Ch.2 Complete Test Bank Crime & Criminology Research Issues - Fundamentals of Research in Criminology 5th Edition Test Bank by Ronet D. Bachman. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 2: The Process and Problems of Research Related to Crime and Criminology
Multiple Choice
1. One of the most important roles of theory is that it is ______.
a. testable
b. false
c. unpredictable
d. deductive
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Research Strategies
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Researchers who begin by starting with a social theory and then testing some of its implications with data, are using the process of ______ reasoning.
a. inductive
b. strategic
c. deductive
d. serendipitous
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Social Research Strategies
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. If a researcher develops a connection between social theory and data by first collecting the data and then developing a theory that explains the patterns in the data, he/she is using ______ reasoning.
a. deductive
b. quantitative
c. inductive
d. falsifiable
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Social Research Strategies
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. A(n) ______ is a characteristic or property that can vary.
a. constant
b. variable
c. hypothesis
d. construct
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The variable that is the proposed influence is the ______ variable.
a. dependent
b. constant
c. independent
d. constructive
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. “Poverty level in a community (percent of population living below the poverty level)” is an example of a(n) ______ variable.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. hypothetical
d. constructive
Learning Objective: 2.5: Know the difference between an independent and dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Inductive reasoning often enters into deductive research when we find ______ patterns, called anomalous or serendipitous findings.
a. comprehensive
b. expected
c. hypothetical
d. unexpected
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Phase 2: Adding Inductive Reasoning to Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Using control theory, Pate and Hamilton (1992) found that having a “stake in conformity” (resulting from inclusion in social networks at work or in the community) ______ a person’s likelihood of committing crimes.
a. increases
b. had no effect
c. decreases
d. had a constructive effect
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Research Circle: Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. When a researcher begins with theory on the Research Circle and then tests hypotheses, he/she is using ______ reasoning.
a. inductive
b. deductive
c. constructive
d. applicative
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. ______ derived from qualitative research will be richer and more finely textured than they often are in quantitative research.
a. Evaluations
b. Explorations
c. Explanations
d. Descriptives
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Police Decision Making
Difficulty Level: Hard
11. The three aspect of validity are ______ validity.
a. construction validity, generalizability, and international
b. generalizability, causal validity, and internal
c. measurement validity, international validity, and construct
d. measurement validity, generalizability, and causal
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. The ______ of a study is the extent to which it can be used to inform us about persons, places, or events that were not studied.
a. reliability
b. generalizability
c. comprehensivity
d. validity
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. ______generalizability refers to the ability to generalize from a sample, or subset, of a larger population to that population itself.
a. Interstate
b. Sample
c. International
d. Cross-population
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Causal validity refers to the ______ of an assertion that A causes B
a. invalidity
b. reliability
c. truthfulness
d. improbability
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Causal Validity
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. A(n) ______ understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting.
a. valid
b. authentic
c. perceptible
d. unique
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Authenticity
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. The primary source of research questions for many researchers is ______.
a. personal experience
b. scientific troubles
c. theory
d. criminological evaluation
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Where to Start?
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. According to King, Keohane, and Verba, the criteria for a good research question are ______ relevance.
a. formability, social importance, and scientific
b. feasibility, social criteria, and scientific
c. feasibility, social importance, and social
d. feasibility, social importance, and scientific
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Evaluating Research Questions
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. The first phase of Sherman and Berk’s study of IPV was ______ research.
a. inductive
b. deductive
c. evaluation
d. confirmatory
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: A History of Investigating the Effects of Arrest for Intimate Partner Violence and the Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Labeling theory distinguishes between ______.
a. primary deviance and secondary deviance
b. marginally rational beings and nonrational ones
c. falsifiable statements and philosophical statements
d. parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at
Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Deterrence theory presumes that ______.
a. there is a difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance
b. people obey the law from a sense of obligation
c. human beings are at least marginally rational who are responsive to the costs and benefits of their actions
d. curiosity about the world may evolve from your personal troubles
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. The motive for inductive research is ______.
a. description
b. exploration
c. explanation
d. application
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. A variable that is hypothesized to change or vary depending on the variation in another variable is known as a(n) ______ variable.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. inductive
d. deductive
Learning Objective: 2.5: Know the difference between an independent and dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Phase 1: Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. The type of research in which specific data are used to develop a general explanation is known as ______ research.
a. falsifiable
b. deductive
c. empirical
d. inductive
Learning Objective:2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Phase 1: Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. O’Neal and Spohn (2017) explored factors that influence arrest and charging decisions in cases of intimate partner sexual assault cases by examining ______.
a. quantitative data from Los Angeles (LA) and qualitative data by talking to friends of perpetrators
b. quantitative data from LA, interviewed LA Police Department (LAPD) detectives and examined LA District Attorney (LADA) charge evaluation sheets
c. qualitative data from LAPD and quantitative data from LADA
d. all of these
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Police Decision Making
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Empirical reality is ______.
a. reality we come to know through encounters with cross-populations
b. the truthfulness of an assertion that A causes B
c. when a conclusion based on a sample or subset of a larger population holds true for that population
d. the reality we encounter firsthand, by conducting research that leads to valid knowledge about the world
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. The first step in achieving measurement validity is ______.
a. in establishing the validity of research
b. to specify clearly what it is we intend to measure
c. improving our understanding of logistical reality
d. generalizing from a sample to a subset of the population
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measurement Validity
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. The first concern in criminological research is deciding ______.
a. how to study something
b. how expensive a study would have to be in order to be good
c. how expansive a study would have to be in order to be feasible
d. what to study
Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying a Research Question
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. According to Mills (1959), curiosity about the social world may emerge from ______.
a. examination of feelings about your awareness
b. selection of some aspect of crime that the researchers seek to answer
c. your “personal troubles”
d. focusing on manageable problems
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Where to Start?
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. What is meant by “every research question in criminology should be grounded in the existing empirical literature?”
a. the questions must be built on a constantly shifting body of literature
b. the research must be informed by what others before us have done on the topic
c. it cannot rely on a substantial body of contradictory theories
d. theory cannot be a rich source of research questions therefore we must rely on what others have found
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Scientific Relevance
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. In criminology, ______ describe what is important to look at in order to understand, explain, and predict crime.
a. theoretical instructions
b. theories
c. theoretical constructs
d. testable requirements
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. A(n) ______ is a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables.
a. research circle
b. constant
c. anomalous finding
d. hypothesis
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. ______ research begins at the bottom of the research circle and works upward.
a. Deductive
b. Constant
c. Inductive
d. Hypothethical
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Inductive Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. Because of their doubts about the generalizability of their results, Sherman, Burk, and other researchers began to ______.
a. journey around the replication circle of the experiment in more cities
b. journey around the research circle for replications of the experiment in more cities
c. search for unexpected patterns in the data
d. look at measurement invalidity as a source of the problems
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. A survey of 250 high school seniors asked about their illegal drug use and their friends’ illegal drug use in the past 6 months. They were then compared to the frequency of illegal drug use between students who had used illegal drugs and those whose friends had not used illegal drugs. The conclusion they reached was that drug use was, in part, due to the influence of peers. Which of the following statements is true?
a. If the survey questions indicated the frequency with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved measurement validity.
b. If the survey questions indicated the likelihood with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved causal validity.
c. There is no way of knowing from these statements whether the results were generalizable.
d. There is no way of knowing from these statements if they were causally valid.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Hard
35. In ______ research reasoning from specific premises results in a conclusion that a theory is supported, but in ______ research the identification of similar empirical patterns results in a generalization about some social process.
a. deductive; inductive
b. inductive; deductive
c. deductive; corroborating
d. inductive; replicative
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Phase 2: Adding Inductive Reasoning to Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Hard
True/False
1. Social theories provide the answers to research questions.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Social research, including criminological research, strives to connect theory and empirical data.
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Research Strategies
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. One of the most important requirements of theory is that it is testable, or what philosophers of science call falsifiable.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Unexpected patterns in the data we collect are called analogous findings.
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Research Strategies
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. A hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more theories.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The Research Circle is a diagram of the elements of the research process, including theories, hypotheses, data collection, and data analysis.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. A constant is a characteristic or a property that can vary.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. It is always easy to determine which variable is the independent variable and which one is the dependent variable.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The motive for inductive research is explanation.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. The first phase of Sherman and Berk’s (1984) study was designed to test the hypothesis that arrest for spouse abuse would increase the risk of repeat offenses.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Research Circle
Difficulty Level: Hard
11. Deductive research begins with specific data.
Learning Objective: 2.2: Understand the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Phase 2: Adding Inductive Reasoning to Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. Research can improve our understanding of empirical reality.
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Validity is the central goal of all research conducted in criminology.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Content validity is achieved when a measure measures what it is presumed to measure.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measurement Validity
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Cross-population generalizability can also be referred to as external validity.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. All criminological research questions are equally worthy of study.
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Conclusion
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. Considering whether or not a research question is important to society is one of the criteria outlined by King, Keohane, and Verba.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Evaluating Research Questions
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The Intimate Partner Violence research discussed in your text might more appropriately be described as a research spiral.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Phase 2: Adding Inductive Reasoning to Deductive Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. The qualitative interview data allowed O’Neal and Spohn to understand the process of making an arrest from the arrestee’s perspective.
Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how the research circle is really a research spiral.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Police Decision Making
Difficulty Level: Hard
20. Research can improve our understanding of empirical reality.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Research Standards
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. Generalizability is the same as internal validity.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. The goal of authenticity is to be able to conduct a study within a time frame and available resources.
Learning Objective: 2.6: Define the different types of validity and generalizability.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Authenticity
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. “If a state has recently changed its law so that it now permits capital punishment for those convicted of murder, does it eventually see a reduction in the homicide rate over time?” is feasible as a research question.
Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Feasibility
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. Every research question in criminology should be grounded in upcoming empirical literature.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Scientific Relevance
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality is an empirical generalization.
Learning Objective: 2.1: Describe the importance of theory to research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer/Essay
1. What are the four common errors in everyday reasoning?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
2. What is the difference between social science and pseudoscience?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
3. What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
4. How does transparency and peer review fit with scientific research?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
5. What are the four types of social research?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
6. Define positivism and postpositivism. What are differences?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
7. What are Mixed Methods?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
8. What is Intersubjective Agreement?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
9. What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
10. What are quantitative and qualitative methods? What are the differences between the two?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
11. What are three reasons we might commit the everyday error known as “resistance to change”?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
12. What is the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS)?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
13. What is the YRBS? What does it measure?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
14. What are motivations for social research?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
15. What is Crime Mapping? How is it used and why is it important?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
16. What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?
Learning Objective:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
Document Information
Connected Book
Fundamentals of Research in Criminology 5th Edition Test Bank
By Ronet D. Bachman