Energy Metabolism Chapter 9 Exam Prep - Wardlaw’s Functional Nutrition 2e - Key + Chapter Questions by Carol Byrd. DOCX document preview.
Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)
Chapter 9 Energy Metabolism
1) All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as ________.
A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) homeostasis
D) metabolism
2) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) ________.
A) transports oxygen in various metabolic pathways
B) picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules
C) is another form of ATP
D) is a form of lactic acid
3) The energy currency the body uses is ________.
A) NAD
B) FAD
C) TCA
D) ATP
4) Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme form of the vitamin ________.
A) pantothenic acid
B) niacin
C) thiamin
D) riboflavin
5) Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to ________.
A) produce organic compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
B) produce energy-yielding compounds
C) heat the environment
D) make plants turn yellow
6) All the energy available to humans has its origins in ________.
A) carbon dioxide and water
B) the oxygen we breathe
C) foods and beverages
D) the sun's solar energy
7) When a compound is oxidized it ________ one or more electrons.
A) loses
B) gains
C) transforms
D) creates
8) When a compound is reduced it ________ one or more electrons.
A) loses
B) gains
C) transforms
D) creates
9) Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by ________.
A) light and dark cycles
B) enzymes
C) fluid balance
D) protein consumption
10) If oxygen is present, metabolism is considered to be ________.
A) active
B) anaerobic
C) aerobic
D) inactive
11) In the absence of oxygen, ________ respiration will occur.
A) active
B) anaerobic
C) aerobic
D) inactive
12) Glycolysis is a process involving ________.
A) synthesis of fatty acids
B) reactions that convert glucose to glycogen
C) reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate
D) reactions that convert glycogen to protein
13) Glycolysis begins with ________ and ends with ________.
A) pyruvate; water
B) pyruvate; glucose
C) glucose; pyruvate
D) pyruvate; acetyl-CoA
14) When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ________ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+.
A) glucose-6-phosphate
B) pyruvate
C) lactate
D) glycogen
15) In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________.
A) the red blood cells
B) the citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
D) the electron transport chain
16) Red blood cells undergo anaerobic metabolism, which means that they produce ________.
A) plasma
B) iron
C) lactate
D) clots
17) Under anaerobic conditions, how many net ATP are synthesized from one glucose molecule?
A) 1 ATP
B) 2 ATP
C) 4 ATP
D) 2 GTP
E) None of these choices are correct.
18) How many molecules of lactate are produced from one molecule of glucose during metabolism?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
19) The citric acid cycle is also known as the ________.
A) urea cycle
B) Krebs cycle
C) menstrual cycle
D) aerobic pathway
20) The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
A) requires the addition of CO2
B) occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible
C) occurs in the nucleus of the cell
D) is needed for red blood cell production
21) The common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids is ________.
A) glycolysis
B) the Cori cycle
C) the citric acid cycle
D) ketosis
22) During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes ________.
A) reduced to water (H2O)
B) oxidized to carbon dioxide
C) NADH
D) FADH2
23) The major end products of the electron transport chain are ________.
A) water and ATP
B) glucose and amino acids
C) dietary fiber and ammonia
D) carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen
24) Cytochromes ________.
A) are produced by photosynthesis
B) transport electrons in the electron transport chain
C) appear in the citric acid cycle
D) are responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids
25) Carnitine ________.
A) is a dietary essential, especially for athletes
B) shuttles NADH across the mitochondrial membrane
C) shuttles oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytosol
D) shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria
26) The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell and the breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
A) mitochondria; cytosol
B) nucleus; cytosol
C) cytosol; mitochondria
D) cytosol; lysosome
27) In which compartment of the cell does the Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?
A) cell membrane
B) mitochondria
C) nucleus
D) cytosol
28) In fatty acid synthesis, the "starting" molecule is ________.
A) glycerol
B) acetyl-CoA
C) ATP
D) pyruvate
29) After a person has fasted for more than a few days, the brain adapts to using ________ for some of its fuel needs.
A) glycerol
B) ketones
C) fatty acids
D) amino acids
30) Ketones are produced from ________.
A) cholesterol
B) hormones
C) amino acids
D) acetyl-CoA
31) Ketosis increases with ________.
A) fasting
B) a low-carbohydrate diet
C) uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
D) All of these choices are correct.
32) When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to ________.
A) triglycerides
B) pyruvate
C) NAD+
D) FAD
33) Before protein becomes an energy source, the ________ must be removed from the molecule.
A) COOH
B) CH3
C) NH2
D) CO2
34) In most cases the starting material for gluconeogenesis is ________.
A) oxaloacetate
B) phosphoenolpyruvate
C) carnitine
D) All of these choices are correct
35) Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body ________.
A) converts glucose to its storage form
B) retrieves stored glucose from the liver
C) lowers the glucose level of the blood
D) produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules
36) When the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is oxidized for energy, the amino group is removed and sent to the liver to produce ________.
A) ammonia
B) protein
C) urea
D) albumin
37) Amino acids (or parts of their carbon skeletons) that can be converted to pyruvate or enter the citric acid cycle directly are called ________.
A) glucogenic amino acids
B) ketogenic amino acids
C) essential amino acids
D) non-essential amino acids
38) Amino acids that become acetyl-CoA as a result of deamination are designated ketogenic amino acids because ________.
A) they can become parts of the glucose molecule
B) they cannot become part of the glucose molecule
C) they interfere with metabolism of fatty acids
D) all amino acids are interchangeable through the citric acid cycle
39) Which of the following pathways is the major way in which alcohol is metabolized?
A) pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway
B) ethanol dehydrogenase pathway
C) lactate dehydrogenase pathway
D) alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
40) Where does alcohol metabolism predominantly occur in the body?
A) intestines
B) liver
C) kidney
D) lungs
41) When excessive amounts of alcohol are consumed, which system oxidizes the excess alcohol?
A) beta oxidizing system
B) mitochondrial oxidizing system
C) alcohol oxidizing system
D) microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
42) After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements ________.
A) and uses amino acids directly
B) and starts to use glycerol as the primary source of energy
C) and starts to use ketones and spares protein
D) and glycogen becomes the primary source of energy
43) Fasting or starvation accelerates ________.
A) gluconeogenesis
B) ketone production
C) body protein breakdown
D) body fat breakdown
E) All of these choices are correct.
44) In the body, excess amino acids are ________.
A) burned as fuel or stored as fat
B) stored by the body in the form that they were consumed
C) of no concern to health status
D) directly converted into lean muscle mass
45) In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, the amine group is ________.
A) stored in the liver
B) converted to glucose
C) excreted as urea
D) burned for energy
46) Typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because ________.
A) they lack sufficient energy
B) they enter the citric acid cycle at acetyl-CoA and can never reform pyruvate
C) they can only be synthesized from amino acid skeletons, not fatty acid skeletons
D) they enter the citric acid cycle as propionyl-CoA
47) Metabolism is regulated by ________.
A) hormones such as insulin
B) the presence and activity of enzymes
C) ATP levels in the individual cells
D) All of these choices are correct.
48) Glycolysis is the process by which ________.
A) fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA
B) glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
C) amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor
D) NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen
E) energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP
49) Transamination is the process by which ________.
A) fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA
B) glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
C) amino groups are transferred from a donor to an acceptor
D) NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen
E) energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP
50) Beta-oxidation is the process by which ________.
A) fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA
B) glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
C) amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor
D) NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen
E) energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP
51) Electron transport is the process by which ________.
A) fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA
B) glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
C) amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor
D) NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen
E) energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP
52) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ________.
A) fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA
B) glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
C) amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor
D) NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen
E) energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP
53) Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds.
54) Catabolic metabolism refers to pathways that break down compounds to smaller, simpler units.
55) The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible.
56) Gluconeogenesis takes place in both the cytosol and the mitochondria.
57) Beta oxidation takes place in the mitochondria.
58) The kidney is the major organ that regulates metabolism.
59) Diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of a lack of the actions associated with insulin.
60) Ketone bodies are products of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids.
61) The body can make glucose from all fatty acids.
62) During an overnight fast, the primary fuel for the brain and central nervous system is amino acids.
63) High amounts of ketones in the blood show that the body is using protein as a fuel source.
64) The electron transport chain takes place in the cytosol.
Match the term with its definition.
A) electron transport chain
B) beta-oxidation
C) ketosis
D) gluconeogenesis
E) glycolysis
65) Formation of excess ketone bodies
66) Breakdown of fat to acetyl-CoA
67) Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
68) Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
69) Electrons are transferred back and forth to make ATP
Match the term with its definition.
A) lipolysis
B) lipogenesis
C) cytochromes
D) deamination
E) carnitine
70) Carrier of fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane
71) Breakdown of triglycerides
72) Removal of amine group from an amino acid
73) Compounds that transfer electrons
74) Synthesis of fat
75) Explain why typical fatty acids cannot participate in gluconeogenesis?
76) Explain the meaning of the phrase "fat burns in the flame of carbohydrates." in regards to how carbohydrates help in fat metabolism.
77) Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and state how many ATP are produced from glucose in each process.
78) Why do fats yield more energy per gram than proteins or carbohydrates?
79) Explain why some people think that consuming carnitine pills will help them lose weight, and why it may be helpful for others.
80) Name and briefly describe the 4 stages of aerobic respiration of glucose.
81) Explain what happens to ketone levels in the body after prolonged starvation.
82) Explain why individuals with type 1 diabetes can suffer serious complications during ketosis.
83) Why is the mitochondrion called the powerhouse of the cell?
84) Describe one inborn error of metabolism, discussing the metabolic process it affects, the consequences of the disease, and its treatment.
85) Using metabolic terms, explain how the MEOS system is different from the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway for metabolism of alcohol.
86) Name two characteristics of inborn errors of metabolism.
87) Which portion of cellular respiration benefits from the Cori cycle?
A) citric acid cycle
B) anaerobic glycolysis
C) transition reaction
D) aerobic glycolysis
88) A patient presents with low copper. Which portion of cellular respiration would suffer?
A) glycolysis
B) citric acid cycle
C) transition reaction
D) electron transport chain
89) How would metabolism be affected if a patient's liver is were not working efficiently?
A) he or she could not effectively absorb nutrients
B) nutrient interconversions and storage would not efficiently occur
C) digestive enzymes could not be produced
D) there would be no effect on metabolism
90) During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?
A) glycolysis
B) transition reaction
C) citric acid cycle
D) electron transport chain
91) Which of the following molecules would be used to produce 2 additional molecules of ATP if needed?
A) NADH
B) FADH2
C) Oxaloacetate
D) GTP
92) What would be the effect of high concentrations of ATP?
A) catabolic reactions to produce more energy
B) anabolic reactions to synthesize more products
C) catabolic reactions to synthesize more products
D) anabolic reactions to produce more energy
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Wardlaw’s Functional Nutrition 2e - Key + Chapter Questions
By Carol Byrd