Constructing Gender And Sexuality Chapter 9 Exam Questions

Chapter 9 Constructing Gender and Sexuality

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. An example of a primary sex characteristic is

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Remembering

2. An example of a secondary sex characteristic is

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Remembering

3. In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former “World’s Greatest Athlete” Caitlyn Jenner announced that “for all intents and purposes, I am a woman.” Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, “As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female.” What does this tell you about gender identity?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Applying

4. A person’s self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Remembering

5. For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Remembering

6. A transgender woman, a person who does not identify as male or female, and a person who usually identifies man who sometimes identifies as a woman are all

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

7. Every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States has been, at least publicly,

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

8. Doctors and parents are quick to seek a surgical “fix” for babies who are born intersex because

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Evaluating

9. What is the belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

10. The textbook’s examples of “third genders” like “two-spirit” people and hijras demonstrate that

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

11. Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Applying

12. Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male–female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

13. Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

14. What percentage of babies are born intersex?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

15. The Intersex Society of North America recommends that “surgeries done to make the genitals look ‘more normal’ should not be performed until a child is mature enough to make an informed decision for herself or himself.” Why is this advice necessary, given that doctors would usually try to involve a patient in their treatment?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

16. In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing “universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women.” If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Analyzing

17. In 2009, South African track star Caster Semenya broke the world record in the 800-meter race. Subsequently, she was asked to prove to the world that she was a woman. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) subjected her to a complex series of tests that included physical and medical examinations. The controversy over Semenya’s gender raises which of the following issues?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Applying

18. American anthropologist Margaret Mead spent much of her career documenting the ways in which other cultures had gender roles that differed, sometimes radically, from those of twentieth-century America. Why does this matter?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Analyzing

19. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Understanding

20. A man is romantically interested in other people, though he has no sexual attraction of any kind and he has never felt an interest in or desire for sex. How would this man MOST likely identify?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Applying

21. A woman is married to another woman. She is attracted to her wife, but she is also attracted to men. In the past, she has dated both women and men. How would this woman MOST likely identify?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Applying

22. Sociologists have criticized scientists searching for a “gay gene” for their narrow understanding of sexual orientation. Scientists’ approach does not take into account the way biology and the social environment interact to produce sexual behaviors. Which of the following theorists makes this point?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Analyzing

23. Alfred Kinsey conducted research to determine what percentage of the population was heterosexual and what percentage was homosexual. Why would he have avoided asking the question, “Do you identify as gay or straight?”

DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Understanding

24. Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that only one person is called the “farmer,” even though everyone in a family has to work on the farm. The “farmer” is usually male and has more prestige than the other family members working on the farm. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

25. A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

26. Which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

27. A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, “Don’t be a sissy; boys don’t cry.” This is an example of

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

28. Gender role socialization begins

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

29. Babies become aware of their own gender

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

30. The point in children’s school careers by which gender norms become firmly established is

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

31. From an interactionist perspective, the MOST important way that schools socialize children into their gender identities is

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Evaluating

32. Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

33. Why don’t girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

34. Sociologist C. J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys in her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You’re a Fag. This is an example of the

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

35. The changing representation of LGBTQ people in the media, such as their greater inclusion and more positive treatment on television shows, can lead us to conclude that

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

36. Patriarchy can be defined as a society

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

37. Some newspapers, magazines, and other media tend to use gender-inappropriate names or pronouns as well as other language that trans people find insensitive or offensive when describing transgender people. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

38. An example of a microaggression is

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

39. Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends’ acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice’s friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice’s friends exemplify?

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

40. Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Which concept do these patterns MOST reinforce?

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

41. The names given to positions of power and authority, like “chairman” and “policeman,” often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Analyzing

42. Aggressive men are often described as “go-getters” in the workplace, but aggressive women are often described as “bitches.” This is an example of

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

43. Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their babies, and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. This is an example of

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

44. A little girl notices that, whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. She deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

45. On his English paper, a boy receives a B and the teacher’s comment, “Brilliant insight, but you’re lacking focus and have some typos.” How is this typical of the way schools treat boys?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Analyzing

46. A math teacher writes problems with stories that have male characters who are always given an occupation like Bob the janitor or James the lawyer, but the female characters have no occupation. This is an example of the

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

47. A young man is told by his friends that, when at a bar, he should drink beer, but buy women shots in the hopes of getting the women drunk and increasing his chance of having sex with them. He tells his friends that they are encouraging

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

48. Judge Aaron Persky was asked by prosecutors to sentence a man found guilty of rape to six years in prison. Instead, Judge Persky handed down a sentence of six months in county jail. Many felt that, by handing down a light sentence for a serious crime, Aaron Persky was normalizing

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

49. You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

50. Women are the main characters in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies. This illustrates that

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

51. “Welfare queen” is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no “welfare king” insult. What sociological truth is contained in the phrase “welfare queen”?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Analyzing

52. Authors often use words or phrases such as “mankind” to refer to large groups that include both male and female members. Sociologists and feminists argue that this is an example of the use of sexist language. What does this tell us about the relationship between language and culture?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

53. Your textbook describes the Vanatinai society in New Guinea as an example of

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4 Sexism in Its Many Forms | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

54. Regarding gender, functionalists generally believe that

DIF: Easy REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Understanding

55. The two complementary roles that functionalist Talcott Parsons identified within the family are

DIF: Easy REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Remembering

56. Which of the following examples could be associated with Talcott Parsons’s concept of the expressive role?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Understanding

57. According to conflict theory, women’s contributions to family life are devalued because

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Understanding

58. The sociological perspective of ________ is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Understanding

59. Agnes was raised as a boy before coming out as a transgender woman. What is one of the ways that Agnes began to “do being female” after coming out?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Understanding

60. Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that

DIF: Easy REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Remembering

61. A woman feels that she always needs to act cheerful and look her best when her husband gets home from work because he has a stressful job and he needs her help to unwind. We would say this woman is

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Applying

62. Homer Simpson, a character on the TV show The Simpsons, has a wife who stays home to take care of the children while he works, but he is often responsible for disciplining the children when they are particularly bad. What do you know about Homer even if this is all that you know about the show?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Applying

63. In her introduction to a paper about gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is to “remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules.” What kind of theorist is Blumberg?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Applying

64. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, replacing a housewife with paid laborers would cost at least $100,000 per year. How could this be interpreted according to conflict theory?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Applying

65. For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named Pat. The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female. The other characters would devise ingenious plots to determine Pat’s gender, but all attempts failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Analyzing

66. Men usually make more money than women because

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Understanding

67. In terms of gendered health issues and life expectancy rates, ________ is/are viewed as “the great equalizer”.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

68. ________ is diagnosed more often in women than in men.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

69. How do the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

70. Women are more likely to be arrested than men for

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

71. One reason women are more likely than men to live in poverty is the expense of child care. How do sociologists explain the relationship between poverty rates and child care costs?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Analyzing

72. What did Laura Miller’s 1997 study find in regard to gender harassment in the military?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Understanding

73. The phenomenon of women being more likely than men to live in poverty is called

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

74. Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 per hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise’s situation exemplify?

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive MSC: Applying

75. Laura is a married mother of three who works a full-time job. She drops her kids off at school every day at 7:30 A.M., arrives at the office at 8 A.M., works until 4 P.M., and then drives to pick up her kids from after-school care at 4:30 P.M. She gets home around the same time as her husband, who works a full-time job from 9 A.M. until 5 P.M. He expects that she will have dinner ready for the family by 6 P.M. From 7 to 9 P.M., Laura usually does housework and reads to the children. What sociological concept does Laura’s situation exemplify?

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive MSC: Applying

76. Which sociologist conducted work on intersectionality among workers in nail salons?

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding

77. A black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes. Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, “What’s for dinner?” What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences both in the store and at home?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Applying

78. The term “deadbeat dad” describes a man who isn’t married to his children’s mother and isn’t helping to support his children financially. Why do we almost never talk about “deadbeat moms”?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Analyzing

79. Previously, bank teller positions were almost all occupied by men. Today most bank tellers are women. What could explain this shift?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Analyzing

80. Which of the following folk sayings expresses the idea of the “second shift” as sociologist Arlie Hochschild described it?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Understanding

81. The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

82. ________ is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

83. With what issue is first-wave feminism MOST strongly associated?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

84. In the opening pages of The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote about a problem that “lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women.” What was this problem?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

85. What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

86. Which of the following groups argues that men suffer discrimination as a result of feminism?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

87. Why might LGBTQ rights groups emphasize that homosexuality has a genetic origin?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

88. In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

89. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention to address the issue of equal rights for women. The convention produced a Declaration of Sentiments, which laid out a list of injustices done to women by men. Which of the following do you think was first on their list given your knowledge of the first wave of the women’s movement?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

90. In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote:

Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—“Is this all?”

What larger social issue does this passage suggest Friedan was worried about?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Analyzing

91. Why might a third-wave feminist be annoyed with members of the second wave for talking about how women needed access to education and careers, like those available to men, that would give their lives meaning?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

92. The National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS), a pro-feminist men’s group, believes that:

Traditional masculinity includes many positive characteristics in which we take pride and find strength, but it also contains qualities that have limited and harmed us. As an organization dedicated to changing men, we care about men and are especially concerned with men’s problems, as well as the difficult issues in most men’s lives.

Which of the following is a quality or belief associated with traditional masculinity that NOMAS would identify as being harmful to men?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Analyzing

TRUE/FALSE

1. A person’s biological sex and gender identity often match, but this is not always the case.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

2. Gender varies from culture to culture.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

3. Gender is biologically natural.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

4. The gender binary is a way of classifying gender that relies only on two distinct and opposite categories.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

5. An individual’s sex refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality characteristics considered normal, while their gender relates to membership in a distinct, biological category.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

6. Transgender and noncisgender can be used interchangeably.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Understanding

7. Sexuality relates to sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies as well as sexual orientation or identity.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Understanding

8. Queer theory emphasizes the idea of a single gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or transgender identity.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

MSC: Understanding

9. Rape culture is unique to college campuses.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

10. The process of socialization tends to emphasize heteronormativity.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

11. A sociological perspective on homophobia would shift the burden of addressing its harmful effects from gender and sexual minorities such as homosexuals and bisexuals to those who react negatively to them.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

12. Misogyny is the fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.4 Sexism in Its Many Forms

MSC: Understanding

13. Men earn more than women at every level of educational attainment.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

14. There are many LGBTQ people who do not support same-sex marriage.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

SHORT ANSWER

1. What are some of the ways that families contribute to children learning the behaviors and expectations associated with gender?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

2. How does “victim blaming” contribute to rape culture?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Analyzing

3. Give an example of one form that gender socialization can take in schools.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

4. Describe two ways that school environments may have a negative impact on gender-nonconforming students.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

5. Why is divorce more burdensome for women than for men?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Understanding

6. Why does early research suggest that some LGBTQ individuals have lower life expectancies?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

7. What are the consequences of gendered occupations on women’s lives?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Remembering

8. What factors contribute to what sociologists call the “feminization of poverty”?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Understanding

9. What does C. J. Pascoe’s study of high school boys, Dude, You’re a Fag, conclude about the influence of peers on gender roles?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Remembering

10. How does the gender division of labor in the home reflect wider societal gender inequality?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Applying

11. What does the recent media focus on Caitlyn Jenner’s transition tell us about the changing representations of LGBTQ lives in the media?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Analyzing

12. Why are the Stonewall riots considered a watershed moment in the LGBTQ liberation movement?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Understanding

13. Why do some argue that civil unions do not offer same-sex couples the same rights and protections as marriage?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Understanding

ESSAY

1. Why do sociologists find it important to differentiate between sex and gender? Please explain.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender MSC: Remembering

2. What do the experiences of “two-spirit people” in Native American communities and of hijras in South Asia tell us about the social construction of gender outside of Western society?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender MSC: Analyzing

3. Symbolic interactionism argues that people learn their gender identities from everyday social interactions and that the family is the primary source of gender role socialization. Explain some of the ways parents and siblings can teach children gender roles.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

4. Chapter 9 defines microaggressions as a form of discrimination that uses language in ways that “can be experienced as insulting and demeaning by those whom it targets and excludes.” Define “microaggression” and describe three examples that women and LGBTQ people may face in their daily lives. Include both intentional and unintentional forms of microaggressions.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Applying

5. In this chapter, we learned that gender role socialization is a lifelong process. Describe how the four main agents of socialization support heteronormativity throughout our lives.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

6. The use of words like “man” or “mankind” to refer to all humans is fairly easily identifiable as evidence of a default preference toward men in our language, but some commonly used words are trickier. In what ways do feminine nicknames like “cupcake” or “baby doll” or even derogatory terms like “heifer” or “cow” perpetuate gender stereotypes and inequality?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

MSC: Understanding

7. Young men, ages fifteen to twenty-four, are four to five times more likely than young women to die from car accidents, homicides, and drownings. Explain this statistic in terms of gender socialization.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

MSC: Analyzing

8. How do functionalists and conflict theorists differ in how they approach and understand gender inequality?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

MSC: Analyzing

9. A key event of the second wave of the feminist movement in the United States was the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. To what concept does the phrase “feminine mystique” refer?

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Understanding

10. Why were third-wave feminists critical of the first and second waves? How was the third wave different from the previous two waves?

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Understanding

11. The reason for the underlying cause of homosexuality remains unresolved and the debate continues. Explain why many people in the LGBTQ rights movement have embraced the genetic explanation.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Understanding

12. Consider these two examples of men’s movement organizations. The National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) is the oldest pro-feminist men’s group in the United States and has fought for gender equality, gay rights, racial equality, and enhancing men’s lives. The Promise Keepers, a men’s Christian ministry that was founded in the 1990s, advocates for a return to the traditional, biblical concept of the family, in which the male is the head of the household. The organization firmly opposes feminism, gender equality, and gay rights.

However, both NOMAS and the Promise Keepers are concerned about men. The Promise Keepers suggest that men communicate with their wives during prayer:

During prayer, it’s often easier to open up and share personally. It can be extremely difficult, especially for a man, to reveal something personal directly to [his] wife. I mean, she’s sitting there staring at you! There’s nowhere to hide! Will she laugh? Worse yet, will she ask a million questions and want you to probe even deeper?

NOMAS argues:

By overcoming their traditional denial of most of their feelings, men can have more meaningful relationships, richer and fuller emotional lives, and even improved physical health. Men can learn to be good listeners, to be gentle, to be nurturing and sensitive to other people’s needs and feelings.

Although NOMAS and the Promise Keepers clearly have many differences, what do these quotes tell us about how the two groups are similar?

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.7 Social Movements MSC: Analyzing