Test Bank

Chapter 3: Ethical Guidelines for Research

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not a current ethical standard concerning the treatment of human subjects?

a. Research should cause no more than a minimal risk of harm to subjects.

b. Confidentiality must be maintained unless explicitly waived.

c. Subjects should be compensated for their time and effort.

d. Researchers should fully disclose purposes of research.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Regarding the ability to give consent to participate in research, children ______.

a. can give consent if they sign a consent form

b. are never allowed to be used in research

c. may only participate if the researcher can prove there are no possible risks to them

d. cannot legally consent to participate in research

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. In the process of debriefing, the researcher ______.

a. explains to the subject what happened in the study and why

b. tries to make sure the participants are competent to give consent

c. discloses her or his identity partially

d. publishes the results of the study

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. There are special protections in place regarding research involving ______ populations.

a. egregious

b. vulnerable

c. indecent

d. fearful

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following types of research creates few ethical problems?

a. survey

b. experiment

c. descriptive

d. explanatory

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects?

a. Harvard University Jail Study

b. Milgram's obedience Study

c. Stanford Prison Study

d. Humphreys Tearoom Trade

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Life Study: General Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. If deception is used in an experiment, the researcher should ______ the participants afterwards to conduct ethical research.

a. debrief

b. advise

c. disclose

d. notify

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The ______ was passed by Congress in 1996 and created stricter regulations for the protection of health care data.

a. Health Care Data Protection Act (HCDPA)

b. Health Care Provider Regulations Act (HCPRA)

c. Participant Data Act (PDA)

d. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Learning Objective: 3.7: Understand the importance of institutional review boards.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. ______ is a document issued by the National Institutes of Health to protect researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information.

a. Certificate of Privacy

b. Confidentiality Document

c. Certificate of Confidentiality

d. Research Protection License

Learning Objective: 3.7: Understand the importance of institutional review boards.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Formal procedures regarding the protection of research participants emerged ______.

a. after the US Public Health Service research at the Tuskegee regarding the ‘natural course’ of syphilis came to light

b. around the time of the Civil War

c. after revelations from the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials exposed horrific medical experiments

d. from the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Milgram’s research on obedience to authority figures’ instructions was prompted by ______.

a. Yale University’s research funding

b. the Nazi Germany regime of the 1930s and 1940s

c. the U.S. Army’s actions leading up to World War II

d. Stanford University’s prison simulation

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment lasted ______.

a. two weeks (14 days)

b. one week (seven days)

c. six days

d. three days

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Life Study: General Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was conducted by the ______.

a. U. S. Army

b. German Army

c. British military

d. U. S. Public Health Service

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The U. S. Government created a National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects which released a report in 1979, establishing ______ basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

a. five

b. four

c. three

d. two

Learning Objective: 3.3: Define the Belmont Report’s three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. In 2017, there was a revision of the 1991 Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, which ______.

a. reinforced IRB review of human subjects research

b. added a new exemption from IRB review of research involving “benign behavioral interventions”

c. increased scrutiny of human subjects research

d. made only minimal changes to clarify the original intent of the document

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for Permission

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. IRB stands for ______.

a. Important Reviewing Benefits

b. Incipient Review Board

c. Intrepid Review Board

d. Institutional Review Board

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for Permission

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects is also known as the ______.

a. ACJS

b. IRB

c. Common Rule

d. Belmont Policy

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for Permission

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The necessary starting point for ethical research practice is ______.

a. achieving reliable results

b. achieving valid results

c. deciding what population to research

d. deciding who we should study

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Achieving Valid Results

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The requirement of informed consent ______.

a. is more difficult to define than one might think on first glance

b. is straightforward

c. clearly states that it can be given by anyone

d. requires participants to be told after taking part in an experiment

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Who determines whether deception of research participants is justifiable?

a. the researcher

b. the IRB

c. a medical official

d. the participants

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, and the National Institutes of Health can issue a Certificate of Confidentiality. Both of these documents protect researchers from ______.

a. having to lock records

b. maximizing the risk of access by unauthorized persons

c. being legally required to disclose confidential information

d. observation in public places

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiments highlighted the atrocities committed under the Nazis by ______.

a. soldiers at My Lai in Vietnam

b. citizens and soldiers who were “just following orders”

c. young men in the prison experiment

d. the internment of Japanese Americans

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risk

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Sherman (1992) explicitly cautioned police departments not to adopt mandatory arrest policies based solely on the ______.

a. say-so of their partners

b. knowledge that persons had been arrested previously

c. common understanding that arrests would prove to be useful

d. results of the Minneapolis experiment

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risks

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Social scientists who conduct research on behalf of specific organizations may face additional difficulties ______.

a. when the organization, instead of the researcher, controls the final report and the publicity it receives

b. if organizational leaders welcome the research

c. whenever there is a negotiated contract for the research

d. when the researcher is in complete control of the research

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risks

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Today, federal regulations require that every institution that seeks federal funding for biomedical or behavioral research on human subjects ______.

a. insist that all researchers are fully funded

b. must be planned activity, not only research

c. have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects

d. have an international review board (IRB) to review planned activities

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. To promote adequate review of ethical issues, the regulations require that IRBs include ______.

a. seven members, all from the researcher’s institution

b. at least five members, with at least one nonscientist and one from outside the institution

c. three members, from different institutions

d. at least four members, from similar backgrounds as the researcher

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. When research is reviewed concerning populations vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, such as prisoners, the IRB must include a member ______.

a. from a religious faith, such as a priest or minister

b. with a background in psychology

c. knowledgeable about that population

d. with knowledge about vulnerability

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. An IRB proposal must include research instruments and consent forms, as applicable, as well as ______.

a. enough detail about the research design to convince the IRB members that the potential benefits of the research outweigh any risks

b. sufficient information about the research to show that the researcher knows his/her subject well enough

c. the pledge from all researchers that they will not mistreat any subjects

d. enough information to show that it is the researcher’s intent to provide a pleasant experience for all involved

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. By regulatory definition, any person under 18 years old is considered to be a child and, as such, ______.

a. can only participate in social research with the researcher’s permission

b. has not attained the legal age for consent to treatments and procedures involved in research

c. can never participate in social research

d. may only participate if they are given a reward for their participation

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Because individuals under the supervision of a correctional system are under constraints that could affect their ability to voluntarily consent to participate in research, ______.

a. they are never allowed to participate in research

b. there are also special protections for these populations

c. they must be considered an available population for research for the greater good

d. the use of incentives to participate is encouraged

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. IRBs ensure that the decision to take part in research can have no effect on ______.

a. how he/she views participation in the research

b. an inmate’s future treatment and/or parole decision

c. the inmate’s decision as to where they would like to get involved after release

d. an inmate’s mental health

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. An IRB has the authority to require changes in a research protocol or to refuse to approve a research protocol ______.

a. if it deems human subjects’ protections inadequate

b. if it thinks it will make it easier to conduct research

c. unless the use of drugs by participants are involved

d. if it deems that human subjects’ protections are adequate

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. A passive consent procedure is where ______.

a. students can participate as long as their parents do not return a form indicating their lack of consent

b. both the parent and student assent to participation

c. neither the student nor parent is asked whether they would like to participate, but are allowed to participate passively

d. students are allowed to participate since parents return a form indicating their assent

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. For researchers interested in examining criminal, deviant, or otherwise hidden subcultures, ______.

a. it is easy to secure informed consent from participants

b. obtaining informed consent is often quite difficult if not impossible

c. there is so much access for researchers, gaining consent is not difficult

d. obtaining consent to participate is especially easy to secure as long as the proper incentive is offered

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Case Studies: Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents and Milgram Revisited

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Emilia Bergen and her colleagues (2013) examined how adult male chat room visitors reacted to ______.

a. researchers posing as young adults in chat rooms

b. adults posing as young children in chat rooms

c. researchers posing as older adolescents (all over 16) in chat rooms

d. children and adolescents (adults posing as children) in three chat rooms

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Case Studies: Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents and Milgram Revisited

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The researcher who conducted famous studies on obedience to authority was Philip Zimbardo.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Life Study: General Information

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Milgram used community members in his studies on obedience.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Institutions seeking federal funds for research involving human subjects must have a group that reviews research proposals.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The Belmont Report established four basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Define the Belmont Report’s three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The institutional body that reviews proposed research involving human subjects is called the Belmont Reporting Commission.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Define the Belmont Report’s three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) Code of Ethics sets forth ethical standards for members that are more specific than federal guidelines.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are

Tired of Asking for Permission

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The withholding of a beneficial treatment from some subjects is a cause for ethical concern.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risks

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Today, federal regulations require that many institutions that seek funding for behavioral research on human subjects have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More on the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Regardless of the study being conducted, research relying on both children and prisoners usually requires a full review by an IRB.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Openness about research procedures and results goes hand in hand with honesty in research design.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Honesty and Openness

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The act of publication itself is a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Honesty and Openness

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Philip Zimbardo (2008) himself decided that his Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because it violated the first two of these principles: participants “did suffer considerable anguish . . . .”

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Honesty and Openness

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Debriefing is a session after an experiment in which all instances of deception are revealed and explained and participants are allowed to ask questions.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participant

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Research participants should feel no anxiety or distress whatsoever during the study or even after their involvement ends.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Avoid Harming Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. In a later article, Baumrind (1985) dismissed the value of the self-reported “lack of harm” of subjects who had been willing to participate in the Milgram obedience to authority experiment—and noted that 16% did not endorse the statement that they were “glad” they had participated in the experiment.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Avoid Harming Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Obtaining informed consent creates challenges for researchers.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. As in Milgram’s (1963) study, experimental researchers whose research design requires some type of subject deception try to minimize disclosure of experimental details by withholding some information before the experiment begins but then debrief subjects at the end.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. The process and even possibility of obtaining informed consent must take into account the capacity of prospective participants to give informed consent.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Because of the difficulty of simulating real-world stresses and dilemmas in a laboratory setting, deception can be a critical component of many experiments.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Procedures to protect each subject’s privacy, such as locking records and creating special identifying codes, are nearly impossible to implement in research settings.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, which protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by Congress in 1996 had very little effect on the protection of health care data

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Most social scientists believe that it is never proper for scientists to concern themselves with the way their research is used.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risks

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The extent to which ethical issues present methodological challenges for researchers varies dramatically with the type of research design.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer/Essay

1. Explain the processes of deception and debriefing.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Describe the process of gaining consent to conduct research involving children as participants.

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Obtain Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. In which circumstances may it be defensible for a researcher to deceive his or her subjects? If deception is defensible, what must a researcher do over the course of research to maintain ethical standards? Discuss in some detail the issues of deception during the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe an instance where a researcher would be obligated to break confidentiality and report an incident to the proper authorities.

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Briefly describe the historical development of formal procedures for the protection of human subjects in research. Be sure to include some of the notorious human rights cases that led to the creation of the first Ethics Committees.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Highlights

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Describe the Stanford Prison Simulation by Philip Zimbardo (1973).

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Would You Pretend to Be a Prisoner?

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Discuss some of the widely publicized abuses in research that made it clear that formal review procedures should be put into place to protect research participants. As part of your discussion, include the Nuremberg War Crimes trials, the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, and Milgram’s obedience experiments.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What was the Belmont Report? What were the three ethical principles it established?

Learning Objective: 3.3: Define the Belmont Report’s three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What is known as the Common Rule? What does it say?

Learning Objective: 3.3: Define the Belmont Report’s three ethical standards for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Background

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What is an IRB? What does it do? Do other countries have similar entities?

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain how an institutional review board (IRB) operates and how it classifies research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for Permission

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What were the ethical issues with Zimbardo’s research? Did he receive valid results? Did everyone agree that he did?

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify three other research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of human subjects’ protections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Achieving Valid Results

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. What does the ACJS Code of Ethics say about the treatment of human subjects in research?

Learning Objective: 3.5: List current standards for the protection of human subjects in research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What are ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners?

Learning Objective: 3.6: Describe the ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research Involving Special Populations: Children and Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Describe the design of Milgram obedience experiments. What were some of the controversies surrounding it?

Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the design of the Milgram obedience experiments and some of the controversies surrounding its methods and results.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Protecting Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Why have some IRBs allowed both Milgram’s obedience experiment and Zimbardo’s prison experiment to be replicated? What, if any, additional human subject protections were required?

Learning Objective: 3.7: Understand the importance of institutional review boards.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Case Studies: Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents and Milgram Revisited

Difficulty Level: Hard