Complete Test Bank Ch3 Bacteria And Archaea

Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach, 3e (Cowan)

Chapter 3 Bacteria and Archaea

1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?

A) Its DNA is not encased in a membrane.

B) It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycans or other distinct chemicals.

C) It does not have membrane-bound organelles.

D) Its DNA is wrapped around histones.

E) All of these are characteristics of bacteria.

2) The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.

A) attachment and protection

B) attachment and motility

C) motility and slime production

D) energy reactions and synthesis

E) protection and motility

3) Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except ________.

A) flagella

B) cilia

C) fimbriae

D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

E) sex pili

4) Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called ________.

A) flagella

B) cilia

C) fimbriae

D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

E) sex pili

5) A flagellum is anchored into the bacterial cell envelope by its ________.

A) hook

B) outer membrane

C) filament

D) sheath

E) basal body

6) The term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface is ________.

A) amphitrichous

B) atrichous

C) lophotrichous

D) monotrichous

E) peritrichous

7) The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is ________.

A) amphitrichous

B) atrichous

C) lophotrichous

D) monotrichous

E) peritrichous

8) The term that refers to flagella at both poles is ________.

A) amphitrichous

B) atrichous

C) lophotrichous

D) monotrichous

E) peritrichous

9) Chemotaxis refers to the ability to ________.

A) move in response to light

B) move in response to a chemical

C) not move in response to a chemical

D) transport desired molecules into cells

E) None of the choices is correct.

10) A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has ________.

A) fimbriae

B) a capsule

C) thylakoids

D) flagella

E) metachromatic granules

11) What three components comprise the flagellum, extending from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell?

A) Filament, hook, basal body

B) Filament, basal body, hook

C) Basal body, hook, filament

D) Hook, basal body, filament

E) Basal body, filament, hook

12) Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed ________.

A) positive phototaxis

B) negative phototaxis

C) positive chemotaxis

D) negative chemotaxis

E) a tumble

13) The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called ________.

A) flagella

B) cilia

C) fimbriae

D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

E) sex pili

14) The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called ________.

A) flagella

B) cilia

C) fimbriae

D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

E) sex pili

15) Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells?

A) Slime layer

B) Fimbriae

C) Cell membrane

D) Capsule

E) All of the choices are correct.

16) The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's ________.

A) ribosomes

B) inclusions

C) wall

D) membrane

E) flagella

17) Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining?

A) Alcohol/acetone–crystal violet–safranin–iodine

B) Crystal violet–alcohol/acetone–iodine–safranin

C) Crystal violet–iodine–alcohol/acetone–safranin

D) Iodine–safranin–crystal violet–alcohol/acetone

E) Alcohol/acetone–safranin–crystal violet–iodine

18) The cell ________ can be composed of three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane.

A) glycocalyx

B) envelope

C) pathogenic package

D) slime coat

E) None of the choices is correct.

19) During the Gram stain, ________ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

A) gram-positive

B) gram-negative

C) both gram-positive and -negative

20) If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the ________.

A) endospore

B) cell wall

C) cell membrane

D) capsule

E) slime layer

21) Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ________.

A) cell walls

B) cell membranes

C) capsules

D) slime layers

E) inclusions

22) A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is ________.

A) gram-negative

B) gram-positive

C) found in archaea

D) a spheroplast

E) acid fast

23) A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is ________.

A) Mycobacterium

B) Mycoplasma

C) Streptococcus

D) Corynebacterium

E) Salmonella

24) The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is that they ________.

A) contain more peptidoglycan

B) have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids

C) are easily decolorized

D) contain lipopolysaccharide

E) All of the choices are correct.

25) The ________ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria.

A) acid-fast

B) methylene blue

C) Gram

D) negative

E) basic

26) The enzyme ________, found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

A) penicillinase

B) lysozyme

C) peptidase

D) All of the choices are correct.

E) None of the choices are correct.

27) Lysozyme is most effective against ________.

A) gram-negative organisms

B) gram-positive organisms

C) mycoplasmas

D) cyanobacteria

E) archaea

28) All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the ________.

A) inclusions

B) fimbriae

C) capsule

D) slime layer

E) LPS

29) Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxin?

A) It is a specific cell wall lipid

B) It can stimulate fever in the human body

C) It can cause septic shock in the human body

D) It is involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases

E) It is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

30) The site(s) for most ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is(are) the ________.

A) ribosomes

B) mitochondria

C) cell wall

D) inclusions

E) cell membrane

31) Gram-negative bacteria

A) are more susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.

B) are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.

C) stain purple in the Gram stain.

D) encompass all pathogens.

E) None of the choices is correct.

32) Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane?

A) The uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharides.

B) The innermost layer is a phospholipid bilayer.

C) The porin proteins create channels through the outer membrane.

D) Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.

E) The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is an endotoxin.

33) All bacterial cells have ________.

A) one or more chromosomes

B) one or more fimbriae

C) the ability to produce endospores

D) capsules

E) flagella

34) The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be ________.

A) material would not be able to cross the cell membrane

B) protein synthesis would stop

C) destruction of the cell's DNA

D) formation of glycogen inclusions

E) loss of the capsule

35) The bacterial chromosome ________.

A) is located in the cell membrane

B) contains all the cell's plasmids

C) is part of the nucleoid

D) forms a single linear strand of DNA

E) All of the choices are correct.

36) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Ribosomes - protein synthesis

B) Inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials

C) Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism

D) Nucleoid - hereditary material

E) Cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution

37) Plasmids ________.

A) are found in all bacteria

B) are essential for growth and metabolism

C) cannot be passed between organisms

D) cannot be passed on to progeny

E) are often the site of pathogenic genes

38) The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and ________.

A) mRNA

B) tRNA

C) rRNA

D) All of the choices are correct.

E) None of the choices is correct.

39) The function of bacterial endospores is ________.

A) to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants

B) reproduction and growth

C) protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

D) storage of excess cell materials

E) to act as sites for photosynthesis

40) Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium and dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure?

A) Cell wall

B) Capsule

C) Slime layer

D) Nucleoid

E) Endospore

41) Endospores are ________.

A) metabolically inactive

B) resistant to heat and chemical destruction

C) resistant to destruction by radiation

D) living structures

E) All of the choices are correct.

42) Bacterial endospores are not produced by ________.

A) Staphylococcus

B) Sporosarcina

C) Bacillus

D) Clostridium

E) All of the choices are correct.

43) Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes?

A) Coccus

B) Tetrad

C) Vibrio

D) Rod

E) Spirochete

44) Cells form a ________ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.

A) tetrad

B) strep

C) staph

D) sarcina

E) palisade

45) If you looked at a ________ under the microscope, you would likely see an irregular cluster of spherical cells.

A) palisade

B) sarcina

C) staphylococcus

D) streptococcus

E) diplococcus

46) A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a(an) ________.

A) streptobacillus

B) staphylobacillus

C) streptococcus

D) staphylococcus

E) sarcina

47) ________ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.

A) Pasteur's

B) Lister's

C) Bergey's

D) Leeuwenhoek's

E) Koch's

48) Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?

A) rRNA sequencing

B) Shape

C) Growth pattern in a culture medium

D) Biochemical reaction

E) All of these are phenotypic traits.

49) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls

B) Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls

C) Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls

D) Mendosicutes - archaea cell walls

E) None of the choices are correct.

50) Which of the following is not a division of bacteria and archaea according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology?

A) Gracilicutes

B) Scotobacteria

C) Firmicutes

D) Tenericutes

E) Mendosicutes

51) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Methanogens – convert CO2 and H2 gases into methane

B) Extreme halophiles – adapted to salty habitats

C) Psychrophiles – adapted to very low temperatures

D) Hyperthermophile – adapted to high temperatures

E) Thermoplasmas – adapted to frozen environments

52) Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ________ and ________.

A) pili; ribosomes

B) fimbrae; capsules

C) lipopolysaccharides; techoic acids

D) actin filaments; phospholipid membrane(s)

E) actin filaments; ribosomes

53) A client has a serious case of the flu. A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood. The lab tech said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be ________.

A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B) Borrelia burghdorferi

C) Streptococcus pneumoniae

D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

E) Staphylococcus aureus

54) Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt. This is an example of an archaeabacterium described as a(n) ________.

A) osmophile

B) halophile

C) thermophile

D) psychrophile

E) methanogen

55) Spirochetes are able to move due to ________.

A) a periplasmic flagellum

B) a membrane-bound flagellum

C) cilia serving as walking feet

D) pseudopods

E) fimbriae

56) Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others?

A) Staphylococcus aureus

B) Staphylococcus epidermidis

C) Staphylococcus saprophyticus

D) Escherichia coli

E) Staphylococcus capitis

57) Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

58) Cellular organisms without a true nucleus include bacteria and viruses.

59) Pili used for conjugation are only found on gram-negative bacteria.

60) The slime layer provides bacteria greater pathogenicity as compared to the capsule.

61) If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.

62) Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain.

63) The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane.

64) Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

65) Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls.

66) The bacterial cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions.

67) If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram-stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.

68) Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.

69) Alcohol-based compounds can weaken the outer membrane.

70) The cell envelope or its parts can interact with human tissue and cause disease.

71) Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of protein polymers to help maintain their shape.

72) Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.

73) Boiling water (100°C) can normally destroy endospores.

74) The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells.

75) Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of ________.

A) gram-negative bacteria

B) gram-positive bacteria

C) acid-fast bacteria

D) mycoplasmas

E) protoplasts

76) Each bacterial species represents a distinct organism that can produce viable offspring when mating with other bacteria of its kind.

77) Which statement below supports the argument that gram-negative cells are structurally weaker than gram-positive cells?

A) Gram-negative cells have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall compared to gram-positive cells.

B) Gram-positive cells contain teichoic acids, whereas gram-negative cells lack teichoic acids in their cell wall.

C) The envelope of gram-negative cells comprises a hydrophobic outer membrane.

D) Gram-negative cells contain lipopolysaccharides, the lipid component of which acts as an endotoxin.

78) The gram-positive cell wall is considered stronger than that of gram-negative cells since its hydrophobic outer membrane contains an endotoxin.

79) Which of the following statements is not true regarding the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

A) The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas only the organisms in kingdom Plantae contain cell walls, which are made of cellulose.

B) Bacteria and archaea have circular chromosomes in a nucleoid region whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that are enclosed in a nuclear membrane.

C) Flagella are found on bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes yet they all vary in structure.

D) Ribosomal RNA sequencing revealed that the structure of the ribosomal subunits in archaea more closely resemble those of eukaryotes than bacteria.

80) The organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae that causes "walking pneumonia" lacks a cell wall.  In which of the following taxonomic divisions is it classified?

A) Tenericutes

B) Mendosicutes

C) Gracilicutes

D) Firmicutes

81) A 23 year-old female presents at a walk-in clinic with a fever, swollen lymph nodes and yellow spots on the throat. A rapid strep test comes back positive, confirming an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, which has a thick layer of  peptidoglycan in its cell wall. In which of the following taxonomic divisions does S. pyogenes belong?

A) Firmicutes

B) Gracilicutes

C) Mendosicutes

D) Tenericutes

82) The typical definition of a species is one with distinct characteristics that produce viable offspring when mated with another organism in the same species.  Bacterial species cannot be defined as readily, due to the fact that

A) they do not reproduce sexually by way of gametes.

B) they can receive genetic material from others in their generation, regardless of species.

C) they have a short generation time and evolve rapidly.

D) All of the statements are true regarding the indistinct defining of bacterial species.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A 3-year-old patient presents to the ER after a sudden onset of high fever and chills, a productive cough, and shortness of breath. The parents indicate that the child had been healthy up until that morning. An initial assessment of the child shows an elevated temperature (103oF), rapid pulse rate (140 bpm), and low oxygen saturation level (82%). Supplemental oxygen and acetaminophen are administered immediately, and specimens are obtained from the patient for microbial analysis.

83) The specimens are Gram-stained and analyzed microscopically. The laboratory technician observes spherical purple cells arranged in short chains. Based upon this evidence, which of the following microbes is potentially the pathogen affecting the patient?

A) Bacillus cereus

B) Vibrio cholerae

C) Staphylococcus aureus

D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

84) Further microscopic analysis of negatively stained specimens reveals a colorless ring around each of the spherical cells against a dark background. This clearing indicates that the pathogen possesses which structure(s)?

A) Endospores

B) A capsule

C) A nucleoid

D) Pili

85) The RN provides education for the family about the laboratory findings. Which of the following statements correctly describes the medical importance of a bacterial capsule? 

A) A capsule is a slime layer that causes a bacterium to attach to body tissues, making it invasive and difficult to treat.

B) A capsule allows a bacterium to survive in a dormant state, creating a prolonged course of illness.

C) A capsule decreases a bacterium's pathogenicity and makes it susceptible to antibiotic treatment.

D) A capsule can protect a bacterium from the phagocytic activities of white blood cells, enhancing its ability to cause disease.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A triage nurse in the ER begins the assessment of an elderly patient complaining of bloody diarrhea and severe stomach cramps. The patient has a fever of 104oF as well, and is showing signs of dehydration. IV fluids are administered while further workup of the patient continues.

86) Specimen collection from the patient is ordered for microbial analysis in the hospital laboratory. Based upon the patient's symptoms, which of the following samples would the RN expect to be ordered for collection?

A) Aseptic collection of cerebrospinal fluid

B) Clean catch urine sample

C) Stool sample

D) Aseptic collection of sputum

87) Testing is performed on the specimen in the laboratory, including the Gram stain. This test separates bacteria into two broad classes: gram-positive and gram-negative. Which step in the staining process is the differential step, for it only acts upon one type of cell?

A) Addition of Gram's iodine (mordant)

B) Addition of crystal violet

C) Decolorization with alcohol

D) Addition of safranin (counterstain)

88) Gram staining reveals the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. The RN understands how this bacterium would cause the patient's spike in temperature. Which of the following is the correct explanation for this patient's fever?

A) Gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer which confers their ability to cause fever.

B) Gram-negative bacteria have two periplasmic spaces, which enhance their ability to cause fever.

C) Gram-negative bacteria have porin proteins in their outer membrane, which confer their ability to cause fever.

D) Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide in their outer membrane, and the lipid portion confers their ability to cause fever.

89) The provider educates the patient about his condition, based on information from the laboratory findings and clinical presentation. Later, the RN reinforces the teaching and explains why this infection may be difficult to treat with antibiotics. Which part of the cell envelope restricts the passage of many of drugs into gram-negative bacteria?  

A) Peptidoglycan

B) Cell membrane

C) Outer membrane layer

D) Lipopolysaccharides

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

An RN in a primary care office is caring for a 15-year-old male with severe gastrointestinal distress. The patient reports four days of diarrhea, vomiting, and intermittent fever. A stool culture was ordered in an attempt to identify a disease-causing pathogen. 

90) Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. Based upon this information, which of the following accurately describes the appearance of the bacterium under magnification?

A) Red spheres

B) Purple rods

C) Purple spheres

D) Red rods

91) The laboratory report shows that a motility test was performed on the sample with positive results. Thinking about bacterial movement, the RN is aware that this bacterium could possess which structure(s) for motility?

A) Endospores

B) Pili

C) One or more flagella

D) Pseudopodia

92) The laboratory report concludes that the diagnosis is salmonellosis caused by Salmonella infection. Remembering resources available for prokaryotic identification, the RN speculates that the laboratory technicians may have used 

A) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology because rRNA analysis was required in the identification of this pathogen.

B) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology because its five volumes of information were necessary for phenotypic identification of this pathogen.

C) Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology because they needed to fully understand the evolutionary background of the pathogen.

D) Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology because it classifies prokaryotes based on phenotypic traits typically tested for in clinical settings.

93) The patient is diagnosed with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection, a foodborne illness. The identification of the bacterial subspecies is important for developing his treatment plan and was possible due to ________.

A) the analysis of antibody reactions against the pathogen

B) the analysis of bacterial growth on a solid agar culture

C) the analysis of the pathogen's Gram-stain

D) the analysis of the pathogen's motility