquired from environmental or clinical sources.

A) secondary infections

B) vegetative infections

C) mycoses

D) saprobic infections

E) parasitoses

35) During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) ________.

A) endospore

B) cyst

C) seed

D) trophozoite

E) sporozoa

36) All of the following are found in some or all protozoa except ________.

A) motility

B) ectoplasm and endoplasm

C) heterotrophic nutrition

D) formation of a cyst stage

E) cell wall

37) The motile, feeding stage of protozoa is called the ________.

A) trophozoite

B) cyst

C) sporozoite

D) oocyst

E) food vacuole

38) The group of protozoa that have flagella are the ________.

A) sarcodina

B) ciliophora

C) mastigophora

D) apicomplexa

E) None of the choices are correct.

39) The group of protozoa that have gliding motility are the ________.

A) amoeba/sarcodina

B) ciliophora

C) mastigophora

D) apicomplexa/sporozoa

E) None of the choices are correct.

40) The group of protozoa that use pseudopodia to move are the ________.

A) sarcodina

B) ciliophora

C) mastigophora

D) apicomplexa

E) None of the choices is correct.

41) Which is mismatched?

A) Giardia — causes intestinal distress; transmitted by feces in drinking water

B) Histoplasma — fungus that causes Ohio Valley fever

C) Trichomonas — sexually transmitted vaginal infection

D) Plasmodium — protozoan that causes Chagas disease

E) Naegleria — amoeba that causes brain infection

42) Protozoan endoplasm contains ________.

A) ectoplasm

B) mitochondria

C) flagella

D) oral groves

E) None of the choices are correct.

43) Protozoan cysts ________.

A) are part of all protozoan life cycles

B) are necessary for transmission to a new host

C) are helpful in surviving unfavorable conditions

D) are the primary form of replication

E) All of the choices are correct.

44) Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery) is most commonly contracted through the ________.

A) fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water

B) direct transmission from one host to another

C) puncture wounds

D) insect bites

E) None of the choices are correct.

45) All of the following are helminths except ________.

A) pinworms

B) flukes

C) trypanosomes

D) roundworms

E) tapeworms

46) Which of the following does not pertain to helminths?

A) In kingdom Protista

B) Parasitic worms

C) Eggs and sperm used for reproduction

D) Often alternate hosts in complex life cycles

E) Have various organ systems

47) Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of ________.

A) protozoa

B) algae

C) helminths

D) fungi

E) None of the choices are correct.

48) Which of the following is not classified as a helminth?

A) Tapeworm

B) Fluke

C) Flatworm

D) Roundworm

E) All of the choices are helminths.

49) Adulthood and mating of helminths occur in which host?

A) Primary host

B) Secondary host

C) Definitive host

D) Transport host

E) Mating takes place in all hosts.

50) Larval development of helminths occurs in which host?

A) Primary host

B) Intermediate (secondary) host

C) Definitive host

D) Transport host

E) Mating takes place in all hosts.

51) Parasitic worms have a highly developed ________ system.

A) digestive

B) nervous

C) respiratory

D) muscular

E) reproductive

52) In humans, helminths generally infect the ________.

A) digestive tract

B) urinary tract

C) nervous system

D) muscular system

E) skin

53) After returning from a trip to Africa, Tom begins to feel very tired and weak. He has severe anemia. A blood smear reveals a protozoan is present in his blood. The health care provider tells Tom he has malaria. Which of the following could be the causative agent of his disease?

A) HIV

B) Nagleria fowleri

C) Plasmodium falciparum

D) Trichophyton

E) Histoplasma capsulatum

54) The eukaryotic cell membrane is a bilayer of sterols.

55) The cell wall of fungi and algae are chemically identical to the bacterial cell wall.

56) The nuclear envelope is a single layer.

57) Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.

58) Eukaryotic mitochondria have their own 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

59) Algae are classified into divisions based principally on their type of motility.

60) Infections caused by fungi are called mycoses.

61) All fungi have hyphae.

62) In humans, fungi can only infect the skin.

63) All fungi cause some kind of disease in plants and animals.

64) Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

65) The Last Common Ancestor gave rise to the cells in the three domains that we recognize today; bacteria archaea and eukaryotes.

66) Which of the following statements is true concerning the evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A) Rather than eukaryotes evolving from prokaryotes, evidence suggests that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor of these called the Last Common Ancestor.

B) Studies suggest that eukaryotes evolved directly from prokaryotes

C) Genetic evidence has shown that archaea were the precursor to prokaryotes, which in turn were the precursor to eukaryotes.

D) Evolutionary biologists have shown that eukaryotes appeared first and led to the evolution of prokaryotic cells.

67) Scientists believe that the modern eukaryotic cell evolved 3.5 billion years ago when a photosynthetic bacteria and an aerobic bacteria fused together.

68) The best definition of endosymbiosis is ________.

A) A photosynthetic bacterial cell and an aerobic bacterial cell fused to become a larger, eukaryotic cell

B) A eukaryotic cell ingested a bacterial cell and the organelles fused producing a larger cell

C) A pre-eukaryotic cell was infected by a prokaryote, and symbiosis between the two cell types gave rise to the modern-day eukaryotic cell

D) A DNA virus, a bacteria and a photosynthetic prokaryote fused to form a nucleus, a chloroplast and a mitochondria

69) Which of the following lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria evolved from the endosymbiosis of a pre-eukaryotic cell with a prokaryote?

A) They contain circular molecules of DNA

B) They contain 70S ribosomes

C) They divide independently from the cell

D) All of these suggest that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes.

70) Eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella in that ________.

A) they are thicker, they are covered by membrane and they contain microtubules

B) they are thinner, they contain microfilaments and they are not involved in motility

C) they are thicker, they are made of the protein flagellin and they move in a 360o rotation

D) they are thinner, they have a basal body and a hook, and they contain a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

71) Eukaryotic cell membranes contain large lipid molecules called sterols, whereas prokaryotic membranes lack sterols. One argument supporting the presence of these sterols in eukaryotes is that ________.

A) unlike prokaryotes, many eukaryotes lack the protection of a cell wall and therefore require sterols to add some strength and rigidity to the membrane

B) eukaryotic nutrients are rich in sterols, which then become embedded in the membrane

C) sterols are essential catalysts for the efficient functioning of the cell membrane

D) sterols are necessary membrane molecules that mediate the transport of dissolved nutrients from the cell environment to the cytosol

72) Which fiber of the cytoskeleton is a hollow tube that is also a component of flagella and the spindle fibers that form during mitosis?

A) Microtubules

B) Actin filaments

C) Intermediate filaments

D) Hyphae

73) Which of the following describes the relationship between the fungal hyphae and mycelia?

A) Hyphae are filamentous cells that grow together in an intertwined mass called a mycelium.

B) Mycelia are filamentous cells that grow together to form hyphae.

C) Colonies of yeasts grow together to form hyphae, which then extend to form a mycelium.

D) Septate hyphae aggregate to form mycelia and nonseptate hyphae form yeasts through budding.

74) Fungal spores differ from bacterial endospores in that ________.

A) fungal spores are reproductive, whereas bacterial endospores are for survival

B) fungal spores are a result of sexual reproduction only, whereas bacterial endospores are a result of binary fission

C) bacterial endospores are reproductive, whereas fungal spores are for survival

D) fungal spores result from binary fission and bacterial endospores result from meiosis

75) Fungal spores arise ________.

A) when asexual reproduction produces sporangiospores and conidiospores, and sexual reproduction produces spores, often from a fruiting body

B) when sexual reproduction produces sporangiospores and conidiospores, and asexual reproduction produces spores when a male hyphae mates with a female hyphae

C) when sexual reproduction produces sporangiospores and conidiospores, and asexual reproduction produces spores when two fertile hyphae fuse

D) as a result of asexual reproduction only

E) as a result of sexual reproduction only

76) A saprobe differs from a parasite in that ________.

A) a saprobe acquires its nutrients from the remains of dead animals or plants whereas a parasite acquires its nutrients from living tissue

B) a parasite acquires its nutrients from the remains of dead animals or plants whereas a saprobe acquires its nutrients from living tissue

C) a saprobe synthesizes its nutrients using light energy and CO2 whereas a parasite acquires its nutrients from living tissue

D) a parasite synthesizes its nutrients using light energy and CO2 whereas a saprobe acquires its nutrients from living tissue

77) Which of the following are mismatched?

A) Saprobe - obtain nutrients from the remains of dead plants and animals

B) Heterotroph - synthesize organic nutrients using light energy and CO2

C) Parasite - obtain nutrients from a living organism to the detriment of that organism

78) All algae have chloroplasts.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

The county public health department is notified that an organism has been identified in a local lake, which is popular for water recreation and swimming. Acanthamoeba is familiar to the public health officials as an amoeba that can cause a fatal brain disease in both normal and immunocompromised individuals. An RN is a member of the taskforce assigned to the development and dissemination of community education. The team prepares information for the public to be released to media outlets and posted at the lake.

79) The public health information flyer explains that an amoeba is which type of microorganism?  

A) A prokaryotic alga

B) A eukaryotic fungus

C) A eukaryotic protozoan

D) A prokaryotic bacterium

80) Which type(s) of eukaryotic organisms can cause infections in humans?  

A) Helminths

B) Fungi

C) Protozoans

D) Helminths, fungi, and protozoans

81) At the lakeside, public health officials post signs warning the public to avoid swimming in the lake.  Acanthamoeba and other protozoa are able to enter a resting state when environmental conditions are unfavorable. This stage of the life cycle is called a(n) ________.

A) trophozoite

B) endospore

C) cyst

D) spore

82) The public health team informs the community that Acanthamoeba may be transmitted in which stage(s) of its life cycle?

A) Merozoite

B) Trophozoite

C) Encystment

D) Merozoite and encystment

E) Trophozoite and encystment

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

An RN begins his shift in the infusion center at the local oncology center. His first patient is a 45-year-old female who has been coming in weekly for the past month for her infusion of chemotherapy. She reports oral pain and difficulty eating that has been worsening since her last appointment.  The nurse's assessment reveals a white film covering the inside of her cheeks and tongue. The RN swabs the inside of her mouth for microscopic analysis.

83) After staining, the specimen is inspected. The laboratory technician identifies single-celled organisms that possess a nucleus, and many of them are undergoing the process of budding. Based on this finding, it is most likely that the patient is suffering from an infection caused by a ________.

A) helminth

B) protozoan

C) fungus

D) bacterium

E) Unable to determine with this information

84) In the specimen, it is noted that some of the cells are producing filamentous structures called hyphae. The RN educates the patient about the microscopic analysis. A term referring to the ability of a yeast able to exist in either yeast or hyphal form is ________.

A) dioecious

B) dimorphic

C) dichotomous

D) pseudohypha

85) The RN suspects the patient is suffering from oral candidiasis, caused by Candida albicans, and knows that treatment may require drugs that produce toxic side effects. Which of the following statements explains why drugs used to treat this type of infection can be toxic to humans?  

A) Antifungals target bacteria only seen in humans.

B) Antifungals target eukaryotic structures seen in both Candida albicans and human cells.

C) Antifungals target peptidoglycan which occurs in the cell wall of in both Candida albicans and human cells.

D) Antifungals target the process of sporulation exhibited by both Candida albicans and human cells.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

An RN at an elementary school notices a second grade female scratching and pulling at her pants. The student complains that her buttocks itch. Upon further assessment, the patient reports that the itching worsened in the morning hours. Since another child in the student's class was recently diagnosed with Enterobius vermicularis, or pinworm infection, the RN. contacts the girl's mother and recommends follow up with her pediatrician.

86) The RN explains to the patient's mother that Enterobius vermicularis is a helminth. He explains that disease-causing helminths are ________.

A) usually only visualized by microscope

B) unicellular organisms

C) primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract

D) functionally similar to viruses

87) Pinworm is characterized as which type of helminth?  

A) Nematode

B) Flatworm

C) Trematode

D) Cestode

88) The RN explains the pinworm life cycle to the student's mother. Which of the following statements by the mother demonstrates a need for further education and reinforcement of the nurse's teaching?

A) Practicing good handwashing can prevent reinfection.

B) Pinworm is transmitted through droplets in the air.

C) Changing my daughter's underwear in the morning can prevent reinfection.

D) Cleaning my daughter's toys will help stop the spread of pinworm.

89) Most helminths are macroscopic, yet they are studied in the field of microbiology. This classification is due to the fact that during their lifecycle, they may produce which microscopic structures?  

A) Eggs or larvae

B) Pili

C) Proglottids

D) Spores

90) The RN educates the student's mother that anal scratching, followed by putting the fingers in the mouth, may allow the pinworm infection to persist in the host. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?

A) Cross-infection

B) Contamination

C) Cross-contamination

D) Reinfection