Criminal Justice & Society Research Chapter 1 Test Bank Docx - Fundamentals of Research in Criminology 5th Edition Test Bank by Ronet D. Bachman. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Research Related to Criminal Justice and Criminology
Multiple Choice
1. Overgeneralization occurs when we ______.
a. choose to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs
b. conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for some cases is true for all cases
c. prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions
d. are reluctant to change our ideas in light of new information
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overgeneralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. We commit the error of selective observation when we ______.
a. decide that what we observe in a small group must be true for the larger group as well
b. jump to conclusions about how media affects gratuitous violence by individuals
c. choose to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs
d. don’t critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. As described in your text book, “everyday errors” refer to errors that ______.
a. frequently occur in nonscientific, unreflective discourse about the social world
b. are rarely identified in social research
c. easy to avoid in research
d. have little to do with logic in analyzing the social world
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Avoiding Errors in Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Which error are we committing when we prematurely jump to conclusions?
a. selective observation
b. resistance to change
c. inaccurate observation
d. illogical reasoning
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Illogical Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The branch of philosophy that studies how knowledge is gained or acquired is known as ______.
a. pseudoscience
b. phrenology
c. epistemology
d. philatelology
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How the Scientific Approach is Different
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The study of bumps and fissures of the skull to determine the character and personality of a person is known as ______.
a. pseudoscience
b. phrenology
c. epistemology
d. philatelology
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How the Scientific Approach is Different
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. According to your text, ______ research is the primary focus of many studies of youth crime and violence.
a. questioning
b. prevalence
c. descriptive
d. victimization
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Medium
Answer Location: Descriptive Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Research which seeks to find the answer to the question “what is going on here?” is known as ______.
a. expositional
b. exploratory
c. explanatory
d. evaluatory
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Exploratory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. ______ research seeks to identify cause and effects of social phenomena.
a. Expositional
b. Exploratory
c. Explanatory
d. Evaluatory
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Madfis’ (2014) research let the people interviewed speak for themselves and didn’t come up with questions designed to measure concepts such as violence or delinquency. This type of research is known as ______.
a. exploratory
b. explanatory
c. conceptual
d. prevalential
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Case Study: Exploration—How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage?
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. After examining all of the interview transcripts, Madfis (2014) develop themes that emerged among them all. This is known as ______ research.
a. exploratory
b. explanatory
c. conceptual
d. prevalential
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Exploration—How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage?
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Many people consider ______ to be the premier goal of any science.
a. exploration
b. explanation
c. evaluation
d. transparency
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Research which seeks to determine the effects of a social program or intervention is known as ______.
a. description
b. exploratory
c. explanation
d. evaluation
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Evaluation Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Esbensen and colleagues considered the long-term effects of the G.R.E.A.T. program using an experimental design, which is ______ research.
a. descriptive
b. exploration
c. explanation
d. evaluation
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Answer Location: Case Study in Evaluation—Do Violence Prevention Programs in Schools Work?
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. ______ asserts that a well-designed test of a specific prediction can move us closer to understanding actual social processes.
a. Explanatory research
b. Exploratory research
c. Positivism
d. Postpositivism
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Postpositivists are closely related to positivists because they ______.
a. don’t acknowledge the complexity of an objective, external reality
b. acknowledge that there are limitations and biases on the part of the scientists who study objective reality
c. worry that researchers may be unable to discover positive social effects of computer use
d. are sure we can use scientific methods to perceive objective reality
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. The goal of science is to achieve ______ agreement among scientists about the nature of reality.
a. postpositivist
b. positivist
c. objective
d. intersubjective
Learning Objective:1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. The belief that reality is socially constructed and the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality is known as ______.
a. positivism
b. postpositivism
c. interpretivism
d. critical theory
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Hard
19. Critical theory focuses on the premise that power differences shape ______.
a. the power relationships among people that solidify over time
b. how interesting people are over time
c. very little of social interactions among people
d. and have little to do with challenges to societal structures over time
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Difficult
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Hard
20. Collins (1991) suggested that being sensitive to being in an “outside” role within social situations ______.
a. is never advantageous
b. limits researchers with regard to the utilization of types of research methodologies
c. may have unique advantages for researchers
d. has little effect on social research methodology
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Hard
21. Whyte (1991) proposed a more activist approach to research ______.
a. where the researcher should not be an active participant in the research
b. that argues that researchers should not collaborate with the person(s) being studied
c. called Research Against Activism (RAA)
d. called participatory action research (PAR)
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Hard
22. In general, research methods can be divided into two different domains, ______ and ______.
a. questionnaires; participatory action reports
b. qualitative; quantitative
c. interpretivist; quantitative
d. quantitative; explanatory
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. When a researcher uses primarily predetermined categories on questionnaires, which type of method is he/she employing to gather information?
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. interpretivist
d. exploratory
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which type of methods are most likely to be employed when looking for meanings in research?
a. interpretivist
b. quantitative
c. qualitative
d. authentic
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. ______ methods are most often used when motives for research are descriptive purposes.
a. Explanatory
b. Quantitative
c. Authentic
d. Research
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. Surveys that collect written responses to questions as well as primarily quantitative data such as age of respondent utilize ______.
a. quantitative data
b. qualitative data
c. mixed methods
d. quadrangle data
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. When a researcher uses more than one method to study a research question, he/she is relying on ______.
a. primary data collection
b. triangulation
c. the ability to use less clear data to find an answer
d. quantitative data collection
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. True experiments must have ______.
a. only one random intervention group
b. non-random assignment to groups
c. quasi-treatment groups
d. two randomly assigned groups (one treatment and one non-treatment)
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Probably the most versatile research method used by criminological researchers is ______.
a. experiments
b. triangulated research questions
c. surveys
d. participant observation
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. The reanalysis of already existing data is known as ______ data analysis.
a. primary
b. tertiary
c. content
d. secondary
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. An example of the type of indirect measurement known as ______ is when a researcher studies representations of the research topic in news articles.
a. crime mapping
b. quantitative analysis
c. inquiry analysis
d. content analysis
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Examining the relationship between criminal behavior and other social indicators, such as type of neighborhood, may utilize ______.
a. intensive interviewing of employers in the state
b. crime mapping
c. questionnaires sent to residents of the United States
d. secondary data analysis of data from the early 1900s
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. A way of knowing that relies on objective, empirical investigation is known as ______.
a. methodology
b. transparency
c. data analysis
d. epistemology
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. The four categories for purposes of social scientific research are ______.
a. descriptive, numerical, qualitative, and explanatory
b. exploratory, explanatory, evaluative, and empirical
c. descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, and evaluation
d. evaluative, descriptive, phenomenological, and definitional
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the motivations of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminal Justice and Criminological Research in Action
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) estimates ______.
a. behavior of students in the 5th and 6th grades in Rochester
b. the magnitude of youth violence, conducted every two years in the US since 1990
c. the aversion of school shootings in Rochester
d. how people get along in stressful settings, such as school shootings
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Case Study: Description: How Prevalent is Youth Violence?
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. Cho Seung-Hui perpetrated the deadliest college mass school shooting in Virginia in 2007.
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Do We Have in Mind?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Everyday errors occur infrequently in the nonscientific, unreflective discourse about the social world.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Avoiding Errors in Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Overgeneralization occurs when we conclude that what we have observed for some cases is true for all cases.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overgeneralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. If you think that all youths who are violent are likely to commit violent acts in adulthood, you will probably find many cases that confirm your belief.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Selective observation occurs when we conclude that what we observe is true for all cases.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overgeneralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Inaccurate observations often occur in everyday observation, such as when there are five people standing at a corner but we report seeing seven.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Not enough devotion to tradition can stifle adaptation to changing circumstances.
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Pseudoscience involves claims based on beliefs and/or public testimonials, not on the scientific method.
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Methodology is a way of knowing that relies on objective, empirical investigation.
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Evaluation research is the primary focus of studies that ask questions like “How many people are victims of violence?” and “What are the most common crimes committed by youthful offenders?”
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Descriptive Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Research that investigates social phenomena without expectations is exploratory.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Exploratory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Madfis’ (2014) research, which didn’t come up with questions prior to the interview but rather let the people he interviewed speak for themselves, was explanatory.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Exploration—How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage?
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Explanatory research seeks to identify cause and effects of social phenomena.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Exploratory research suggests how one type of social phenomena, like race, affect other social phenomena, like neighborhood characteristics.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Explanatory Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) asks questions like “Has anyone attacked or threatened you with a weapon?
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Evaluation research seeks to determine the effects of a social program or other type of intervention.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Evaluation Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program has been rigorously evaluated to ensure.
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Evaluation—Do Violence Prevention Programs in Schools Work?
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. Postpositivism asserts that a well-designed test of a specific prediction can help us to understand social processes.
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Positivism assumes an external objective reality.
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Positivists believe that the goal of science is to achieve intersubjective agreement among scientists.
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Positivism and postpostivism represent an opposing research philosophy to interpretivism.
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. If the data collected are numerical, the study uses quantitative methods.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Exploration is the most common motive for using quantitative methods.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. The use of triangulation suggests that a researcher can get a clearer picture of the social reality being studied by viewing it from several different perspectives.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Combining surveys and intensive interviewing techniques is one way to use mixed methods.
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer/Essay
1. What are the four common errors in everyday reasoning?
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Avoiding Errors in Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What is the difference between social science and pseudoscience?
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. How does transparency and peer review fit with scientific research?
Learning Objective: 1.2: Define social science compared with pseudoscience.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. What are the four types of social research?
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminal Justice and Criminological Research in Action
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Define positivism and postpositivism. What are differences?
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. What are Mixed Methods?
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. What is Intersubjective Agreement?
Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alternative Research Orientations
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comment on Research in a Diverse Society
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. What are quantitative methods and qualitative methods? What are the differences?
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. What are three reasons we might commit the everyday error known as “resistance to change”?
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Avoiding Errors in Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. What is the Rochester Youth Development Study?
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Description—How Prevalent is Youth Violence?
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. What is the YRBS? What does it measure?
Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Case Study: Description—How Prevalent is Youth Violence?
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. What are motivations for social research?
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the motivations of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Performing Data Analysis in SPSS or Excel
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. What is Crime Mapping? How is it used and why is it important?
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Method
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?
Learning Objective: 1.6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Fundamentals of Research in Criminology 5th Edition Test Bank
By Ronet D. Bachman